"Chicano teenager in El Paso's second ward. A classic barrio which is slowly giving way to urban renewal." South El Paso, Texas, July 1972. Photograph by Danny Lyon.

Chicano (feminine Chicana) is another word for Mexican American. While its meaning has changed over time and varies regionally, it represents Mexican American ethnic identity and the accompanying consciousness of Mexican American political struggle. The terms Chicano and Chicana are used specifically by and regarding Americans of Mexican descent.^[1] Chicano is an ethnic, political, and cultural term used to refer to some Mexican Americans. ... Latino refers to people living in the US of Latin American nationality and their US-born descendants. ... Hispanic, as used in the United States, is one of several terms used to categorize US citizens, permanent residents and temporary immigrants, whose background hail either from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America or relating to a Spanish-speaking culture. ... Argentine Americans are raised and educated citizens of the United States although not all U.S born, from the southeast South American nation of Argentina. ... // Bolivia, the only landlocked country in the Western Hemisphere, is home to almost eight million people. ... Chilean Americans are a group of 68,849 people who emigrated from Chile and their descendants. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A Cuban-American is an immigrant to the United States from Cuba. ... A Dominican American or Dominican-York [1] is an immigrant or descendant of immigrants from the Dominican Republic to the United States. ... An Ecuadorian American is someone who is of Ecuadorian descent or was born in Ecuador and achieved American citizenship. ... This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... The ethnonym Mexican-American describes United States citizens of Mexican ancestry (14 million in 2003) and Mexican citizens who reside in the US (10 million in 2003). ... Languages Spanish, English Religions Roman Catholic, Protestantism Nicaraguan American (Spanish: Nicaragüense Americano) are Americans of Nicaraguan ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to the United States. ... A Peruvian American is an immigrant or descendant of immigrants from Peru that arrived in the United States. ... Languages Spanish, English Religions Roman Catholic, Protestantism Salvadoran Americans are residents of the United States of Salvadoran descent. ... ... Venezuelan Americans are raised and educated citizens of the United States although not all U.S born, from the southeast South American nation of Venezuela. ... // Latinos and Hispanics has a long history in the United States. ... The history of Mexican-Americans is wide-ranging, spanning more than four hundred years and varying from region to region within the United States. ... The struggle for independence after 1810 among the Latin American nations evoked a sense of unity, especially in South America where, under Simón Bolívar in the north and José de San Martín in the south, there were cooperative efforts. ... Latinos and Hispanics are predominantly Christian in the United States. ... Latino Jews are Latinos whose religion is Judaism. ... Latino Muslims are Latinos whose religion is Islam. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Chicano Movement, also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, the Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, and El Movimiento, is the part of the American Civil Rights Movement that searched for social liberation and power for Mexican Americans. ... There are three main components to AHA’s programming and services: Advocacy: Latino arts and culture is an essential and vibrant part of the nation’s identity. ... // About the CHC The Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC) is comprised of 21 Members of Congress of Hispanic descent. ... LULAC is an organization which strives for rights for Hispanic Americans. ... The National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO) is an umbrella council for 23 Latino Greek Letter Organizations established in 1998. ... The SHPE Logo The Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE) was founded in Los Angeles, California, in 1974 by a group of engineers employed by the city of Los Angeles. ... The National Council of La Raza (NCLR) is a non-profit, and non-partisan, ethno-centric, political advocacy group in the United States. ... National Association of Latino Elected Officials aka NALEO External links http://www. ... For the fictional robot, see Mecha. ... The United Farm Workers of America (UFW) is a labor union that evolved from unions founded in 1962 by César Chávez, Philip Vera Cruz, Dolores Huerta, and Larry Itliong. ... Latino/a Studies is an academic discipline which studies the experience of people of Hispanic ancestory in America. ... Latin music has long influenced American popular music, jazz, rhythm and blues, rock and even country music. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... It has been suggested that Hispanicisms_in_English be merged into this article or section. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Ladino is a Romance language, derived mainly from Old Castilian (Spanish), Hebrew, Turkish and some French and Greek. ... The following is a partial list of United States cities, towns, and census-designated places in which a majority (over 50%) of the population is Hispanic or Latino, according to data from the 2000 Census. ... . ... Famous Hispanic Americans // Silvana Arias, actress Adrian Bellani, actor Jessica Alba, actress Nadine Velazquez, actress Desi Arnaz, actor Alexis Bledel, actress Benjamin Bratt, actor Julissa Bermudez, actress and VJ Lynda Carter, actress Ricardo Chavira, actor from Desperate Housewives Sammy Davis, Jr. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x892, 111 KB)Chicano teenager in El Pasos second ward. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x892, 111 KB)Chicano teenager in El Pasos second ward. ... El Paso redirects here. ... Danny Lyon (1942 - ), is a self-taught American photographer and filmmaker. ... The ethnonym Mexican-American describes United States citizens of Mexican ancestry (14 million in 2003) and Mexican citizens who reside in the US (10 million in 2003). ...

