Chickpea
Left: Bengal variety; right: European variety
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Genus: Cicer Species: C. arietinum
Binomial name
Cicer arietinum L.

The chickpea, chick pea, garbanzo bean, ceci bean, bengal gram, hummus, chana or channa (Cicer arietinum) is an edible legume (English "pulse") of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. http://www. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta... It has been suggested that Angiospermae, and Anthophyta be merged into this article or section. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families Fabaceae (legumes) Quillajaceae Polygalaceae (milkwort family) Surianaceae The Fabales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ... Tribes Abreae Adesmieae Aeschynomeneae Amorpheae Bossiaeeae Brongniartieae Carmichaelieae Cicereae Crotalarieae Dalbergieae Desmodieae Dipterygeae Euchresteae Galegeae Genisteae Hedysareae Indigofereae Liparieae Loteae Millettieae Mirbelieae Phaseoleae Podalyrieae Psoraleeae Robinieae Sophoreae Swartzieae Thermopsideae Trifolieae Vicieae Faboideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. ... Species Cicer acanthophyllum Cicer anatolicum Cicer arietinum-chickpea Cicer atlanticum Cicer bijugum Cicer canariense Cicer chorassanicum Cicer cuneatum Cicer echinospermum Cicer fedtschenkoi Cicer flexuosum Cicer graecum Cicer incisum Cicer judaicum Cicer kermanense Cicer macracanthum Cicer microphyllum Cicer mogolatvicum Cicer montbretii Cicer multijugum Cicer oxyodon Cicer pinnatifidum Cicer pungens Cicer rechingeri... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the digestive system, absorbing water. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Impact of a drop of water creating circular capillary waves. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Thiamine mononitrate Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is a colorless compound with chemical formula C12H17ClN4OS. It is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. ... Riboflavin (E101), also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in animals. ... Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. ... Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life. ... Pyridoxine Vitamin B6 pyridoxine is a water-soluble vitamin. ... Folic acid (the anion form is called folate) is a B-complex vitamin (once called vitamin M) that is important in preventing neural tube defects (NTDs) in the developing human fetus. ... Cobalamin or vitamin B12 is a chemical compound that is also known as cyanocobalamine. ... Top: ascorbic acid (reduced form) Bottom: dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form) This article is about the nutrient. ... Tocopherol, or Vitamin E, is a fat-soluble vitamin in eight forms that is an important antioxidant. ... Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). ... General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 40. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Introduction Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. ... General Name, Symbol, Number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... This articles section called Other facts does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. ... Varieties of soybean seeds, a popular legume Pea pods A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or a fruit of these plants. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ... Tribes Abreae Adesmieae Aeschynomeneae Amorpheae Bossiaeeae Brongniartieae Carmichaelieae Cicereae Crotalarieae Dalbergieae Desmodieae Dipterygeae Euchresteae Galegeae Genisteae Hedysareae Indigofereae Liparieae Loteae Millettieae Mirbelieae Phaseoleae Podalyrieae Psoraleeae Robinieae Sophoreae Swartzieae Thermopsideae Trifolieae Vicieae Faboideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. ...

The plant grows to between 20 and 50 cm high and has small feathery leaves on both sides of the stem. One seedpod contains two or three peas. The flowers are white- or reddish-blue. Chickpeas need a subtropical or tropical climate and more than 400 mm annual rain. They can be grown in a temperate climate, but yields will be much lower. It is often used as an alternative protein product with vegetarians and vegans and is one of the plants with the highest amount of protein. For animals adapted to eat primarily plants, sometimes referred to as vegetarian animals, see Herbivore. ... This article is about the dietary lifestyle, Vegan can also mean relating to vega, especially the star Vega, as in astronomical references to the Vegan system, or Science Fiction references to aliens from that system. ...

