"Chickamauga", or "Chickamauga-Cherokee", was a term used by colonial and early Americans to differentiate between the pro-British Cherokee led by Dragging Canoe, and those abiding by the peace treaties signed in 1777 at DeWitt's Corner with Georgia and South Carolina and at Fort Henry with Virginia and North Carolina, allegedly ending Cherokee support of the British in the American Revolution. The latter lived in the Out, Middle, and Valley Towns of North Carolina, the Lower Towns of North Georgia (formerly of South Carolina), and the Overhill Towns along the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee Rivers in the later State of Tennessee. The Chickamauga wars were actually a continuation of the Cherokee struggle against the encroachment of the colonials which had broken out into open warfare in 1776. For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ... Dragging Canoe (1730? – 1792) was an American Indian war leader who led a dissident band of young Cherokees against the United States in the American Revolutionary War. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is the current U.S. Collaboration of the Week. ... The American Revolution was a political movement that ended British control of the south-eastern coastal area of North America, resulting in the formation of the United States of America in 1776 and sparking the American Revolutionary War. ... The mountainous northern region of the State of Georgia; inahabited formerly by the Cherokee, the counties that comprise North Georgia have experience fully every episode in the history of the State, northwest Georgia being the site of several major battles in the War Between the States, such as Chickamauga and... The Little Tennnnnnnessee River is a tributary of the Tennessee River, approximately 135 mi (217 km) long, in the Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States. ... The Hiwassee River has its headwaters in North Georgia (as the Hiawassee River) and flows northward into North Carolina (there assuming its more common moniker Hiwassee) before turning westward into Tennessee, flowing into the Tennessee River a few miles west of TN SR58 near Dayton, TN. As the river passes... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ...

Prelude

In the aftermath of the French and Indian War (1754-1763), that part of France’s Louisiana Territory east of the Mississippi went to the British along with Canada, while Louisiana west of the Missisippi went to Spain in exchange for East Florida and West Florida going to Britain. Mindful of the recent war, the British government prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, laying the foundation of one of the major irritants leading to the Revolution. The Cherokee part in that conflict had lasted from 1759 to 1762, led by Ostenaco, then headman of Tellico town. John Stuart, Southern Superintendant for Indian Affairs, was the main contact of the Cherokee with the British government, mostly thru his deputy, Alexander Cameron, who lived among them. Combatants France and its Indian allies Britain and its Indian allies Strength 3,900 regulars 7,900 militia 2,200 natives (1759) 50,000 regulars and militia (1759) The French and Indian War was the nine-year North American chapter of the Seven Years War. ... The United States in 1810, following the Louisiana Purchase. ... The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the longest river in the United States; the second-longest is the Missouri River, which flows into the Mississippi. ... Map of East and West Florida in 1810. ... Map of East and West Florida in the early 1800s. ... A rainy day in the Great Smoky Mountains, Western North Carolina The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a vast system of North American mountains, partly in Canada, but mostly in the United States, forming a zone, from 100 to 300 miles wide, running from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, 1...

In the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, after Pontiac’s War (1763-1764), the Six Nations, or Iroquois, Confederacy ceded its claims to the hunting grounds between the Ohio and Cumberland rivers to which several other tribes north and south also lay claim as hunting grounds. In response, the Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo, and some Cherokee attacked the first settlement inside the territory known to them as Kain-tuck-ee (Kentucky) the land between the Cumberland and Ohio rivers), the settlement founded by a party under Daniel Boone, beginning what is known as Dunmore's War (1773-1774). Two different treaties between Native Americans and European-Americans were signed at Fort Stanwix, which was located near present-day Rome, New York. ... Combatants British Empire American Indians Commanders Jeffrey Amherst Henry Bouquet Pontiac Guyasuta Pontiacs Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by North American Indians who were dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region and the Ohio Country after the British victory in the French and Indian War... The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee, also known as the League of Peace and Power, Five Nations, or Six Nations) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... The Ohio River is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River. ... Length 1,106 km Elevation of the source 480 m Average discharge 3,217 m³/s Area watershed 46,830 km² Origin Oven Fork, Kentucky Mouth Ohio River Basin countries United States The Cumberland River is an important waterway in the southern United States. ... The Shawnee, or Shawano, are a people native to North America. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... The Mingo people were an Iroquois group that migrated west to the Ohio River Valley in the mid-eighteenth century 1750s and formed their own distinct identity there. ... Daniel Boone Daniel Boone (November 2, 1734 – September 26, 1820) was an American pioneer, frontiersman and Indian-fighter, who blazed the trail known as the Wilderness Road and founded Boonesborough, Kentucky (also known as Boonesboro). ... Dunmores War (or Lord Dunmores War) was the result of several collisions that took place in the spring of 1774, on the Ohio River above the mouth of the Little Kanawha River, between Native American peoples (particularly Shawnee, Miami, and Wyandot) and parties of Anglo_American settlers who were...

One year later, a group of North Carolina speculators led by Richard Hendersonn negotiated the Treaty of Watauga at Sycamore Shoals with the older Overhill Cherokee leaders, chief of whom were Oconostota and Attakullakulla, surrendering the claim of the Cherokee to the Kain-tuck-ee lands and supposedly giving the Transylvania Land Company ownership thereof in spite of claims to the region by other tribes such as the Shawnee and Chickasaw. Dragging Canoe, chief of Great Island and son of Attakullakulla, refused to go along with the deal and told the North Carolina men that while they had purchased a fair land, they would find it a "dark and bloody ground". The Watauga treaty was quickly repudiated by the governor of Virginia. Richard Henderson (1734–1785) was an American pioneer who attempted to create a colony called Transylvania just as the American Revolutionary War was starting. ... Sycamore Shoals is a stretch of the Watauga River near present-day Elizabethton, Tennessee, USA, offering a ford crossing of the river. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Stalking Turkey. ... Attacullaculla of Chota-Tenase, Principal Chief of the Cherokee (c. ... Transylvania was an attempt in the 1770s by the Transylvania Company to found a new American colony by buying land from Native Americans. ... The Chickasaws are a Native American people of the United States, originally from present-day Mississippi, now mostly living in Oklahoma. ...