The term Chicano

Etymology

The origin of the word is debatable.Mexican researcher Villar Raso traces the origin to 1930s and 1940s California.

"the inability of native Nahuatl speakers from Morelos state to refer to themselves as Mexicanos, and instead spoke of themselves as Mesheecanos, in accordance with the pronunciation rules of their language." Morelos is one of the constituent states of Mexico. ...

The pronunciation was met with derision by settled Mexican Americans, who exaggerated the sound to mock the recently-arrived. In both cases, the term and its pronunciation are analogous to the Nahuatl word Mexica.^[2] Nahuatl is a native language of central Mexico. ... The word Aztec is usually used as a historical term, although some contemporary Nahuatl speakers would consider themselves Aztecs. ...

An alternate etymology holds that the conversion of the pronunciation of the "x" in Mexicano was converted to /ʃ/ or /tʃ/ as either a term of endearment or of derisiveness.^{[citation needed]}

One theory supported by a noted labor economist in Los Angeles, California describes the term "chicano" as a 1950's invention of the Federal Census Bureau to collectively describe any person of Latin American descent living in the United States.

Chicamo eventually became chicano, which, unlike chicamo, reflects the grammatical conventions of Spanish-language ethno- and demonyms, such as americano, castellano, or peruano.^{[citation needed]}

Meanings

The term's meanings are highly subjective but usually consist of one or more of the following elements:

Slur

• Ana Castillo: "[a] marginalized, brown woman who is treated as a foreigner and is expected to do menial labor and ask nothing of the society in which she lives."^[3]

Chicamo (with an "m") was first used as a derogatory term for recently-arrived Mexican immigrants by Hispanic Texans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[4] Ana Castillo signing a copy of Massacre of the Dreamers, May 25, 2006 Ana Castillo (born 1953) is a Chicana novelist, poet, short story writer, and essayist. ...

In Mexico, the term means a Mexican-American person of low importance class and poor morals.^[5][6][7] Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... -1...

Ethnic identity

The term Chicano was taken up in the mid 1960s by Mexican American activists, who, in attempt to rid the word of its negative connotation and create a unique ethnic identity, reconfigured its meaning by proudly identifying themselves as Chicanos.

Political identity

According to the Handbook of Texas: The Handbook of Texas (ISBN 0-87611-151-7) is a comprehensive encyclopedia of Texas geography, history, and historical persons published jointly by the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) and the General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin. ...

Inspired by the courage of the farmworkers, by the California strikes led by César Chávez, and by the Anglo-American youth revolt of the period, many Mexican-American university students came to participate in a crusade for social betterment that was known as the Chicano movement. They used Chicano to denote their rediscovered heritage, their youthful assertiveness, and their militant agenda. Though these students and their supporters used Chicano to refer to the entire Mexican-American population, they understood it to have a more direct application to the politically active parts of the Tejano community.^[8] César Estrada Chávez (March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was a Mexican American (Chicano) farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers. ...

At certain points in the 1970s, Chicano was the preferred, politically correct term to use in reference to Mexican-Americans, particularly in the scholarly literature from the field of sociology.^{[citation needed]} However, as the term became politicized, its use fell out of favor as a means of referring to the entire population. Since then, Chicano has tended to refer to politicized Mexican-Americans.

Sabine Ulibarri, an author from Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, notes that Chicano is a politically loaded term, though it is considered a positive term of honor by many.^{[citation needed]} Dr. Sabine Reyes Ulibarrí (September 21, 1919 - January 4, 2003) was an American poet. ... Tierra Amarilla is a small town in the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico, county seat of Rio Arriba County. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. ...

