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Childhood Obesity Classification and external resources
These children vary in their proportion of body fat.
ICD-10	E66.
ICD-9	278
DiseasesDB	9099
MedlinePlus	003101
eMedicine	med/1653
MeSH	C23.888.144.699.500

Childhood obesity is a medical condition that affects children. It is characterized by a weight well above the mean for their height and age and a body mass index well above the norm. Childhood obesity is considered by many to be an "epidemic" in Western countries, in particular, the United States, United Kingdom and Australia.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1920 × 2560 pixel, file size: 1. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases (E00-E07) Disorders of thyroid gland (E00) Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome (E01) Iodine-deficiency-related thyroid disorders and allied conditions (E02) Subclinical iodine-deficiency hypothyroidism (E03) Other hypothyroidism (E030) Congenital hypothyroidism with diffuse goitre (E031) Congenital hypothyroidism without goitre (E032) Hypothyroidism due to medicaments and other... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ... Childhood (song) Childhood is a broad term usually applied to the phase of development in humans between infancy and adulthood. ... Averages redirects here. ... Height is the measurement of distance between a specified point and a corresponding plane of reference. ... Look up body mass index in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during...

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This article or section deals primarily with the United States and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

Over the last decades, there has been an increase to a current level of 20% of American children who are currently considered obese.^[1][2] In 2008, the rate of overweight and obese children in the United States was 32%, and had stopped climbing.^[3] Obesity is a condition in which the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and other mammals, is increased to a point where it is associated with certain health conditions or increased mortality. ...

Causes

Poor eating habits can lead to obesity, even at a young age.

As with many conditions, childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors, often in combination.^{[4][5][6][7][8]} Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (800x1200, 978 KB) Summary McDonalds patron, American, 2006. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (800x1200, 978 KB) Summary McDonalds patron, American, 2006. ...

Eating habits

Childhood obesity results from poor eating habits. In a study of 99 children, between 11 and 16 years, professional dietitians put the children on a regulated diet program for a nine month period, leading to an average weight loss of 66 pounds. However, during the two year follow-up, dieticians discovered that intake of daily calories had increased by 391 calories, leading to weight gain in the subjects.^[9] Soft drink consumption may also be an unhealthy eating/drinking leading to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children during a 19 month period, researchers examined the correlation of soft drink consumption to childhood obesity. They discovered children were 1.6 times more likely to be obese for every soft drink consumed each day.^[10] A dietitian (sometimes spelled dietician) is an expert in food and nutrition. ... A calorie refers to a unit of energy. ... A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol. ... Several sets of (x, y) points, with the correlation coefficient of x and y for each set. ...

Daily consumption of fast food and junk food has dominated over healthy food choices. Researchers provided a lunchtime survey for a one year period to 1681 children, ages five to 12 years old. They discovered that although 68% of the children did have fruit in their lunchboxes, 90% of the children had junk food in their lunch boxes.^[11] Fast food is food prepared and served quickly at a fast-food restaurant or shop at low cost. ... Cheetos The Luther Burger, a bacon cheeseburger which employs a glazed donut in place of each bun. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...

In another study an FFFRU (Frequency of Fast Food Restaurant Use) survey was given to 4,746 students, in grades seven through 12, and researchers discovered that 75% of students had eaten at a fast food restaurant in the past week.^[12] Eating out on a regular basis has resulted in child weight gain. Researchers studied the dietary records of 101 healthy girls, from ages 8–19 years over a one year period and a four to 10 year follow up. They discovered that girls who ate quick service food two or more times a week had a BMI z score (provides comparative measure of body fat accustomed for age) of 0.82, compared to those who ate it less than twice a week, with a BMI z score of 0.2–0.28.^[13] A McDonalds restaurant in Times Square. ... Look up body mass index in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Neglecting to eat certain meals completely can also create weight gain.^{[dubious – discuss]} Children who fail to eat breakfast could face potential weight gain. Researchers provided a breakfast questionnaire to 14,000 children over a three year period and discovered that 7.35% more children who never ate breakfast were overweight, compared to overweight children who ate breakfast every day.^[14] Breakfast is the first meal of the day, eaten in the morning. ...