[edit] Desi vs. kabuli chickpeas

There are two types of chickpea:

• Desi (kala chana) - "with small, dark seeds and a rough coat (prevailing in the Indian subcontinent, Ethiopia, Mexico, Pakistan, Iran)"
• Kabuli- "with light-coloured, larger seeds and a smoother coat (mainly grown in S Europe, N Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, introduced to India only in the 18th cent., Chile)"^[1]

The Desi form is also known as Bengal gram or chana. The Kabuli form is the kind grown, for example, in the Mediterranean today. The Desi-type closely resembles those seeds found on archaeological sites and the wild ancestor, so it is probably the earlier form. Desi-type chickpeas are said to have a very low glycemic index^[2] making them suitable for many people with blood sugar problems. Glycemic index (also glycaemic index, GI) is a ranking system for carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose levels. ...

[edit] Cultivation and uses

White & green chickpeas

The chickpea is grown in the Mediterranean, western Asia, Pakistan and India. The wild ancestor of domesticated chickpeas is Cicer reticulatum. As this only grows in southeast Turkey, this is the most likely locus of domestication. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 853 pixel, file size: 767 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Chickpea ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 853 pixel, file size: 767 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Chickpea ... The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

Domestically, chickpeas can be sprouted all year round, within a few days, using a sprouter on a windowsill. Mixed bean sprouts Sprouting is the practice of soaking, draining, then rinsing at regular intervals seeds until they germinate and begin to sprout. ...

Mature chickpeas can be eaten in salads, cooked in stews, ground into a flour called gram flour (also known as besan, and used in Pakistani and Indian cuisine), ground and shaped in balls and fried as falafel, stirred into a batter and baked to make farinata, cooked and ground into a paste called hummus, or roasted, spiced and eaten as a snack (e.g. leblebi). In India and Pakistan, where they are referred to as "chana," chickpeas provide a major source of protein in a predominantly vegetarian culture.They use it to make flatbreads. Chick pea flour is used as a batter to coat various vegetables and meats before frying. The popular dish is mirchi bajji or mirapakaya bajji telugu. Chickpea flour is also used to make "Burmese tofu," a food originating with the Shan people of Burma. Unripe chickpeas are often picked out of the pod and eaten as a raw snack in many parts of India, and the plants are eaten there as a green vegetable in salads. Gram flour, not to be confused with Graham flour, also known as chana flour, besan or chickpea flour, is an ingredient used in Indian cuisine. ... Indian cuisine is distinguished by its sophisticated use of spices, herbs, and the influence of the longstanding and widespread practice of vegetarianism within sections of the Hindu community in Indian society. ... Falafel balls Falafel (Hebrew: ‎, Arabic: ‎  , also known in Egypt and Sudan as طعمية) is a fried ball or patty made from spiced fava beans and/or chickpeas. ... Farinata (which literally means floured) is a thin, crisp, pizza-like pancake from Liguria, which is also eaten in Alessandria and is similar to the socca from Nice. ... Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Hummus Hummus with oil and lemon juice Classic hummus, on a Yemeni serving dish Hummus or hummus bi tahini (Arabic: ; Hebrew: ; Armenian Õ°Õ¡Õ´Õ¸Õ½) also spelled hamos, houmous, hommus, hummous or humus) is a dip made of ground chickpeas, sesame tahini, lemon juice, and garlic. ... Leblebi Leblebi is a kind of snack made from roasted chickpeas, very common and popular in Turkey. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) is a Dravidian language primarily spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it is the official language. ... Tofu (the Japanese Romaji spelling), also called doufu (the Chinese Pinyin spelling often used in Chinese recipes) or bean curd (the literal translation), is a food of Chinese origin[1], made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. ... The Shan (Burmese: ; IPA: ; Chinese: ; pinyin: ) are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. ... Leaf vegetables, also called greens or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots. ... Salad Platter Salad is a term applied broadly to many food preparations that are a mixture of chopped or sliced ingredients. ...