Ambiguous identity

• In the 1991 Culture Clash play "A Bowl of Beings", in response to Che Guevara's demand for a definition of "Chicano", an "armchair activist" cries out, "I still don't know!!"^{[citation needed]}

• Bruce Novoa: "A Chicano lives in the space between the hyphen in Mexican-American", . . Houston: , 1990.^[9]

For Chicanos, the term usually implies being "neither from here, nor from there" in reference to the U.S. and Mexico respectively. As a mixture of cultures from both countries, being Chicano represents the struggle of being accepted into the Anglo-dominated society of the United States while maintaining the cultural sense developed as a Hispanic-cultured U.S. born Mexican child. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14,[1] 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che or just Che was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary, medical doctor , political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalist guerrillas. ... Mexican Americans are citizens of the United States of Mexican ancestry. ... Culture (Culture from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate,) generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... Look up anglo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Indigenous identity

• Ruben Salazar: "A Chicano is a Mexican-American with a non-Anglo image of himself."^[10]

• Leo Limón: "...because that's what a Chicano is, an indigenous Mexican American".^{[citation needed]}

Many individuals of Mexican descent view the use of the words Chicano or Chicana as reclamation and regeneration of an indigenous culture destroyed through colonialism.^{[citation needed]} Gabriel J. Rico or Gabriel Rico (March 3, 1928 - August 29, 1970) was a Mexican-American news reporter killed by the police during the National Chicano Moratorium March against the Vietnam War on August 29, 1970 in Los Angeles, California. ... It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...

Political device

• Reies Tijerina: "The Anglo press revolutionized the word 'Chicano'. We use it, but they use it to divide us from Latin America."Tijerina, Reies; José Ángel Gutiérrez (2000). They Called Me King Tiger: My Struggle for the Land and Our Rights. Houston: Art Público Press. ISBN 1558853022. 

Reies López Tijerina (born September 21, 1926) has been a radical leader of the Chicano movement which fought for greater rights for Mexican-Americans. ... Reies López Tijerina (born September 21, 1926) has been a radical leader of the Chicano movement which fought for greater rights for Mexican-Americans. ...

Synonyms

The following terms are often used in place of Chicano:^{[citation needed]}

• la raza (literally "the race", but also connoting "el pueblo" or "la gente", both of which mean "the people"), which refers generally to the people of habla Hispana (Spanish speaking) America who share the cultural and political legacies of Spanish colonialism, including the Spanish language and culture, and their descendants,as well as their Meso-American indigenous roots.)
• la raza de bronce ("the bronze race") (used to emphasize the "brown" or "bronze" Indigenous ancestry over their white or black ancestry)
• americanista (common in early twentieth-century^{[citation needed]})
• indigenist (common in early twentieth-century^{[citation needed]})
• la raza cósmica (the cosmic race)

Chicano has criss-crossed to some from other Hispanic/Mexican-American communities: Some who may identify themselves as Californio, Hispano, Isleno, Mexican Texian, New Mexico Spanish, Spanish American and Tejano. But Chicano is often described for a child of Mexican immigrants, or resides in urban areas of (esp. Southern) California and Arizona, or from a mestizo instead of fully Spanish background. La Raza is a Spanish-language term (literally meaning the race, but also connoting el pueblo or la gente, both of which mean the people), which refers generally to the people of Latin America who share the cultural and political legacies of Spanish colonialism, including the Spanish language and culture... It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ... Bronze race (Spanish: raza de bronce) is a term used by early 20th century Latin American writers of the indigenista and americanista schools to refer to the mestizo race that arose in America with the arrival of European (particularly Spanish) colonisers and their intermingling with the New Worlds indigenous... An independent origin and development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. ... The term White American officially refers to people of European, Middle Eastern, and North African descent residing in the United States. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The phrase La raza cosmica, in English the cosmic people, embodies the notion that traditional, exclusive concepts of race and nationality can be transcended in the name of humanitys common destiny. ... The Californios were Spanish-speaking inhabitants of New Spain, and later Mexico, Alta California. ... In Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America, Hispano (Hispanic in English) is ascribed as indicating a derivation from Spain, her people and culture. ... Anglo-American citizens of Texas were known as Texians when Texas was part of Mexico, and until the United States annexed the Republic of Texas. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... ... A Tejano (Spanish for Texan; archaic spelling texano) is a person of Hispanic descent born and living in the U.S. state of Texas. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... Languages Predominantly Spanish, (with a minority of other languages), while Mestizos speaks Portuguese Religions Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestant and other Religions) Related ethnic groups Other Spanish people, Italian people, French people, Portuguese people, Amerindian, African people, Austronesian people, Hispanics and Latinos Mestizo (Portuguese, Mestiço...

Rejection

Some Mexican Americans prefer to identify themselves as:^{[citation needed]}

• American (sometimes the term first like "American-Mexican")
• American of Mexican descent
• Hispanic
• Hispanic American
• Hispano/a
• Latino/a
• Latin American
• Mexican(o/a)
• Mexican American
• Spanish
• Spanish American
• "Brown" people, race, pride, etc.
• Californio, Nuevomexicano (New Mexico Spanish) or Tejano/a.
• Norteno as in the Mexicans referred the Southwest U.S. as el Norte, although anyone from the U.S. is NorteAmericano, since Mexico and Latin America (Central and South) long identified themselves as Americanos.

