Children's rights are the human rights of children with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to the young,^[1] including their right to association with both Biological parents, human identity as well as the basic needs for food, universal state-paid education, health care and criminal laws appropriate for the age and development of the child.^[2] Applications of children's rights range from allowing children to do whatever they wish to the enforcement of children being physically, mentally and emotionally free from abuse. Other definitions include the rights to care and nurturing.^[3] This article is about the moral/legal concept. ... A man holds a monkey with a limb missing by a rope around her neck, a scene epitomizing the idea of animal ownership. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... The term collective rights refers to rights which are held and exercised by all the people collectively, or by specific subsets of the people. ... Equal Rights redirects here. ... The Fathers rights movement or Parents rights movement is part of the mens movement and/or the parents movement that emerged in the 1970s as a loose social movement providing a network of interest groups, primarily in western countries. ... For the LGBT rights article for a particular country, see LGBT rights by country. ... Group rights are rights that all members of a group have by virtue of being in that group. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... The term inalienable rights (or unalienable rights) refers to a set of human rights that are in some sense fundamental, are not awarded by human power, and cannot be surrendered. ... Individual rights represent the moral rights of individuals in society prior to government. ... In modern English and European systems of jurisprudence and law, a right is the legal or moral entitlement to do or refrain from doing something or to obtain or refrain from obtaining an action, thing or recognition in civil society. ... This box:      Mens Rights involves the promotion of male equality, rights, and freedoms in society. ... For other uses, see Universalism (disambiguation). ... Within the philosophy of human rights, some philosophers and political scientists make a distinction between negative and positive rights. ... Reproductive rights (also Procreative liberty) refers to human rights in areas of sexual reproduction, including the rights to reproduce (such as opposition to forced sterilization) as well as rights not to reproduce (such as support for access to birth control and abortion), the right to privacy, medical coverage, right to... Social rights refer to what are usually positive rights, which ensure to all people a fair standard of treatment. ... The division of human rights into three generations was initially proposed in 1979 by the Czech jurist Karel Vasak at the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg. ... The term women’s rights typically refers to freedoms inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized or ignored and/or illegitimately suppressed by law or custom in a particular society. ... Labor rights or workers rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers, usually obtained under labor and employment law. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ... Parents who physically gave birth to the child in person. ... For other uses, see Human nature (disambiguation). ... Abuser redirects here. ...

"A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier."^[4] According to Cornell University, a child is a person, not a subperson, and the parent has absolute interest and possession of the child. The term "child" does not necessarily mean minor but can include adult children as well as adult nondependent children.^[5] There are no definitions of other terms used to describe young people such as "adolescents", "teenagers," or "youth" in international law.^[6] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Cornell redirects here. ... A parent is a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian // Mother This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. ... For other uses, see Youth (disambiguation) Youth is defined by Websters New World Dictionary as, The time of life when one is young; especially: a: the period between childhood and maturity b: the early period of existence, growth, or development. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

The field of children's rights spans the fields of law, politics, religion, and morality. For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... Morality (from the Latin manner, character, proper behavior) has three principal meanings. ...

Rationale

A boy working as a "clock boy" on the streets of Merida, Mexico.

As minors by law children do not have autonomy or the right to make decisions on their own for themselves. Instead their adult caregivers, including parents, social workers, teachers, youth workers and others, are vested with that authority depending on the circumstance the child is in.^[7] As applied to children these legal apparatuses are termed as "repressive state apparatuses", a concept which was originally coined by Louis Althusser.^[8] Mérida is the capital city of the state of Yucatán, Mexico. ... In law, the term minor (also infant or infancy) is used to refer to a person who is under the age in which one legally assumes adulthood and is legally granted rights afforded to adults in society. ... A parent is a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian // Mother This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A social worker is a person employed in the administration of charity, social service, welfare, and poverty agencies, advocacy, or religious outreach programs. ... For university teachers, see professor. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation: altuË¡seʁ) (October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. ...

Research has found that because of these legal structures children themselves feel powerless and with little control over their own lives, and believe that the power of this structure, as opposed to their age or developmental ability, causes them to be vulnerable.^[9] Structures such as government policy have been found to mask the ways adults abuse and exploit children, resulting in child poverty, lack of educational opportunities, and child labor. Research has also identified children as a minority group towards whom society needs to reconsider the way it behaves.^[10] Look up age in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ... “Minority” redirects here. ...

Researchers have identified children as needing to be recognized as participants in society whose rights and responsibilities need to be recognized at all ages.^[11] This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth...

Historic definitions of children's rights

Consensus on defining children's rights has become clearer in the last twenty years.^[12] A 1973 publication by Hillary Clinton (then an attorney) stated that children's rights were a "slogan in need of a definition".^[13] According to some researchers, the notion of children’s rights is still not well defined, with at least one proposing that there is no singularly accepted definition or theory of the rights held by children.^[14] REDIRECT Hillary Rodham Clinton   This is a redirect from a title with another method of capitalisation. ...