[edit] History of chickpeas

Domesticated chickpeas are first known from the aceramic levels of Jericho (PPNB) and Cayönü in Turkey and the pottery Neolithic in Hacilar, Turkey. They are found in the late Neolithic in Thessaly, at Kastanas, Lerna and Dimini at ca. 3500 BCE. In the southern French cave of L'Abeurador Dept., Aude, wild chickpeas have been found in Mesolithic layers, dated by radiocarbon dating to 6790±90 BCE.^[3] The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight species of plant that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of Southwest Asia. ... The Taking of Jericho, by Jean Fouquet Near central Jericho, November 1996 Jericho (Hebrew  , Arabic  , ʼArīḥā; Standard YÉ™riḥo Tiberian YÉ™rîḫô / YÉ™rîḥô; meaning fragrant[1]. Greek Ἱεριχώ) is a town in the West Bank, located within the Jericho Governorate, near the Jordan River. ... Pre-Pottery Neolithic B is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in Palestine. ... Cayönü is a neolithic settlement in eastern Turkey. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Map showing Thessaly periphery in Greece Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... For the municipality, see Myloi (Argolida), Greece, the seat of the municipality of Lerna In classical Greece, Lerna was a region of springs and a former lake near the east coast of the Peloponnesus, south of Argos. ... Dimini (Greek: Διμήνι), older forms: Diminio and Diminion was a village nearby the city of Volos, in Thessaly (central Greece), in the prefecture of Magnesia. ... Aude is a département in south-central France named after the Aude River. ... The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age[1]) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ... Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years[1]. Raw, i. ...

By the Bronze Age, they were known in Italy and Greece. In classical Greece, they were called erébinthos, eaten both as a staple and as a dessert, and consumed raw when young. The Romans knew of several varieties, for example venus, ram and punic chickpeas. They were cooked into a broth and roasted as a snack. The Roman gourmet Apicius gives several recipes for chickpeas. Carbonised chickpeas have been found at the Roman legionary fort at Neuss (Novaesium), Germany in layers of the 1st century CE, along with rice. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Broth is a liquid in which meat, fish, cereal grains, or vegetables have been simmered and strained out. ... Apicius was a name applied to three celebrated Roman epicures, the first of whom lived during the Republic; the second of whom, Marcus Gavius (or Gabius) Apicius—the most famous in his own time—lived under the early Empire; a third lived in the late 4th or early 5th century. ... Neuss is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ...

Chickpeas are mentioned in Charlemagne's Capitulare de villis (ca. 800 CE) as cicer italicum, to be grown in each imperial demesne. Albertus Magnus mentions three varieties: red, white, and black. According to Culpeper, "chick-pease or cicers" are less "windy" than peas and more nourishing. Placed under the dominion of Venus, they offered a number of medical uses, including increasing sperm and milk, provoking menstruation and urine, and helping to treat kidney stones. Wild cicers were thought to be especially potent. A portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer that was painted several centuries after Charlemagnes death. ... Generic plan of a mediaeval manor; open-field strip farming, some enclosures, triennial crop rotation, demesne and manse, common woodland, pasturage and meadow Manorialism or Seigneurialism is the organization of rural economy and society in medieval western and parts of central Europe, characterised by the vesting of legal and economic... Albertus is also the name of a typeface. ... Nicholas Culpeper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Flatulence (expelled through the anus in a process commonly known as farting or emitting gas) is the presence of a mixture of gases known as flatus in the digestive tract of mammals. ... This old parchment shows the anciently-held link between the 12 signs of the Zodiac and the various parts of the body Medical astrology is an ancient medical system that associates various parts of the body, diseases and drugs as under the influence of the Sun, Moon and planets, along... Kidney stones, or Renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine; calculi typically form inside the kidneys or ureters. ...