The reasons for rejecting the term Chicano are numerous and varied, from an aversion to its association with the militant left-wing politics of the 1960s and 1970s, to the ability of many families, particularly in the state of New Mexico, to trace their ancestry back to the original Spanish settlers of the colonial era.^{[citation needed]} Hispanic flag, not widely used. ... In Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America, Hispano (Hispanic in English) is ascribed as indicating a derivation from Spain, her people and culture. ... // The term Latino is a linguistic identity that refers to an individual that has significant ancestry from a nation-state where a Latin derived language is spoken or is the offical language of the government. ... The Californios were Spanish-speaking inhabitants of New Spain, and later Mexico, Alta California. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... A Tejano (Spanish for Texan; archaic spelling texano) is a person of Hispanic descent born and living in the U.S. state of Texas. ... “Leftism” redirects here. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ...

Another common reason to reject Chicano is the bad connotations associated with it, primarily in Mexico. In addition, several Mexican Americans may have little or no indigenous ancestry. Today its harder for young 2nd and 3rd generation Latinos descendents from immigrants to identify themselves as a Chicano.

The Chicano movement is held as racially charged, or may have some anti-American or anti-white/Anglo sentiments. Most Mexican-Americans as well most U.S. Latino/Hispanic groups does not share that attitude to turn disloyal to the country they are from, contributed and served. Chicano nationalists like the political group, el Voz de Aztlan had a political ideology with some members hold racism against African Americans, Asian Americans and open anti-semitism against American Jews. ^{[citation needed]} Racism is a belief or concept that inherent differences between people, in particular those upon which the concept of race is based, determine cultural or individual achievement, and may involve the idea that ones self-identified race or ethnic group or others race or ethnic group is superior. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... An Asian American is a person of Asian ancestry or origin who was born in or is an immigrant to the United States. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... American Jews, or Jewish Americans, are American citizens who were born Jews or who have converted to Judaism. ...

It is also widely believe that the generation of Chicano and Chicano culture is only preserved and prolonged by academics, which is in turn only perceived as an appreciation of the historical context of the Chicano movement. In addition, since learning of the Chicano movement is only academics, its is believed that it is now only a personal decision one makes of whether to identify themeselves as Chicanos.

However, this promotes a delay in Latinos identifying themselves correctly since theres is a wide misunderstanding that all Latinos in the U.S are Chicanos. Not everybody chooses to identify themselves as Chicanos and some do for the wrong reasons.

Social aspects

Chicanos, regardless of their generational status, tend to connect their culture to the indigenous peoples of North America and to a historically revised mythical nation of Aztlán.^[11] According to the Aztec Myth, Aztlán is an island; Chicano nationalists have equated it with the Southwestern United States. Historians tend to place Aztlán in Nayarit or the Caribbean, and make a distinction between the Myth, the potential historical location, and the contemporary socio-political recreation. A Hupa man, 1923 The scope of this indigenous peoples of the Americas article encompasses the definitions of indigenous peoples and the Americas as established in their respective articles. ... Chicano nationalism is the ethnic nationalist ideology of Mexican Americans. ... Nayarit is one of Mexico’s 31 states and is located on the central west coast, bordering the Pacific Ocean. ...

Whether this is true is still studied by archaeologists who studied ruins of ancient Amerindian civilizations in Arizona (the Hohokam), California (the Imperial and Palo Verde valleys), Colorado (Mesa Verde national park), Nevada, New Mexico, Texas (the El Paso area) and southern Utah. To actually pinpoint the exact location of the mythical land of "Aztlan" might produce further vindication to Chicano and Mexican nationalists. ^{[citation needed]} Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Largest metro area Denver-Aurora Metro Area Area  Ranked 8th  - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²)  - Width 280 miles (451 km)  - Length 380 miles (612 km)  - % water 0. ... Official language(s) English Capital Carson City Largest city Las Vegas Area  Ranked 7th  - Total 110,567 sq mi (286,367 km²)  - Width 322 miles (519 km)  - Length 490 miles (788 km)  - % water 0. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Political aspects