In 1776, partly at the behest of Henry Hamilton, the British governor in Detroit, the Shawnee chief Cornstalk led a delegation from the northern tribes (Shawnee, Delaware, Iroquois, Ottawa, others) to the southern tribes (Cherokee, Muskogee, Chickasaw, Choctaw), and met with the Cherokee leaders at Chota (Eckhert says Muscle Shoals), calling for united action against those they called the Long Knives, the squatters who settled and remained in Kain-tuck-ee (who included Daniel Boone), or as they called it Transylvania, in spite of the repudiation of the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals by both Virginia and North Carolina. At the close of his speech, he offered his war belt, and Dragging Canoe ("Tsiyugunisini" in Cherokee) accepted it, along with Abraham of Chilhowee. Dragging Canoe also accepted belts from the Ottawa and the Iroquois, while The Raven of Chota accepted the belt from the Delaware. Henry Hamilton (c. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Cornstalk (1720?–November 10, 1777) was a prominent leader of the Shawnee people in the era of the American Revolution. ... The Ottawa (also Odawa or Odaawa) are a Native American people. ... The Creek are an American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States, also known by their original name Muscogee (or Muskogee), the name they use to identify themselves today. ... The Choctaws, or Chatas, are a Native American people originally from the southeast United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) of the Muskoghean linguistic group. ... Chota was a Cherokee town on the outskirts of Tanasi near present-day Vonore, Tennessee. ... Muscle Shoals is a city located in Colbert County, Alabama, USA. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 11,924. ... Daniel Boone Daniel Boone (November 2, 1734 – September 26, 1820) was an American pioneer, frontiersman and Indian-fighter, who blazed the trail known as the Wilderness Road and founded Boonesborough, Kentucky (also known as Boonesboro). ... Transylvania was an attempt in the 1770s by the Transylvania Company to found a new American colony by buying land from Native Americans. ...

The plan was for Middle, Out, and Valley Towns to attack South Carolina, the Lower Towns to attack Georgia, and the Overhills to attack Virginia and North Carolina. In the Overhill campaign, Dragging Canoe led a force to the Holston settlements, Abraham to the Watauga and Nolichucky, and The Raven to Carter's Valley. The squatting settlers, however, had been forewarned of the attack by traders who'd come to them from Chota bearing warning from the Beloved Woman (female equivalent of Beloved Man, the Cherokee title for a leader) Nancy Ward. The Holston River is a major river system of southwestern Virginia and East Tennessee. ... The Watauga River rises in Watauga County, North Carolina, a mountainous county in western North Carolina along the Tennessee state line. ... The Nolichucky River at Embreeville in Washington County, Tennessee. ... Drawing of Nancy Ward by George Catlin Nanye-hi (One Who Goes About), known in English as Nancy Ward (c. ...

Response from the colonials in the aftermath was swift and overwhelming. North Carolina sent 2400 militia to scour the Oconoluftee and Tuckasegee Rivers and the headwaters of the Little Tennessee and Hiwassie, South Carolina sent 1800 men to the Savannah, and Georgia sent 200 to the Chattahoochee and Tugaloo. In all, they destroyed more than fifty towns, burned their houses and food, and killed many. In the meantime, Virginia sent a large force, accompanied by North Carolina volunteers, under Colonel William Christian. Christian's force, however, found Great Island and several other towns deserted, with only the older leaders who had opposed the younger ones and their war remaining. The Tuckaseegee River flows in western North Carolina, USA. It begins its course in Jackson County, at the confluence of Panthertown and Greenland Creeks. ... For the Department of Energy facility, see Savannah River Site The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United States, forming most of the border between the states of South Carolina and Georgia. ... The Chattahoochee River runs from the Chattahoochee Spring in the mountains of northeast Georgia, southwestward by Atlanta and through its suburbs, then turns southward to form the southern half of the Georgia/Alabama state line. ... The Tugaloo River (originally Tugalo River) is a short river bordering Georgia and South Carolina. ... William Christian (c. ...

The move to the Chickamauga area

Forewarned of the large force headed their way, Dragging Canoe gathered those Cherokee of like mind from the Overhill, Valley, and Hill towns, and migrated to what is now the Chattanooga, Tennessee area. At the place where the Great Indian Warpath crossed the Chickamauga River (South Chickamauga Creek), they established what was later known as "Old Chickamauga Town" under Big Foot, with Dragging Canoe himself living, for which reason those of his faction were called the "Chickamaugas" by the whites. Nickname: Scenic City (official), River City, Chatty, Chatt-Town, Chattavegas, The Nooga Location within the U.S. State of Tennessee Cities in Tennessee Tennessee Mayor Ron Littlefield Area    - City 370. ...

The British commissary John McDonald already lived and had a trading post across the river from Chickamauga town, providing a link with Henry Stuart, brother of John, in the West Florida port of Pensacola. Alexander Cameron, deputy superintendant and blood brother to Dragging Canoe, accompanied him to Chickamauga, but later transferred to the territory of the Upper Muskogee towns to represent British interests there. Nickname: The City of Five Flags Location of the city within the state of Florida Country United States State Florida County Escambia County, Florida Mayor John Fogg Area    - City 102. ...