Overall, as American society has shifted and changed, so too have the eating habits of the American people. For a society that is constantly on-the-go, fast food meals have become dominate in the lifestyles of most American families as more traditional, healthy meals have taken a backseat in our fast-paced lives.

Family influence

Childrens' food choices are also influenced by family meals. Researchers provided a household eating questionnaire to 18,177 children, ranging in ages 11–21, and discovered that four out of five parents let their children make their own food decisions. They also discovered that compared to adolescents who ate three or fewer meals per week, those who ate four to five family meals per week were 19% less likely to report poor consumption of vegetables, 22% less likely to report poor consumption of fruits, and 19% less likely to report poor consumption of dairy foods. Adolescents who ate six to seven family meals per week, compared to those who ate three or fewer family meals per week, were 38% less likely to report poor consumption of vegetables, 31% less likely to report poor consumption of fruits, and 27% less likely to report poor consumption of dairy foods.^[15] The household is the basic unit of analysis in many microeconomic and government models. ... Vegetables on a market Vegetable is a nutritional and culinary term denoting any part of a plant that is commonly consumed by humans as food, but is not regarded as a culinary fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. ... Dairy products are generally defined as foodstuffs produced from milk. ...

Depending on the child's environment and parental status, a child may be more inclined to eat more food than needed if a parent is not present to monitor the consumption of meals or snacks. If a parent is present, then it is more likely that a child will refrain from eating more than they should, possibly to avoid discussing the issue of their weight or size if they are in fact overweight.^{[citation needed]}

It has also been suggested that children with parents that are divorced and live in separate housing structures are more likely to put on more weight than if both parents are present in the consumption of one meal. This may be because children may be fed at least two meals at a time, if the other parent was not aware that their child had already had a meal or snack. If the child is suffering from depression due to their parent's divorce, this may result in an increase in appetite because of their feelings.^{[citations needed]}

Physical activity

An obese child whose lack of exercise and consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats contributes to his overall obesity.

Physical inactivity of children has also shown to be a serious cause, and children who fail to engage in regular physical activity are at greater risk of obesity. Researchers studied the physical activity of 133 children over a three week period using an accelerometer to measure each child's level of physical activity. They discovered the obese children were 35% less active on school days and 65% less active on weekends compared to non-obese children. Obesity is an excess storage of fat and can affect any mammal, such as the mouse on the left. ... Marines doing push-ups. ... A depiction of an accelerometer designed at Sandia National Laboratories. ...

Physical inactivity as a child could result in physical inactivity as an adult. In a fitness survey of 6,000 adults, researchers discovered that 25% of those who were considered active at ages 14 to 19 were also active adults, compared to 2% of those who were inactive at ages 14 to 19, who were now said to be active adults.^[16] Staying physically inactive leaves unused energy in the body, most of which is stored as fat. Researchers studied 16 men over a 14 day period and fed them 50% more of their energy required every day through fats and carbohydrates. They discovered that carbohydrate overfeeding produced 75–85% excess energy being stored as body fat and fat overfeeding produced 90–95% storage of excess energy as body fat.^[17] For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. ... In biochemistry, fat is a generic term for a class of lipids. ...

Many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing stationary activities such as playing video games or watching TV. TV and other technology may be large factors of physically inactive children. Researchers provided a technology questionnaire to 4,561 children, ages 14, 16, and 18. They discovered children were 21.5% more likely to be overweight when watching 4+ hours of TV per day, 4.5% more likely to be overweight when using a computer one or more hours per day, and unaffected by potential weight gain from playing video games.^[17] See TV (disambiguation) for other uses and Television (band) for the rock band European networks National In much of Europe television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently. ... This article is about the machine. ... This article is about computer and video games. ...

Technological activities are not the only household influences of childhood obesity. Low-income households can affect a child's tendency to gain weight. Over a three week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 11–12. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children.^[18] Social status is the honor or prestige attached to ones position in society (ones social position). ... Upper class is a concept in sociology that refers to the group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. ... A social class is, at its most basic, a group of people that have similar social status. ...