Main article: Chicano Movement

Many currents came together to produce the Chicano political movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Early struggles were against school segregation, but the Mexican American cause, or La Causa as it was called, soon came under the banner of the United Farm Workers and Cesar Chavez. However, Reies Tijerina stirred up old tensions about New Mexican land claims with roots going back to before the Mexican-American War. Simultaneous movements to empower youth, question patriarchy, democratize the Church, end police brutality, and end the Vietnam War all intersected with other ethnic nationalist, peace, countercultural, and feminist movements. The Chicano Movement, also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, the Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, and El Movimiento, is the part of the American Civil Rights Movement that searched for social liberation and power for Mexican Americans. ... The United Farm Workers of America (UFW) is a labor union that evolved from unions founded in 1962 by César Chávez, Philip Vera Cruz, Dolores Huerta, and Larry Itliong. ... 2003 USPS stamp featuring Chávez and the fields that were so important to him César Estrada Chávez (March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American farm worker, labor leader, and activist who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers. ... Reies López Tijerina (born September 21, 1926) has been a radical leader of the Chicano movement which fought for greater rights for Mexican-Americans. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José Mariá Flores Strength 78,790 soldiers 25,000–40,000 soldiers Casualties KIA: 1733 Total dead: 13,271 Wounded: 4,152 AWOL: 9,200+ 25,000... Ethnic nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities); the underlying assumption is that ethnicities should be politically distinct. ... A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. ... In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream. ...

Since Chicanismo covers a wide array of political, religious and ethnic beliefs, and not everybody agrees with what exactly a Chicano is, most new Latino immigrants see it as a lost cause, as a lost culture, because Chicanos don't identify with Mexico or were ever their parents migrated from like new immigrants do. So in essence new immigrants are not Chicanos and their kids will not be Chicanos because Chicanoism is now only being prolonged by academics, it's an appreciation of a historical movement. Chicanismo is a cultural movement by Mexican Americans to recapture their Mexican, Native American culture, which began in the 1930s in the Southwest United States. ...

For some, Chicano ideals involve a rejection of borders. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transformed the Rio Grande region from a rich cultural center to a rigid border enforced by the United States government. At the end of the Mexican-American War, 80,000 Spanish-Mexican-Indian people were forced into sudden U.S. habitation.^[12] As a result, Chicano identification is aligned with the idea of Aztlán, which extends to the Aztec period of Mexico, celebrating a time preceding land division.^[13] The Mexican Cession (red) and the Gadsden Purchase (orange). ... For other uses, see Aztlán (disambiguation). ...

Paired with the dissipation of militant political efforts of the Chicano movement in the 1960s was the emergence of the Chicano generation. Like their political predecessors, the Chicano generation rejects the "immigrant/foreigner" categorization status.^[13] Chicano identity has expanded from its political origins to incorporate a broader community vision of social integration and nonpartisan political participation.^[14] The Chicano Movement, also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, the Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, and El Movimiento, is the part of the American Civil Rights Movement that searched for social liberation and power for Mexican Americans. ...

The shared Spanish language, Catholic faith, close contact with their political homeland Mexico to the south, a history of labor segregation, ethnic exclusion and racial discrimination encourage a united Chicano or Mexican folkloric tradition in the United States. Ethnic cohesiveness is a resistance strategy to assimilation and the accompanying cultural dissolution.

Cultural aspects

Main article: Chicanismo

The term Chicano is also used to describe the literary, artistic, and musical movements that emerged with the Chicano Movement. Chicanismo is a cultural movement by Mexican Americans to recapture their Mexican, Native American culture, which began in the 1930s in the Southwest United States. ... The Chicano Movement, also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, the Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, and El Movimiento, is the part of the American Civil Rights Movement that searched for social liberation and power for Mexican Americans. ...

Literature

Main article: Mexican American literature

Chicano literature tends to focus on themes of identity, discrimination, and culture, with an emphasis on validating Mexican American and Chicano culture in the United States. Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales's "Yo Soy Joaquin" is one of the first examples of Chicano poetry. Other important writers in the genre include Rudolfo Anaya, Sandra Cisneros, Gary Soto and Oscar Zeta Acosta. ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... Rodolfo Corky Gonzales speaking at a rally in Denver, Colorado, February 11, 1970 Rodolfo Corky Gonzales (June 18, 1928 - April 12, 2005) was a Mexican American boxer, poet, and political activist. ... Rudolfo A. Anaya was born in Pastura, New Mexico on October 30, 1937. ... Sandra Cisneros (born December 20, 1954 in Chicago) is an American author and poet best known for her novel The House on Mango Street. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

See also: Chicano poetry

Chicano poetry is a branch of American literature written by and primarily about Mexican-Americans and the Mexican-American experience. ...

Arts

QuetzalCoatlicue dance troupe member evokes the spirit of the four winds to bless Hiawatha Line Rail first train's arrival at Midtown Station. The Hiawatha Project. Minneapolis, Minn.; United States. 2004.