In addition to Chickamauga, the so-called dissidents set up three other settlements on the Chickamauga River: Toqua, at the mouth, Opelika, a few miles upstream from Chickamauga town, and Buffalo Town at the headwaters of the river in northwest Georgia. Other towns were Cayuga on Hiwassie Island; Ooltewah, under Ostenaco (on Ooltewah Creek); Sawtee, under Dragging Canoe's brother Little Owl (on Laurel, aka North Chickamauga, Creek); Citico, along the creek of the same name; Chatanuga (not the same as the later city) at the foot of Lookout Mountain in what is now St. Elmo; Tuskegee, under Bloody Fellow (on Williams' Island); and Stecoyee, in Lookout Valley. It is important to note that though neither they nor the other Cherokee ever considered themselves anything other than Cherokee. St. ...

The land used by the Chickamauga-Cherokee was once the traditional location of many former towns of the Muskogee, and according to Cherokee legend came into the possession of the Cherokee after the Battle of Talliwa in 1755. However, the Muskogee tribes had actually withdrawn much earlier to leave a buffer zone between themselves and the Cherokee. In fact, when the colony of Carolina first began trading with them in the late 1600's, the westermost settlements of the Cherokee were the twin towns of Tellico (Talikwa, same as Tahlequah) and Chatuga at the current site of Tellico Plains, Tennessee. Tahlequah may refer to: Tahlequah, Oklahoma Tahlequah, Washington This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Tellico Plains is a town located in Monroe County, Tennessee. ...

The town the Cherokee called Coosawattie (the former site of the Coosa chiefdom of the time of the Spanish explorations in the 16th century) had been in Cherokee hands in the early 1700’s, but had been abandoned. The site was subsequently reoccupied in 1758 by a Muskogee contingent under a leader named Big Mortar during the French and Indian War in support of Ostenaco and the other pro-French Cherokee and as a step toward an alliance of Muskogee, Cherokee, Shawnee, Chickasaw, and Catawba. These Muskogee were almost certainly allies of the Chickamauga once they had moved into the area. The Coosa chiefdom was a powerful Native American chiefdom near what is now Carters, Georgia, in the United States. ...

Many Cherokee, resentful of the (largely Scots-Irish) white settlers who were moving into Cherokee lands, and sympathetic to the Chickamauga cause, joined the ranks of Dragging Canoe's followers. In addition, the Cherokee towns of Hiwassie, Tennessee, Chestowee, Ocoee, and Amohee in the vicinity of Hiwassie River joined in several operations, as did the Lower Cherokee in the North Georgia towns of Coosawatie, Etowah, Ellijay, Ustanali, etc, who'd been forced there from their previous homes in South Carolina by the Treaty of Dewitts' Corner. The Yuchi living on the upper Chickamauga, Pinelog, and Conasauga creeks likely provided support as well. Scots-Irish can refer to: The Ulster-Scots people of Ulster, Ireland. ... Original territory of the Yuchi Tribe The Yuchi, also spelled Euchee and Uchee, are a Native American Indian tribe previously living in the eastern Tennessee River valley in Tennessee, northern Georgia and northern Alabama who now primarily live in the norteastern Oklahoma area. ...

The main targets of Chickamauga attacks were settlers on the Watauga, Holston, and Nolichucky Rivers and in Carter's Valley in upper East Tennessee, on the Cumberland in Middle Tennessee, and the isolated stations in between, along with ambushes of parties travelling on the Tennessee River. The Chickamauga also ambushed local sections of the many ancient trails that served as "highways" such as the Great Indian Warpath (Mobile to northeast Canada), the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail (St. Augustine to the French Salt Lick at Nashville), the Cumberland Trail (from the Upper Creek Path to the Great Lakes), and the Nickajack Trail (Nickajack to Augusta); later they even stalked the Natchez Trace. However, this did not preclude their attacking targets in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. East Tennessee is a name given to approximately the eastern third of the state of Tennessee. ... Middle Tennessee is a distinct portion of the state of Tennessee, delineated according to law as well as custom. ... Nickname: The Azalea City Coordinates: Country US State Alabama County Mobile Founded 1702 Incorporated 1814 Mayor Sam Jones Area    - City 412. ... Five flags have flown over the city since 1565. ... Nickname: Music City Location in Davidson County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates: Country United States State Tennessee Counties Davidson County Founded: 1779 Incorporated: 1806 Mayor Bill Purcell (D) Area    - City 526. ... The Great Lakes from space The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Nickname: The Garden City (of the South), Masters City, The AUG Motto: We feel Good Location of the consolidated areas of Augusta and Richmond County in the state of Georgia. ... The Natchez Trace is a 440-mile-long path extending from Natchez, Mississippi to Nashville, Tennessee, linking the Cumberland, the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers. ...

Reaction

In 1778-1779, Savannah and Augusta, Georgia were captured by the British, who supplied Dragging Canoe's band with guns and ammunition, and together they were able to gain control of parts of interior South Carolina and Georgia. Nickname: The Creative Coast or The Hostess City Location Coordinates: Government County Chatham Mayor Otis S. Johnson Geographical characteristics Area 202. ... Nickname: The Garden City (of the South), Masters City, The AUG Motto: We feel Good Location of the consolidated areas of Augusta and Richmond County in the state of Georgia. ...

In early 1779, James Robertson of Virginia received warning from Chota that the Chickamauga were going to attack the Holston area. In response, he ordered a counterattack under Evan Shelby and John Montgomery which destroyed the eleven towns in the Chickamauga area and most of their food supply. In the meantime, Dragging Canoe and John McDonald were leading the Chickamauga and fifty Loyalist Rangers in attacks on Georgia and South Carolina. James Robertson was a North Carolina farmer and explorer of the 1700s. ... John Montgomery (c. ...