Chickpeas were grown in some areas of Germany for use as a coffee substitute in the First World War. A cup of coffee Workers sorting and pulping coffee beans in Guatemala Coffee is a widely consumed beverage prepared from the roasted seeds—commonly referred to as beans—of the coffee plant. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

[edit] Etymology

The name "chickpea" derives ultimately from the Latin name cicer through the French chiche. The Roman surname Cicero is derived from this plant. The word "garbanzo" comes from the Spanish language, an alteration (perhaps influenced by Old Spanish garroba or algarroba) of the Old Spanish arvanço, perhaps from Greek erebinthos .^[4] Species Cicer acanthophyllum Cicer anatolicum Cicer arietinum-chickpea Cicer atlanticum Cicer bijugum Cicer canariense Cicer chorassanicum Cicer cuneatum Cicer echinospermum Cicer fedtschenkoi Cicer flexuosum Cicer graecum Cicer incisum Cicer judaicum Cicer kermanense Cicer macracanthum Cicer microphyllum Cicer mogolatvicum Cicer montbretii Cicer multijugum Cicer oxyodon Cicer pinnatifidum Cicer pungens Cicer rechingeri... Cicero at about age 60, from an ancient marble bust Marcus Tullius Cicero (IPA:Classical Latin pronunciation: , usually pronounced in American English or in UK English; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, philosopher, widely considered one of Romes greatest orators... This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...

[edit] Nutrition

Chickpeas are a good source of zinc,^[5] and protein.^[6] They are also very high in dietary fiber and thus are a healthy food source, especially as a source of carbohydrates for persons with insulin sensitivity or diabetes. They are low in fat, and most of the fat content is monounsaturated. General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the digestive system, absorbing water. ... Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... In nutrition, monounsaturated fats are fatty acids with one double-bonded carbon in the molecule, with all of the others single-bonded carbons, in contrast to polyunsaturated fatty acids which have more than one double bond. ...

One hundred grams of mature boiled chickpeas contains 164 calories, 2.6 grams of fat (of which only 0.27 gram is saturated), 7.6 grams of dietary fiber, and 8.9 grams of protein.

Chickpeas are also a significant source of calcium (190 mg/100 g). Some sources quote it as equal to yogurt and close to milk. According to the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, on an average, chickpea seed contains: General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 40. ...

• 23% protein
• 64% total carbohydrates
• 47% starch
• 5% fat
• 6% crude fiber
• 6% soluble sugar
• 3% ash

They also report high mineral content:

• phosphorus (340 mg/100 g)
• calcium (190 mg/100 g)
• magnesium (140 mg/100g)
• iron (7 mg/100 g)
• zinc (3 mg/100 g)

In addition, chick peas and bengal grams make excellent curries and are one of the most popular vegetarian food in India, Pakistan Bangladesh and UK.

[edit] Plant photos

Habitus, Fruits and Flowers Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2018x1202, 908 KB) Species Cicer arietinum L. Genus Cicer L. Tribus Cicereae Subfamilia Faboideae Familia Fabaceae Location Berlin Botanical Gardens Berlin-Dahlem Time September 2006 Habitus, Flowers and Fruits Picture taken by: User:BotBln File links The following pages on the...

Habitus and Fruits Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1514x1767, 863 KB) Species Cicer arietinum L. Genus Cicer L. Tribus Cicereae Subfamilia Faboideae Familia Fabaceae Location Berlin Botanical Gardens Berlin-Dahlem Time September 2006 Habitus and Fruits Picture taken by: User:BotBln File links The following pages on the English...

[edit] References

1. ^ Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
2. ^ David Mendosa: Chana Dal
3. ^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), pp. 110f
4. ^ "Garbanzo" dictionary.com
5. ^ Vegetarian Information Sheet: Zinc
6. ^ Vegetarian Information Sheet: Protein

[edit] See also

• Gram flour

Gram flour, not to be confused with Graham flour, also known as chana flour, besan or chickpea flour, is an ingredient used in Indian cuisine. ...

[edit] External links

• Kabuli chana Video recipe
• Chana video recipe