In the visual arts, work by Chicanos addresses similar themes as works in literature. The preferred media for Chicano art are murals and graphic arts. San Diego's Chicano Park, home to the largest collection of murals in the world, was created as an outgrowth of the city's political movement by Chicanos. Rasquache art is a unique style subset of the Chicano Arts movement. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 571 pixel Image in higher resolution (1182 × 844 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 571 pixel Image in higher resolution (1182 × 844 pixel, file size: 1. ... Salle des illustres, ceiling painting, by Jean André Rixens. ... Graphic design is the applied art of arranging image and text to communicate a message. ... Nickname: Location of San Diego within San Diego County Coordinates: , Country United States State California County San Diego Founded July 16, 1769 Incorporated March 27, 1850 Government  - Mayor Jerry Sanders  - City Attorney Michael Aguirre  - City Council Scott Peters Kevin Faulconer Toni Atkins Tony Young Brian Maienschein Donna Frye Jim Madaffer... Chicano Park is a 7. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ...

Chicano performance art blends humor and pathos for tragi-comic effect as shown by Los Angeles' comedy troupe Culture Clash and Mexican-born performance artist Guillermo Gomez-Pena. Culture Clash is an American performance troupe composed of the writer-comedians Richard Montoya, Ric Salinas, and Herbert Sigüenza. ... Guillermo Gómez-Peña (born 1955) is a Mexican-born writer, performance artist and educator. ...

One of the most powerful and far-reaching cultural aspects of Chicano culture is the indigenous current that strongly roots Chicano culture to the American continent. It also unifies Chicanismo, within the larger Pan Indian Movement. Since its arrival in 1974, What is known as Danza Azteca in the U.S., (and known by several names in its homeland of the central States of Mexico: danza Conchera, De la Conquista, Chichimeca, etc) has had a deep impact in Chicano muralism, graphic design, tattoo art (flash), poetry, music, and literature. Chicanismo is a cultural movement by Mexican Americans to recapture their Mexican, Native American culture, which began in the 1930s in the Southwest United States. ...

Music

Lalo Guerrero is considered the "father of Chicano music".^{[citation needed]} Beginning in the 1930s, he wrote songs in the big band and swing genres that were popular at the time. He expanded his repertoire to include songs written in traditional genres of the Mexican music, and during the farmworkers' rights campaign, wrote music in support of Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers. Eduardo Lalo Guerrero (December 24, 1916 – March 17, 2005), credited as being the father of Chicano music, was a Mexican-American guitarist, singer and farm labor activist best known for his strong influence on todays Latin artists. ... A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. ... Musically, swing can be either: (written with small s) the rhythmic feeling evoked by swinging music, esp. ... The music of Mexico is extraordinarily diverse and features a wide range of different musical styles. ... The United Farm Workers of America (UFW) is a labor union that evolved from unions founded in 1962 by César Chávez, Philip Vera Cruz, Dolores Huerta, and Larry Itliong. ...

Rock

Main article: Chicano rock

In the 1960s and 1970's, a wave of Chicano rock surfaced through innovative musicians Johnny Rodriguez, Carlos Santana, Linda Ronstadt, and Joan Baez, herself of Mexican-American descent included Hispanic themes in some of her protest folk songs. Chicano rock is rock music performed by Chicano groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture. Los Lobos Chicano rock or Latin rock is rock music performed by Mexican American groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture. ... Los Lobos Chicano rock or Latin rock is rock music performed by Mexican American groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture. ... Johnny Rodriguez (born December 10, 1951) is an American country music singer. ... Devadip Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947), known simply as Carlos Santana or Santana, is a Grammy Award-winning Mexican-born American Latin rock musician and guitarist. ... Linda Marie Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946 in Tucson, Arizona) is a popular vocalist with multiple Grammy Awards, numerous multi-platinum albums, an Emmy Award, a Tony Award nomination who has recorded over 30 studio albums. ... Joan Chandos Baez (born January 9, 1941) is an American folk singer and songwriter known for her highly individual vocal style. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ...