Children’s rights law is defined as the point where the law intersects with a child’s life. That includes juvenile delinquency, due process for children involved in the criminal justice system, appropriate representation, and effective rehabilitative services; care and protection for children in state care; ensuring education for all children regardless of their origin, race, gender, disabilities, or abilities, and; health care and advocacy.^[15] Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juveniles. ... In United States law, adopted from English Law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life, liberty...

Types of rights

Children's rights are defined in numerous ways, including a wide spectrum of civil, cultural, economic, social and political rights. Rights tend to be of two general types: those advocating for children as autonomous persons under the law and those placing a claim on society for protection from harms perpetrated on children because of their dependency. These have been labeled as the right of empowerment and as the right to protection.^[16] One Canadian organization categorizes children's rights into three categories: Look up autonomy, autonomous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

• Provision: Children have the right to an adequate standard of living, health care, education and services, and to play. These include a balanced diet, a warm bed to sleep in, and access to schooling.
• Protection: Children have the right to protection from abuse, neglect, exploitation and discrimination. This includes the right to safe places for children to play; constructive child rearing behavior, and acknowledgment of the evolving capacities of children.
• Participation: Children have the right to participate in communities and have programs and services for themselves. This includes children's involvement in libraries and community programs, youth voice activities, and involving children as decision-makers.^[17][18]

In a similar fashion, the Child Rights Information Network, or CRIN for short, categorizes rights into two groups:^{[19] [20]} The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these services and goods are distributed within a population. ... A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... Play might be described as unrestrained, amusing interaction with people, animals, or things, often in the context of learning. ... Fresh Vegetables A healthy diet contains a balance of food groups and all the nutrients necessary to promote good health. ... This article is about swarms in biology. ... Abuser redirects here. ... Evolving Capacities is the concept in which education, child development and youth development programs led by adults takes into account the capacities of the child to exercise rights on his or her own behalf. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Youth programs are particular activities designed to involve people between the ages of 10 and 25. ... Youth voice is a fairly common neologism to refers to the distinct ideas, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, and actions of young people as a collective body. ... The Child Rights Information Network (CRIN) is an international information network that supports the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and child rights. ...

• Economic, social and cultural rights, related to the conditions necessary to meet basic human needs such as food, shelter, education, health care, and gainful employment. Included are rights to education, adequate housing, food, water, the highest attainable standard of health, the right to work and rights at work, as well as the cultural rights of minorities and indigenous peoples.
• Environmental, cultural and developmental rights, which are sometimes called "third generation rights," and including the right to live in safe and healthy environments and that groups of people have the right to cultural, political, and economic development.

Amnesty International openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to juvenile incarceration without parole, an end to the recruitment of military use of children, ending the death penalty for people under 21, and raising awareness of human rights in the classroom.^[21] Human Rights Watch, an international advocacy organization, includes child labor, juvenile justice, orphans and abandoned children, refugees, street children and corporal punishment.^[22] ... As the human rights movement has brought awareness to the needs of the individual throughout the world, the cultural rights movement has provoked attention to protect the rights of groups of people, or culture. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization which defines its mission as to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... It has been suggested that Medical parole be merged into this article or section. ... A Chinese Nationalist soldier, age 10, member of a Chinese division boarding planes in Myitkyina (Burma) bound for China, May 1944. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... In 1969, the United States federal courts ruled that, Students do not shed their constitutional rights. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... A twelve year old American uneducated child laborer, Furman Owens, who stated Yes I want to learn but cant when I work all the time. ... Juvenile courts or young offender courts are courts specifically created and given authority to try and pass judgments for crimes committed by persons who have not attained the age of majority. ... For other uses, see Orphan (disambiguation). ... Afghan street urchin smiles for the camera in downtown Kabul, Afghanistan (June 2003). ... Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain and suffering intended to change a persons behavior or to punish them. ...

Scholarly study generally focuses children's rights by identifying individual rights. The following rights "allow children to grow up healthy and free":^[23]

• Freedom of speech
• Freedom of thought
• Freedom from fear
• Freedom of choice and the right to make decisions
• Ownership over one's body