Upon hearing of the devastation of the towns, the Shawnee sent a delegation to Chickamauga, to which Dragging Canoe, McDonald, and their men, including the Rangers, had returned to find out if the destruction had caused Dragging Canoe's people to lose the will to fight. In response, he held up the war belts he'd accepted when the delegation visited Chota in 1776, and said, "We are not yet conquered". To cement the alliance, the Chickamauga sent nearly a hundred of their warriors north while the Shawnee responded in kind.

The Chickamauga towns were soon rebuilt and occupied by their former inhabitants. Dragging Canoe responded to the Shelby expedition with punitive raids on the frontiers of both North Carolina and Virginia.

Later that year, Robertson and John Donelson travelled overland across country and founded Fort Nashborough at the French Salt Lick (which got its name from having previously been the site of a French outpost called Fort Charleville) on the Cumberland River. It was the first of many such settlements in the Cumberland area, which subsequently became the focus of attacks by all the tribes in the surrounding region. John Donelson, explorer and adventurer, was co-founder of the city of Nashville, Tennessee and the father of Rachel Jackson, the wife of seventh President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. ... Fort Nashborough was the original stockade for the settlement that became Nashville, Tennessee. ... Length 1,106 km Elevation of the source 480 m Average discharge 3,217 m³/s Area watershed 46,830 km² Origin Oven Fork, Kentucky Mouth Ohio River Basin countries United States The Cumberland River is an important waterway in the southern United States. ...

Early in 1780, Donelson journeyed down the Tennessee with a party that included his family, intending to go across to the mouth of the Cumberland, then upriver to Ft. Nashborough. Eventually, the group did reach its destination, but only after being ambushed near Tuskegee Island and again at the Muscle Shoals, several hundred miles downriver. Muscle Shoals is a city located in Colbert County, Alabama, USA. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 11,924. ...

That summer, the new Indian superintendant, Thomas Brown, planned to have a joint conference between the Chickamauga and Muskogee to plan ways to coordinate their attacks, but those plans were forestalled when the Americans made a concerted effort to retake Augusta, where he had his headquarters. The arrival of a Chickamauga war party prevented the capture of both, and they and Brown's East Florida Rangers chased Elijah Clarke's army into the arms of John Sevier, wreaking havoc on rebellious settlements along the way. This set the stage for the Battle of King's Mountain, in which another British army moved south trying to encircle Clarke. John Sevier (pronounced severe) (23 September 1745 – 25 September 1815) served four years (1785–1789) as the only governor of the State of Franklin and twelve years (1796–1801 and 1803–1809) as governor of Tennessee, and as a U.S. Representative from Tennessee from 1811 until his death. ... The Battle of Kings Mountain was a fight in the Southern Campaign of the American Revolutionary War, fought on October 7, 1780. ...

In response to more raids on the frontier, Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson sent an expedition of seven hundred Virginians and North Carolinians against the Chickamuga in December, 1780, under the command of Sevier. It met a Chickamauga warparty at Boyd's Creek, and after the battle, joined by forces under Arthur Campbell and Joseph Martin, marched against the Overhill towns on the Little Tennessee and the Hiwassie, burning seventeen of them, including Chota. Arthur Campbell may mean: Arthur Campbell Hamilton, Lord Hamilton Arthur Campbell (East India Company) - Superintendent of Darjeeling sanitarium Category: ...

Migration and expansion

By 1781, Dragging Canoe was working with the Lower (Cherokee) Towns on the headwaters of the Coosa River, and with the Muskogee. The Chickasaw, the Shawnee, and the Delaware (who were the first to do so) were repeatedly attacking the Cumberland settlements. The Coosa River is one of Alabamas most utilized rivers. ...

In September 1782, an expedition under Sevier once again destroyed the Chickamauga towns, and those of the Lower Towns down to Ustanali. Instead of rebuilding as they did before, Dragging Canoe and his fellow leaders chose relocation westward, establishing what whites called the Five Lower Towns downriver from the various natural obstructions in the twenty-six-mile Tennessee River Gorge. Starting just below the foot of Williams (aka Tuskegee or Browns) Island, these obstructions included the Tumbling Shoals, the Holston Rock, the Kettle (or Suck), the Suck Shoals, the Deadman’s Eddy, the Pot, the Skillet, the Pan, and, finally, the Narrows. Of these, the Suck was the most famous, notorious enough to merit mention even by Thomas Jefferson. A 26 mile long, steep, canyon, formed by the Tennessee River. ...

The Five Lower Towns included Running Water (at the current Whiteside in Marion County, Tennessee), where Dragging Canoe made his headquarters, Nickajack (from Ani-Kusati-yi, or Koasati place), five miles down the Tennessee River in the same county, Long Island on the Tennessee just above the Great Creek Crossing, Crow Town on the Tennessee at the mouth of Crow Creek, and Lookout Mountain Town at the current site of Trenton, Georgia. Tuskegee Island Town was reoccupied as a lookout post by a small band of warriors to provide advance warning of invasions, and eventually many other settlements in the area were resettled as well, in addition to a new one at the foot of Lookout Mountain called Chatanuga (not the same as the later city) in what is now St. Elmo. Marion County is a county located in the state of Tennessee. ... A riverboat passing under the Henley Street Bridge on the Tennessee River The river viewed from the top of Neyland Stadium. ... Trenton is a city located in Dade County, Georgia. ... View from the top of Lookout Mountain, February, 1864, by George N Barnard Lookout Mountain, actually a plateau, is located at the northwest corner of Georgia, the northeast corner of Alabama, and along the southern border of Tennessee near Chattanooga. ... St. ...

Because this was a move into the outskirts of Muskogee territory, Dragging Canoe, knowing such a move might be necessary, had previously sent a delegation under Little Owl to meet with their head chief, Alexander McGillivray, to gain their permission to do so. When the Chickamauga moved their base, so too did the British representatives Cameron and McDonald, making Running Water the center of their efforts throughout the Southeast. Thomas Brown, meanwhile, had switched sides and gone to live in West Tennessee as American agent to the Chickasaw, who were trying to play off the Americans and the Spanish against each other but had little interest in the British. Turtle-at-Home, another of Dragging Canoe's brothers, along with some seventy warriors, headed north to live and fight with the Shawnee.