There are two undercurrents in Chicano rock. One is a devotion to the original rhythm and blues roots of Rock and roll including Ritchie Valens, Sunny and the Sunglows, and ? and the Mysterians. Groups inspired by this include Sir Douglas Quintet, Thee Midniters, Los Lobos, War, Tierra, and El Chicano, and, of course, the Chicano Blues Man himself, the late Randy Garribay. Rhythm and blues (also known as R&B or RnB) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences, first performed by African American artists. ... Richard Steven Valenzuela (May 13, 1941 – February 3, 1959) was a pioneer of rock and roll. ... Other languages FAQs | Table free Welcome to Wikipedia, a free-content encyclopedia that anyone can edit. ... Sir Douglas Quintet was a rock band active in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... Thee Midniters were amongst the first Latino rock bands to have a major hit in the United States, and one of the best known acts to come out of East Los Angeles in the 1960s, with a cover of Land of a Thousand Dances and the instrumental Whittier Boulevard in... Los Lobos is an American rock band, heavily influenced by rock and roll, Tex-Mex, country music, folk, R&B, blues, and traditional Spanish and Mexican music such as boleros and norteños. ... War was a multiracial, multicultural American funk band of the 1970s from Southern California, known for the hit songs Low Rider and Why Cant We Be Friends?. Formed in 1969, War was the first and most successful musical crossover, fusing elements of rock, funk, jazz, Latin music, R&B... ... El Chicano is a Latin R&B band from Los Angeles, whose influences can be found in rock, funk, soul, blues, jazz, and salsa. ...

Chicano punk is a branch of Chicano rock. Examples of the genre include music by the bands Los Illegals, The Brat, The Plugz, Manic Hispanic and the Cruzados; these bands have come out of the punk scene in Los Angeles. Some music historians argue that Chicanos of Los Angeles in the late 1970s might have independently co-founded punk rock along with the already-acknowledged founders from British-European sources when introduced to the US in major cities. ^{[citation needed]} Chicano Rock Music is rock music performed by Mexican American groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture. ... // Cranking out politically charged Pachuco-Punk, sung in Spanglish wedded with the then unheard of combination of third world rhythms and industrialized flamenco, East LA’s Los Illegals played an essential part in shaping the music scenes that exist in the barrios of the world today. ... The Plugz were a punk rock band from Los Angeles, California that formed in 1978. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

The second theme is the openness to Latin American sounds and influences. Trini Lopez, Santana, Malo, Azteca, Toro, Ozomatli and other Chicano Latin Rock groups follow this approach. Chicano rock crossed paths of other Latin rock genres (Rock en espanol) by Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and South America (La Nueva Cancion). Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Devadip Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947), known simply as Carlos Santana or Santana, is a Grammy Award-winning Mexican-born American Latin rock musician and guitarist. ... Ozomatli is a multiethnic nine piece band, playing primarily Latin, hip hop, and rock, formed in 1995 in Los Angeles. ... Carlos Santana: Munich, Germany, 1975 Latin rock is a fusion of the rock music with the latin american rhythms and – also – with some instruments which are typical for this music like percussion, but also piano riffs known from son cubano or merengue. ... Rock en Español is the latest generation of Spanish language rock and roll. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Jazz

Although Latin Jazz is most popularly associated with artists from the Caribbean (particularly Cuba) and Brazil, young Mexican Americans have played a role in its development over the years, going back to the 1930s and early 1940s, the era of the zoot suit, when young Mexican American musicians in Los Angeles began to experiment with Jazz-like Mexican music. This type of Latin Jazz came back into vogue in the 1990s and 2000's, with a strong recent example being the work of the singer Jenni Rivera. Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz harmonies from the United States. ... A soldier inspecting zoot suits in Washington D.C. in 1942 Men in zoot suits A zoot suit was a style of clothing first popularized by young African Americans, Filipino Americans, Italian Americans, and Mexican Americans in the late 1930s and 1940s [1][2][3][4][5]. Today, a zoot... An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ...

Rap

Main article: Chicano rap

Chicano rap is a unique style of hip hop music which started with Kid Frost, who began using Spanish in the early 1990's. While Mellow Man Ace was the first mainstream rapper to use Spanglish, Frost's song "La Raza" paved the way for its use in American hip hop. Chicano rap tends to discuss themes of importance to young urban Chicanos. Today's main chicano artists are Monument Lokotes, Lil Rob, Baby Bash, B-Real, Delinquent Habits, Chingo Bling and Aztlan Underground. Chicano rap is a subgenre of hip hop music, latin rap and gangsta rap that embodies aspects of West Coast and Southwest Mexican American (Chicano) culture and is typically performed by American rap singers and musicians of Mexican descent. ... Chicano rap is a subgenre of hip hop music, latin rap and gangsta rap that embodies aspects of West Coast and Southwest Mexican American (Chicano) culture and is typically performed by American rap singers and musicians of Mexican descent. ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Ulpiano Sergio Reyes (born April 12, 1967) is an Afro-Cuban rapper known as Mellow Man Ace. ... It has been suggested that Hispanicisms_in_English be merged into this article or section. ... The United States was the nation of origin of hip hop, a cultural movement that began in the 1970s in New York City, among primarily African American and Hispanic audiences. ... Roberto Flores (born September 1975), better known as Lil Rob, is a Mexican American (Chicano) rap artist from San Diego, California, USA. He was born and raised in the La Colonia area of Eden Gardens, a Hispanic neighborhood near Solana Beach. ... Baby Bash on the cover of his album, Super Saucy Baby Bash, also known as Baby Beesh, (born Ronnie Ray Bryant on October 18, 1975 in Vallejo, California, USA) is an American rapper. ... Louis Freese (born June 2, 1970), known by stage name B-Real, is a Latin rapper of Mexican and Afro-Cuban heritage. ... Delinquent Habits is a Chicano hip hop group. ... Chingo Bling (born Pedro Herrera III) is a Mexican American rapper from Houston, Texas. ... Aztlan Underground is a fusion band from Los Angeles. ...