Biological factors

Children face many biological factors that may result in obesity. A child's weight may be influenced when he/she is only an infant. Researchers did a cohort study on 19,397 babies, from their birth until age seven and discovered that fat babies at four months were 1.38 times more likely to be overweight at seven years old compared to normal weight babies. Fat babies at the age of one were 1.17 times more likely to be overweight at age seven compared to normal weight babies.^[19] “Baby” redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cohort (statistics). ... A human infant The word Infant derives from the Latin in-fans, meaning unable to speak. ...

This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please help fix this problem.

Genetic causes have been investigated as a cause of childhood obesity. Researchers studied 4997 children, ages 5–7, and 2631 parents over a five year period to examine the hereditary correlation of obesity; parents were given a family nutrition questionnaire. Researchers discovered 50% of the children with obese mothers were obese or overweight and 40.1% of children with obese fathers were obese or overweight. However, 41.95% of children with normal weight mothers were obese or overweight and 34.25% of children with normal weight fathers were obese or overweight.^[20] Studies have also suggested that parental obesity may not be passed down to children. Researchers provided a parent questionnaire to the parents of 85 children, with the children being 36 months old. They discovered that girls were only 0.14 times likely to have similar BMI scores to parents and boys were only 0.48 times likely to have similar BMI scores to parents. This study demonstrates that there is no significant correlation between a parents' obestity and that of their children.^[21] Look up Genetic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the scientific journal Heredity see Heredity (journal) Heredity (the adjective is hereditary) is the transfer of characters from parent to offspring, either through their genes or through the social institution called inheritance (for example, a title of nobility is passed from individual to individual according to relevant customs and... The Nutrition Facts table indicates the amounts of nutrients which experts recommend you limit or consume in adequate amounts. ...

Other studies estimate that the effect of genes account for 90-95 percent of the percent body fat (PBF) in children, while the remaining 5-10 percent is attributed to their learned behavior.^{[citation needed]} Individuals in the mollusk species Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Total body fat percentage consists of essential fat and storage fat. ...

While there is general acceptance that hereditary conditions might incline to human obesity, it is often assumed that such factors would affect metabolic rate or the selective transforming of surplus of calories into fat.

Genetic factors are engaged in the regulation of child body weight and in determining individual reactions to environmental factors such as food, rest and exercise. Scientists have discovered a close connection between levels of leptin, a protein which controls appetite and the rate at which calories are burned, and the body fat.^{[citation needed]} That means leptin is an important regulator of energy balance in humans, helping the body to keep its weight stable. As in many obese children tests have revealed very low levels of blood leptin, there are opinion that obesity, especially its severe forms, could be treated by correcting this congenital leptin deficiency. RNA expression pattern Orthologs Human Mouse Entrez Ensembl Uniprot Refseq Location Pubmed search Leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including the regulation (decrease) of appetite and (increase) of metabolism. ...

There are also and contraire opinions suggesting that leptin could not be a cure for the overweight. They are partly linked with studies of adopted children revealing that learned eating and activity behavior are more important that genetic inheritance.^{[citation needed]} This article is about the medical term. ...

Developmental factors and illnesses

Children can have various developmental factors of the body that may result in obesity. A child's body growth pattern may influence his/her tendency to gain weight. Researchers measured the standard deviation (SD [weight and length]) scores in a cohort study of 848 babies. They found that infants who had an SD score above 0.67 had catch up growth (they were less likely to be overweight) compared to infants who had less than a 0.67 SD score (they were more likely to gain weight).^[22] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In probability and statistics, the standard deviation of a probability distribution, random variable, or population or multiset of values is a measure of statistical dispersion of its values. ...