Cherokee continued to migrate westward to join the Chickamauga, whose ranks were further increased by runaway slaves, white Tories, Muskogee, Koasati, Kaskinampo, Yuchi, Natchez, and Shawnee, as well as a band of Chickasaw living at what was later known as Chickasaw Old Fields across from Guntersville, plus a few Spanish, French, Irish, and Germans. Later Chickamauga major settlements included Willstown ("Titsohili") near the later Fort Payne; Turkeytown, at the head of the Cumberland Trail where the Upper Creek Path crossed the Coosa River near Centre, Alabama; and Creek Path, near at the intersection of the Great Indian Warpath with the Upper Creek Path at Guntersville. This expansion came about largely because of the influx of Cherokee from North Georgia, who fled the depredations of expeditions such as those of Sevier. Cherokee from the Middle, or Hill, Towns also came, a group of whom established a town named Sawtee at the mouth of South Sauta Creek on the Tennessee. Another town, Coosada, was added when its Koasati and Kaskinampo inhabitants joined Dragging Canoe's confederation. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Coushatta (also Koasati) are a Native American people living primarily in the U.S. state of Louisiana. ... Natchez is a city located in Adams County, Mississippi. ... Guntersville is a city located in Marshall County, Alabama. ... Willstown was an important village in the southernmost part of the Cherokee Nation prior to the Indian Removal of 1836, the site of Willstown is now occupied by the town of Fort Payne, Alabama. ... Fort Payne is a city located in DeKalb County, Alabama. ... The Coosa River is one of Alabamas most utilized rivers. ...

Another allied settlement was Coldwater at Muscle Shoals, a mixed settlement of Cherokee and Muskogee at the mouth of Coldwater Creek on the Tennessee River, whose warriors, while not actually part of the Chickamauga, often fought alongside them. Coldwater was located there because of the Shoals, an obstruction second in difficuty to traverse only to the Tennessee River Gorge. Initially, they got their arms and other supplies from a group of French traders on the Wabash River in the north, some of whom lived among them and fought with them, particularly against the settlements on the Cumberland River. Though this town was destroyed in 1787, it was soon reoccupied with the infamous Doublehead as its leader. The Wabash River is a 475 mi (765 km) long river in the eastern United States that flows southwest from northwest Ohio near St. ...

After the Revolution

Eventually, Dragging Canoe realized that the Chickamauga could not carry on the fight by themselves, and that the only solution for the various Indian nations to maintain their independence was to unite in an alliance against the Americans. In addition to increasing his ties to McGillivray and the Muskogee, with whom he worked most often and in greatest numbers, he continued to send his warriors to fighting alongside the Shawnee, Choctaw, and Delaware.

In 1783, Dragging Canoe travelled to St. Augustine, East Florida, to a summit of both southern and northern tribes, calling for a federations of Indians to oppose the Americans and their frontier colonists. A general council of the Cherokee, Muskogee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw took place a few months later to follow up, but plans for the federation were cut short, however, by the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Five flags have flown over the city since 1565. ... Painting by Benjamin West depicting John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. ...

Following the treaty, the Chickamauga turned to the Spanish for support, trading primarily through Pensacola and Mobile. A large part of the reason for this was that fact that the Spanish governor of Louisiana Territory in New Orleans had taken advantage of the British setback to seize those ports. Dragging Canoe maintained relations with the British governor at Detroit, Alexander McKee, through regular diplomatic missions there under his brothers Little Owl and The Badger. Meanwhile, the Chickasaw had made a treaty with the new United States and never again too up arms against it. New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ...

The murder of two Overhill chiefs, Old Tassel and Abraham, while under a flag of truce in the year 1788 during an embassy to the State of Franklin angered the entire Cherokee nation and resulted in those previously reluctant taking the warpath, an increase in hostility that lasted for several months. The State of Franklin The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist territory created in western North Carolina in the United States not long after the end of the American Revolution. ...

Punishment attacks by the settlers' militia continued. In 1788, troops under Sevier destroyed the Valley Towns in North Carolina. At Ustalli, on the Hiwassie, the population had been evacuated by Chickamauga warriors led by Bob Benge, who left a rearguard to ensure their escape. After lighting the town, Sevier and his group pursued its fleeing inhabitants, but were ambushed at the mouth of the Valley River by Benge's party. From there they went to the village of Coota-cloochee and proceeded to burn down its cornfields, but were chased off by John Watts and 400 warriors.

That same year, Joseph Martin, with 500 men, marched to the Chickamauga area, intending to penetrate the edge of the Cumberland Mountains to get ot the Five Lower Towns. He sent a detachment to secure the pass over the foot of Lookout Mountain, which was ambushed and routed by a party of Dragging Canoe's warriors, after which Sevier retreated back to White's Fort (now Knoxville). Cumberland Mountains is a region in the southeastern section of the Appalachian Mountains. ... Whites Fort, also known as James Whites Fort, was an 18th century settlement that became Knoxville, Tennessee. ... Nickname: The Marble City, K-Town, Big Orange Country, Knox Vegas Location Location within the U.S. State of Tennessee Coordinates , Government Cities in Tennessee Tennessee Mayor Bill Haslam (R) Geographical characteristics Area     City 254. ...