Other

Other famous Chicano/Mexican American singers include Selena, who sang a variety of Mexican, Tejano, and American popular music, but was killed at age 23 in 1995. And Los Lonely Boys are a Texas style country rock band, but never shyed away from their Mexican American roots in their music. In recent years, a growing Tex-Mex polka band trend and from Mexican immigrants (i.e. Conjunto or Norteno) has influenced much of new Chicano folk music, esp. in large market Spanish language radio stations and on television music video programs in the U.S. The band Quetzal is known for its political songs, while The Kumbia Kings had combined Mexican regional: cumbia, merengue and tropical, with American rap, hip-hop and rock rhythms, and Daddy Yankee, although Puerto Rican, has connected well to Mexican-American/Chicano music styles. For the movie based on the life of the singer, see Selena (film). ... Tejano[1] (Spanish for Texan) or Tex-Mex[2] music is the name given to various forms of folk and popular music originating among the Hispanic-descended Tejanos of Central and South Texas. ... Los Lonely Boys are American Grammy-winning musical group from San Angelo, Texas. ... Norteño (Spanish: northern) has several meanings in English usage: A member of one of several affiliated street gangs of Mexican origin that operate in the United States. ... Quetzal is a Spanish-English bilingual chicano rock band from East Los Angeles, California. ... Cumbia is originally a Colombian folk dance and dance music and is Colombias representative national dance and music along with vallenato. ... Merengue is a type of lively, joyful music and dance that comes from the Dominican Republic. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... Raymond Ayala (born on December 12, 1977 in Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico), known artistically as Daddy Yankee is a successful Latin Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican reggaeton recording artist. ...

See also

• Aztlán
• Caló (Chicano)
• Casta
• Chicano Rap
• Chicano studies
• Cholo
• Ethnicity (United States Census)
• Hispanic
• Latino
• List of notable Chicanos
• Los Siete de la Raza
• Mestizo
• Mexican Americans
• Murals, i.e. Chicano Park, San Diego
• Pachuco
• Race (U.S. Census)
• Tejano
• White Hispanic

For other uses, see Aztlán (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Chicano idiom. ... Look up Casta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Chicano rap is a subgenre of hip hop music, latin rap and gangsta rap that embodies aspects of West Coast and Southwest Mexican American (Chicano) culture and is typically performed by American rap singers and musicians of Mexican descent. ... Chicano studies is an academic discipline. ... For the 1986 video game, see Cholo (computer game). ... US Hispanic or Latino population The Office of Management and Budget is required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: Hispanic or Latino or not Hispanic or Latino The O.M.B. defines Hispanic or Latino as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other... Hispanic flag, not widely used. ... // The term Latino is a linguistic identity that refers to an individual that has significant ancestry from a nation-state where a Latin derived language is spoken or is the offical language of the government. ... César Chávez, activist Adela Dalto, singer, song writer and author Rodolfo Corky Gonzales, godfather of the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, 1928-2005 José Ángel Gutierrez Reies Lopez Tijerina Categories: People by race or ethnicity ... Was the label give seven Mission District San Francisco California young men, appraoached by two plainclothes policemen while moving a TV into a house on Alvarado street on May 1, 1969. ... Languages Predominantly Spanish, (with a minority of other languages), while Mestizos speaks Portuguese Religions Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestant and other Religions) Related ethnic groups Other Spanish people, Italian people, French people, Portuguese people, Amerindian, African people, Austronesian people, Hispanics and Latinos Mestizo (Portuguese, Mestiço... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A mural is a painting on a wall, ceiling, or other large permanent surface. ... Chicano Park is a 7. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Americas Finest City Location Location of San Diego within San Diego County Coordinates , Government County San Diego Mayor City Attorney         City Council District One District Two District Three District Four District Five District Six District Seven District Eight Jerry Sanders (R)