Cushing's syndrome (condition in which body contains excess amounts of cortisol) may influence childhood obesity as well. Researchers analyzed two isoforms (proteins that have the same purpose as other proteins, but are programmed by different genes) in the cells of 16 adults undergoing abdominal surgery. They discovered that one type of isoform created oxo-reductase activity (the alteration of cortisone to cortisol) and this activity increased 127.5 pmol mg sup when the other type of isoform was treated with cortisol and insulin. The activity of the cortisol and insulin can possibly activate Cushing's syndrome.^[23] Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... In biology, a protein isoform is a version of a protein with some small differences, usually a splice variant or the product of some posttranslational modification. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... A cell is a single unit or compartment, enclosed by a border or wall. ... A reductase is an enzyme which lowers the activation energy for a reduction reaction. ... Cortisone (IPA:ˈkôrtəˌsōn) is a steroid hormone. ... Not to be confused with inulin. ...

Hypothyroidism is a hormonal cause of obesity, but it does not significantly affect obese people who have it more than obese people who do not have it. In a comparison of 108 obese patients with hypothyroidism to 131 obese patients without hypothyroidism, researchers discovered that those with hypothyroidism had only 0.077 points more on the caloric intake scale than did those without hypothyroidism.^[24] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Hormone is also the NATO reporting name for the Soviet/Russian Kamov Ka-25 military helicopter. ...

Behavioral factors

Childhood obesity may also be caused by various behavioral factors. Behavioral factors, such as boredom, sadness, and anxiety may influence a child's health. Researchers surveyed 1,520 children, ages 9–10, with a four year follow up and discovered a positive correlation between obesity and low self esteem in the four year follow up. They also discovered that decreased self esteem led to 19% of obese children feeling sad, 48% of them feeling bored, and 21% of them feeling nervous. In comparison, 8% of normal weight children felt sad, 42% of them felt bored, and 12% of them felt nervous.^[25] Stress can influence a child's eating habits. Researchers tested the stress inventory of 28 college females and discovered that those who were binge eating had a mean of 29.65 points on the perceived stress scale, compared to the control group who had a mean of 15.19 points.^[26] This evidence may demonstrate a link between eating and stress. Boring and Bored redirect here. ... Sadness is a mood that displays feeling of disadvantage and loss. ... Anxiety is a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components[1]. These components combine to create the feelings that we typically recognize as anger and known as fear, apprehension, or worry. ... -1... In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ... Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable overeating. ...

Psychological factors

Psychological factors also influence childhood obesity. Researchers did a health investigation of 496 girls, ages 11–15 with a four year follow up. They discovered four significant psychological factors to the girls' obesity: dietary restraint, compensatory behaviors, depressive symptoms, and perceived parental obesity. The odds ratios (OR's) these had with obesity were 3.16, 1.35, 2.32, and 3.97.^[27] Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. ... It is common to feel sad, discouraged , or down once in a while, and anyone in this state might say they are suffering from depression. ... The odds-ratio is a statistical measure, particularly important in Bayesian statistics and logistic regression. ...

Feelings of depression can cause a child to overeat. Researchers provided an in-home interview to 9,374 adolescents, in grades seven through 12 and discovered that there was not a direct correlation with children eating in response to depression. Of all the obese adolescents, 8.2% had said to be depressed, compared to 8.9% of the non-obese adolescents who said they were depressed.^[28] Antidepressants, however, seem to have very little influence on childhood obesity. Researchers provided a depression questionnaire to 487 overweight/obese subjects and found that 7% of those with low depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.3, 27% of those with moderate depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.7, and 31% of those with major depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.2.^[29] An antidepressant is a medication used primarily in the treatment of clinical depression. ...

Lack of sleep

A Harvard study completed in 2008 found that the amount of sleep infants and toddlers received directly impacted^{[dubious – discuss]} rates of obesity. Specifically the study found that infants and toddlers that received less than 12 hours of sleep each day were at an increased risk for becoming overweight by the time they reached preschool age.^[30] The study recorded sleep patterns in infants from 6 months of age until they reached the age of 2. Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ...

Complications

A morbidly obese teenager whose attribution of poor diet, high caloric intake, and lack of exercise has caused excessive amounts of fat to be stored primarily in the chest and stomach, and evenly distributed elsewhere as well.