In early 1789, a party of Shawnee came from the north, led by Chiksika, a leader contemporary with the famous Blue Jacket and brother of the later leader Tecumseh. Based out of Running Water, where Chiksika's Cherokee wife and daughter had already been living for some time, they raids and other actions, in some of which Chikamauga warriors participated most notably Benge). In one of these, Chiksika was killed, resulting in Tecumseh becoming leader of the small Shawnee band, and, therefore, one of the leaders among the Chickamauga as well, gaining his first experiences as a leader in warfare. His band remained until late 1790, then returned north. Cheeseekau was the eldest brother of Tecumseh the beloved Shawnee cheif. ... Blue Jacket or Weyapiersenwah (c. ... This 1848 drawing of Tecumseh was based on a sketch done from life in 1808. ...

Starting in 1791, Benge, and his brother The Tail, based at Willstown, began leading attacks against settlers in East Tennessee, Southwest Virginia, and Kentucky, often in conjunction with Doublehead and his warriors from Coldwater. Eventually, he became one of the most feared warriors on the frontier. As for Doublehead, he not only counted Cherokee among his followers, but Shawnee, Muskogee, and renegade Chickasaw such as his son-in-law George Colbert, who lived in a sister town at the foot of the Shoals.

In the summer of 1791, a small delegation of Chickamauga under Dragging Canoe's brother Little Owl travelled north to meet with the Indian leaders of the Northwest Indian War, chief among them Blue Jacket of the Shawnee and Little Turtle of the Miami. While they there, word arrived at Running Water that Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, was planning an invasion against the allied tribes in the north. Dragging Canoe sent a 30-strong war party north under his brother The Badger, where they participated in the decisive encounter known as St. Clair's Defeat, along with the warriors of Little Owl and Turtle-at-Home. Combatants United States Western Indian Confederacy Commanders Josiah Harmar Arthur St. ... Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) (1752-July 14, 1812) was a chief of the Miami tribe in what is presently Indiana. ... The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana and Ohio. ... Portrait of St. ... The Northwest Territory, also known as the Old Northwest and the Territory North West of the Ohio, was a government and region within the early United States. ... Combatants Miamis, Shawnee United States Commanders Michikinikwa Blue Jacket Arthur St. ...

After the battle, Dragging Canoe's three brothers returned south with the warriors who'd accompanied Little Owl and The Badger. The warriors who'd come north years earlier, both with Turtle-at-Home and a few years before, remained in the Ohio region, but the returning warriors brought back a party of thirty Shawnee under the leadership of one known as the Shawnee Warrior.

Death of "the savage Napoleon"

Inspired by news of the northern victory, Dragging Canoe embarked on a mission to unite the native people of his area as had Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, visiting the other major tribes in the region. His embassies to the Muskogee and Choctaw were successful, but the Chickasaw in West Tennessee refused his overtures. Upon his return, which coincided with that of The Glass and Turtle-at-Home from a successful raid on settlements along the Cumberland and in Kentucky, a huge all-night celebration was held at Lookout Mountain Town at which the Eagle Dance was performed in his honor. West Tennessee is one of the three traditional regions in the U.S. state of Tennessee. ...

By morning, 1 March 1792, Dragging Canoe was dead. A procession of honor carried his body to Running Water, where he was buried. By the time of his death, the resistance of the Chickamauga-Cherokee had led to grudging respect from the settlers. Following the death of their leader, many of the older chiefs such as Dick Justice and The Glass decided they were tired of the constant fighting and removed themselves to the Upper Towns.

He was succeeded as leader by John Watts (Young Tassel), along with Bloody Fellow and Doublehead, who continued Dragging Canoe's policy of Indian unity, including an agreement with McGillvray to build joint blockhouses from which warriors of both tribes could operate at the junction of the Tennessee and Clinch Rivers, at Running Water, and at Muscle Shoals. Watts moved his base of operations to Willstown in order to be closer to his Muskogee allies and the Spanish governor of West Florida in Pensacola, Arturo O'Neill, while John McDonald, now Indian affairs superintendant, moved to Turkeytown with his assistant Daniel Ross and their familites in order to be closer to their Spanish supply lines. The Clinch River rises in southwestern Virginia and flows into East Tennessee. ...

In September 1792, both the Shawnee Warrior and Little Owl died during a raid on a settlement on the Cumberland River known as Buchanan's Station that was one of many joint operations between the Chickamauga and the Muskogee. In revenge for this, Benge, Doublehead, and Pumpkin Boy (Doublhead's brother) led a raid into southwestern Kentucky during which their warriors, in an act initiated by Doublehead, ate the enemies they had just killed.

Shortly after a delegation of Shawnee stopped in Ustanali in 1793, on their way to call on the Muskogee and Choctaw to punish the Chickasaw for joining St. Clair's army in the north, Watts' sent envoys to Knoxville, then the capital of the Southwest Territory, to meet with Governor William Blount to discuss terms for peace. However, the party was attacked by colonial militia before reaching the capital. Watts responded by invading the Holston area with one of the largest Indian forces ever seen in the region, over one thousand Chickamauga and Muskogee, where they burned a small settlement called Cavett's Station. Sevier countered with an invasion and occupation of Ustanali, which had been deserted; there was no fighting other than an indecisive skirmish with a scouting party. The Southwest Territory, also known as the Territory South of the River Ohio, was an organized territory of the United States formed on May 26, 1790. ... For the English scholar see William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy. ...

End of the "Chickamauga wars"

In the summer of 1794, a party of Chickamauga under Whitemankiller and The Bowl overtook a river party under one William Scott at Muscle Shoals, killing its white passengers, looting its goods, and taking the slaves captive. The incident is notable because its aftermath led to emigration by The Bowl and his warriors westward across the Mississippi and up the St. Francis River, where they stayed and made their homes, becoming the first major group of Cherokee to do so. The Saint Francis River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas in the United States. ...