Without a change in diet or exercise patterns, childhood obesity can lead to life-threatening conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep problems, cancer, and other disorders.^[31][32] Some of the other disorders would include liver disease, early puberty or menarche, eating disorders such as anorexia and blumia, skin infections, and asthma and other respiratory problems. ^[33] Studies have shown that overweight children are more likely to grow up to be overweight adults.^[34] Obesity is an excess storage of fat and can affect any mammal, such as the mouse on the left. ... Gynecomastia, or gynaecomastia, pronounced is the development of abnormally large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement, which can sometimes cause secretion of milk. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... Look up diet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ... For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ... Heart disease is an umbrella term for a number of different diseases which affect the heart and as of 2007 it is the leading cause of death in the United States,[1] and England and Wales. ... Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...

Obese children often suffer from teasing amongst their peers.^[35][36] Some are even harassed or discriminated against by their own family.^[37] Stereotypes abound and may lead to low self esteem and depression.^[38] A very common image in many schools around the world. ... To discriminate is to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. ... In modern usage, a stereotype is a simplified mental picture of an individual or group of people who share a certain characteristic (or stereotypical) qualities. ...

Medications

Just as recently as 2005, there were no medications available to treat child obesity that were approved by FDA. Two prescription weight-loss drugs are available for adolescents: sibutramine (Meridia) and orlistat (Xenical). Sibutramine, which is approved for adolescents older than 16, alters the brain's chemistry to make the body feel fuller more quickly. Orlistat, which is approved for adolescents older than 12, prevents the absorption of fat in the intestines. The Food and Drug Administration has approved a reduced-strength over-the-counter (nonprescription) version of orlistat (Alli). Though readily available in pharmacies and drugstores, Alli is not approved for children or teenagers under age 18.^[39]

Studies

A study of 1800 children aged 2 to 12 in Colac, Australia tested a program of restricted diet (no carbonated drinks or sweets) and increased exercise. Interim results included a 68% increase in after school activity programs, 21% reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.^[40] Colac is a town in the western district of Victoria, Australia, situated on the southern shore of Lake Colac. ...

A survey carried out by the American Obesity Association into parental attitudes towards their children's weight showed the majority of parents think that recess should not be reduced or replaced. Almost 30% said that they were concerned with their child's weight. 35% of parents thought that their child's school was not teaching them enough about childhood obesity, and over 5% thought that childhood obesity was the greatest risk to their child's long term health.^[41] The American Obesity Association is a non-profit organization founded in 1995 by Richard L. Atkinson, M.D. and Judith S. Stern, Sc. ...

Although obesity is more common in girls,^[42] it is more apparent in boys who tend to accumulate fat in the stomach area, and, to a lesser extent, the back and chest.

A Northwestern University study indicates that inadequate sleep has a negative impact on a child's performance in school, their emotional and social welfare, and increases their risk of being overweight. This study was the first nationally represented, longitudinal investigation of the correlation between sleep, Body Mass Index (BMI) and overweight status in children between the ages of 3 and 18. The study found that an extra hour of sleep lowered the children's risk of being overweight from 36% to 30%, while it lessened older children's risk from 34% to 30%.^[43] Northwestern University (NU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university with campuses located in Evanston, Illinois and downtown Chicago. ... Sleep deprivation is a general lack of the necessary amount of sleep. ...

See also

• Honey, We're Killing the Kids

This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

References

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The American Obesity Association is a non-profit organization founded in 1995 by Richard L. Atkinson, M.D. and Judith S. Stern, Sc. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• Common Sense Media Resources
• Commercial Alert's web page on childhood obesity
• Study of Breakfast Eating and Income Levels in Preschoolers
• Mindless eating Cornell University Food and Brand Lab [3]
• Mayo clinic article on preventing childhood obesity
• March, Peter. Fattened statistics. Social Issues Research Center. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
• Summerfield, Liane M.. Childhood Obesity. Education Resources Information Center Clearinghouse on Teacher Education, Washington, DC. Retrieved on 2007-08-04.
• Hereditary Obesity
• Hereditary Obesity
• Obesity gene
• Genetic and hereditary aspect of childhood obesity