In the fall of that year, Thomas Brown sent word from Chickasaw territory to General Robertson of the Mero District, as the Cumberland region was then called, that a party of Muskogee and Chickamauga were about to launch attacks all along the river. In response, Robertson sent a detachment of U.S. regular troops, Mero militia, and Kentucky volunteers to the Five Lower Towns under U.S. Army Major James Ore. The group attacked Nickajack without warning, slaughtering many of the inhabitants, then after torching the houses proceeded upriver to burn Running Water, whose residents had long fled. The actual casulties were lighter than they might have been because the majority of both towns were in Willstown attending a major stickball (similar to lacrosse) game. Stickball has been called Native American Stickball, and the analogy is appropriate. ... For other uses, see Lacrosse (disambiguation). ...

The destruction of the two towns combined with the death of Bob Benge in April and the recent defeat of the northern Indians by General "Mad Anthony" Wayne's army at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August of that year convinced Watts to end the fighting once and for all. Two months later, the Treaty of Tellico Blockhouse finally ended the conflicts, and while ceding yet more land, led to a period of relative peace into the 19th century. Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 - December 15, 1796), was a United States Army general and statesman. ... Combatants United States {See US Army section Legion of the United States 1791-1797} Blue Jackets confederacy Commanders Anthony Wayne Blue Jacket Buckongahelas Strength 3,000 1,500 Casualties 33 killed 100 wounded total: 133 40 The Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 20, 1794) was the final battle of...

Assessment

Counting the previous two years of all the Cherokee fighting openly as British allies, the Chickamauga wars lasted nearly twenty years, one of the longest-running conflicts between Indians and the Americans, often overlooked for its length, its importance at the time, and its influence on later Native American leaders. It was, in fact, because of the continuing hostilities that following the Revolution one of the only two permanent garrisons in the territory of the new country was placed at Fort Southwest Point on Long Island on the Holston, the other being Fort Pitt. No less underrated are Dragging Canoe's abilities as a war leader and diplomat, and even today he is scarcely mentioned in texts dealing with conflicts between "Americans" and "Indians". Fort Pitt was a fort in what is now Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. ...

Aftermath

Following the peace treaty, there was no further separation of the main Cherokee and the so-called Chickamauga-Cherokee. In fact, the leaders of the former Chickamauga were dominant in national affairs. When the national government of all the Cherokee was organized, the first two persons to hold the office of Principal Chief, Little Turkey and Black Fox, had previously served as warriors under Dragging Canoe, as had the first two national Speakers, Doublehead and Turtle-at-Home. Little Turkey was the leading chief of the Cherokee nation from 1792 to 1801. ... Black Fox (Enoli) was the leading chief of the Cherokee from 1801 to his death in 1811. ...

Many of the former Chickamauga warriors returned to several of the original settlements of the Chickamauga, some of which had already been reoccupied, establishing new towns in the area as well, plus several in North Georgia aside from moving into those previously established by those forcibly removed from the Lower Towns (such as Etowah), and joining with the remnant of the Overhill towns on the Little Tennessee River were referred to as the Upper Towns, with their center at Ustanali in Georgia and with the former Chickamaugas James Vann and The Ridge as their top leaders, along with John Lowery, George Lowery, Dick Justice, The Glass, Bob McLemore, Tollunteeskee (brother of Doublehead), John Jolly (his brother and adopted father of Sam Houston), and others. The majority of the former Chickamauga, however, remained in the towns they inhabited in 1794, with their seat at Willstown, and were known as the Lower Towns. The settlements of the Cherokee remaining in the towns of western North Carolina were known as the Hill Towns, with their seat at Qualla, and the Valley Towns, with their seat at Tuskquitee. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This portrait of Major Ridge was painted by Charles Bird King in 1834. ... Sam Houston Samuel Houston (March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was a 19th century American statesman, politician and soldier. ...

In August 1795, Gen. Wayne sent a message to Long Hair, leader of the Chickamauga Cherokee who remained in the Ohio country, that they should come in and sue for peace as had all the other northern tribes following the defeat of the northern confederacy at Fallen Timbers. In response, Long Hair replied that all of them would return south as soon as they finished the harvest.

The Muskogee-Chickasaw War, begun at the behest of the Shawnee mentioned above, ended in a truce negotiated by the U.S. government that same year.

By the time of the visit to the area by John Norton (of the Six Nations but of Cherokee and Scottish ancestry) in 1809-1810, the former Chickamaugas were among the most acculturated members of the Cherokee nation. James Vann, for instance, was a plantation owner with over a hundred slaves and one of the wealthiest men east of the Mississsippi. Norton became a personal friend of Turtle-at-Home, and it was he who informed Norton that the so-called "Chickamauga" had never been a separate people. At the time of Norton’s visit, Turtle-at-Home himself owned a ferry on the Federal Road between Nashville and Athens, Georgia, where he lived at Nickajack, which had itself spread not only down the Tennessee but across it to the north as well. The Mohawk chief Major John Norton (Teyoninhokovrawen) played a prominent role in the War of 1812, leading Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) warriors from Grand River into battle against American invaders at Queenston Heights, Stoney Creek, and Chippawa. ...

Tecumseh's return

Before beginning his great campaign in 1811, Tecumseh returned to the South hoping to gain the support of the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muskogee, and Cherokee for his crusade to drive back the Americans and re-establish the old ways. Tecumseh's exhortations in the towns of the Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Lower Creek found no traction, the exception being the Upper Muskogee. There was so much opposition from the Cherokee delegation under former Chickamauga warrior The Ridge that visited one of his councils at Tuckabatchee that Tecumseh cancelled plans to visit the Cherokee Nation. However, throughout his time in the South, he was accompanied by an enthusiastic escort of 47 Cherokee (and 19 Choctaw), who presumably went north when he left the area.

Tecumseh's mission did spark a religious revival led by another former Chickamauga, the prophet Tsali who was later executed for violently resisting Removal in 1838, which is referred to by Mooney as the "Cherokee Ghost Dance" movement. In Tsali's meeting with the national council at Ustanali, many of the leaders were moved enough to support his cause, until The Ridge spoke even more eloquently in rebuttal, calling instead for support for the Americans in the coming war with the British and Tecumseh's alliance. This resulted in over five hundred Cherokee warriors volunteering to serve under Andrew Jackson in helping put down their former Muskogee allies.

Active Cherokee warriors were not seen in East Tennessee and adjacent regions after the 1794 treaty until the time of the American Civil War, when William Holland Thomas raised the Thomas Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders to fight for the Confederacy. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert Edward Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... William Holland Thomas was a noted Civil War figure and Cherokee chief // Becoming Cherokee At Heart William Holland Thomas was born February 5, 1805 to Temperance Calvert Thomas, in a log house on Raccoon Creek about two miles east of Mount Prospect, later called Waynesville, North Carolina. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (April 3–April 10, 1865) Largest city New Orleans...

The Scots

The traders and British government agents dealing with the Southern tribes in general and the Chickamauga in particular were nearly all of Scottish extraction, especially from the Highlands, though a few were Scots-Irish, English, even German (see Scottish Indian trade). Many of these married women from their host people and remained after the fighting had ended, some fathering children who would later become significant leaders. Notable traders, agents, and refugee Tories among the Chickamauga included Alexander Cameron, John McDonald, John Clement Vann (father of James Vann), Daniel Ross (father of John Ross), John Walker, John McLemore (father of Bob), William Buchanan, John Elliot, John Watts (father of the chief), James Grant, John D. Chisholm, John Rogers, John Benge (father of Bob Benge), Thomas Brown, Edward Adair, Edward Gunter (German), Arthur Coody, Richard Taylor, and William Thorp (English), among many others. This article is about the Scottish as an ethnic group. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... The transatlantic trade in deerskins was a significant commercial activity in Colonial America was greatly influenced, and at least partially dominated by Scottish traders and their firms. ... Photograph of Ross John Ross John Ross (October 3, 1790 - August 1, 1866), also known as Kooweskoowe - the egret, was a leader of the Cherokee Native American tribe. ...

In contrast, a large portion of the settlers encroaching on their territories and against whom the Chickamauga took most of their actions were Scots-Irish, Irish from Ulster of Scottish descent, a group which also provided the backbone for the forces of the Revolution. It is a historical irony that those from a group seen as rebels or "Whigs" back home in the Isles became Tories in the Americas while those from a group now considered one of the most "Tory" in regards to the United Kingdom became Whigs in the Americas. Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... Patriots (also known as Partisans, or Rebels) were British North American colonists who rebelled against the British monarchy during the American Revolution and established the independent states that became the United States of America. ...

Origin of the word "Chickamauga"

According to Mooney, the word "Chickamauga", pronounced Tsikamagi in Cherokee, was the name of at least two places: a headwater creek of the Chattahoochee River, and the above-mentioned region near Chattanooga, but the word is not Cherokee. He states that Chickamauga may be derived from Shawnee, and indeed there is/was a small town on the coast of North Carolina near Cape Hatteras (noted for a small battle took place there early in the American Civil War) called Chicamacomico (meaning "dwelling place by the big water"), which is also the name of a river in Maryland. Both these areas were originally been inhabited by tribes speaking variations of the Algonquin family of languages, of which Shawnee is one example. On the other hand, Brown states that Chickamauga comes from the Muskogean "Chukko-mah-ko" for "dwelling place of the warchief", and Evans seems to agree, stating "The name comes from the Cherokee attempt to say Muskogee "Chiaha Olamico" which means 'The Upper Chiefdom'", and that "Tsika-magi was the way the Cherokees attempted to pronounce the Muskogee words." An aerial view of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse (before its relocation in 1999) Cape Hatteras from space, October 1989 Cape Hatteras is a cape on the coast of North Carolina. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert Edward Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,417 sq mi (32,160 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37°53N to 39°43N  - Longitude 75°4W to 79°33...

References

• Alderman, Pat. Dragging Canoe: Cherokee-Chickamauga War Chief. (Johnson City: Overmountain Press, 1978)
• Brown, John P. Old Frontiers. (Kingsport: Southern Publishers, 1938).
• Eckert, Allan W. A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh. (New York: Bantam, 1992).
• Evans, E. Raymond. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Ostenaco". Journal of Cherokee Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 41-54. (Cherokee: Museum of the Cherokee Indian, 1976).
• Evans, E. Raymond. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Bob Benge". Journal of Cherokee Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 98-106. (Cherokee: Museum of the Cherokee Indian, 1976).
• Evans, E. Raymond. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Dragging Canoe". Journal of Cherokee Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 176-189. (Cherokee: Museum of the Cherokee Indian, 1977).
• Evans, E. Raymond, and Vicky Karhu. "Williams Island: A Source of Significant Material in the Collections of the Museum of the Cherokee". Journal of Cherokee Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 10-34. (Cherokee: Museum of the Cherokee Indian, 1984).
• Haywood, W.H. The Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee from its Earliest Settlement up to the Year 1796. (Nashville: Methodist Episcopal Publishing House, 1891).
• Klink, Karl, and James Talman, ed. The Journal of Major John Norton. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970).
• McLoughlin, William G. Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
• Mooney, James. Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee. (Nashville: Charles and Randy Elder-Booksellers, 1982).
• Moore, John Trotwood and Austin P. Foster. Tennessee, The Volunteer State, 1769-1923, Vol. 1. (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1923).
• Ramsey, James Gettys McGregor. The Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century. (Chattanooga: Judge David Campbell, 1926).

External links

• The Cherokee Nation
• United Keetoowah Band
• Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (official site)
• Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1897/98: pt.1), Contains The Myths of The Cherokee, by James Mooney
• Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma (official site)