The Canadian Children's Rights Council identifies several other issues affecting children's rights, including fetal rights, infanticide, child abandonment, child identity rights, paternity fraud, paternity testing, age of consent, shaken baby syndrome, genital mutilation, bullying, corporal punishment, parental alienation, children's rights in family law, youth suicide, anorexia nervosa, ADHD, smoking, and childhood pregnancy.^[24] Other issues affecting children's rights include the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. This article is about the general concept. ... Personification of thought (Greek Εννοια) in Celsus Library in Ephesos, Turkey Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires. ... For other uses, see Fear (disambiguation). ... Freedom of Choice is the third album by New Wave musicians Devo, released in 1980 (see 1980 in music). ... Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. ... The term fetal rights can refer either to legal rights accorded to fetuses or to the moral rights that some people ascribe to them. ... In sociology and biology, infanticide is the practice of intentionally causing the death of an infant of a given species, by members of the same species - often by the mother. ... Child abandonment is the practice of abandoning offspring outside of legal adoption. ... Main articles: Paternity (law) and Paternity testing Paternity fraud, the term, came into common use in the late 1990s describing the act of falsely naming a man to be the biological father of a child when the mother knows (or suspects) that he is not the biological father, particularly for... A paternity test is conducted to prove paternity, that is, whether a man is the biological father of another individual. ... Age of consent laws Worldwide While the phrase age of consent typically does not appear in legal statutes,[1] when used with reference to criminal law the age of consent is the minimum age at which a person is considered to be capable of legally giving informed consent to any... Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a form of child abuse affecting between 1,200 and 1,600 children every year in the USA.[1] SBS encompasses a variety of outcomes that are attributed to shaking an infant or small child. ... Circumcision is the removal of some or all of the prepuce (foreskin). ... A very common image in many schools around the world. ... Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain and suffering intended to change a persons behavior or to punish them. ... Parental alienation is any behavior by a parent, a childs mother or father, whether conscious or unconscious, that could create alienation in the relationship between a child and the other parent. ... Family Law was a television drama starring Kathleen Quinlan as a divorced lawyer who attempted to start her own law firm after her lawyer husband took all their old clients. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Anorexia. ... DISCLAIMER Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. ... For the food preparation, see Smoking (cooking). ... The Optional protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to the Convention on the Rights of the Child states that the prostitution of children or child prostitution is the practice whereby a child is used by others for sexual activities in return for remuneration or any... Child pornography refers to pornographic material depicting children. ...

Difference between children's rights and youth rights

Main article: Youth rights

"In the majority of jurisdictions, for instance, children are not allowed to vote, to marry, to buy alcohol, to have sex, or to engage in paid employment."^[25] Within the youth rights movement, it is believed that the key difference between children's rights and youth rights is that children's rights supporters generally advocate the establishment and enforcement of protection for children and youths, while youth rights (a far smaller movement) generally advocates the expansion of freedom for children and/or youths and of rights such as suffrage.^{[citation needed]} Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth... The youth rights movement, also described as youth liberation, is a nascent grass-roots movement whose aim is to fight against ageism (also known as adult chauvinism) and for the self-determination civil rights for persons under the age of majority-- 18 in most countries. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth...

Parenting and children's rights

See also: Parents' rights movement

Parenting is commonly identified as an essential children's right.^[26] This includes the notion that children should not be denied relationships and benefits provided by the relationships and upbringing afforded by their biological parents. The only exception is unless the government must interfere for the purpose of protecting a child from parental abuse or neglect. These cases are generally addressed by an immediate judicial review with the caveat that "all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known".^[27] Child abuse is the physical, emotional or sexual abuse or neglect of children. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...

Parents affect the lives of children in a unique way, and as such their role in children's rights has to be distinguished in a particular way. Particular issues in the child-parent relationship include child neglect, child abuse, freedom of choice, corporal punishment and child custody.^{[28] [29]} There have been theories offered that provide parents with rights-based practices that resolve the tension between "commonsense parenting" and children's rights.^[30] The issue is particularly relevant in legal proceedings affect the potential emancipation of minors, and in cases where children sue their parents.^[31] A parent is a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian // Mother This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Child abuse is physical or psychological mistreatment of a child by its parents, guardians, or other adults. ... Child abuse is the physical, emotional or sexual abuse or neglect of children. ... Freedom of Choice is the third album by New Wave musicians Devo, released in 1980 (see 1980 in music). ... Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain and suffering intended to change a persons behavior or to punish them. ... Child custody and guardianship are legal terms which are sometimes used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent and his or her child, such as the right of the parent to make decisions for the child, and the parents duty to care for the child. ... Emancipation of minors is a legal mechanism by which a person below the age of majority (adulthood) gains certain rights, generally identical to those of adults. ...

A child's rights to a relationship with both their parents is increasingly recognized as an important factor for determining the best interests of the child in divorce and child custody proceedings. Some governments have enacted laws creating a rebuttable presumption that shared parenting is in the best interests of children.^[32] Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse. ... Child custody and guardianship are legal terms which are sometimes used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent and his or her child, such as the right of the parent to make decisions for the child, and the parents duty to care for the child. ... In law, a rebuttable presumption is an assumption that is made that will stand as a fact unless someone comes forward to contest it and prove otherwise. ... Shared parenting refers to a family arrangement in child custody or divorce settlements, in which the care of the children is equal, or more than substantially shared, between the natural parents. ... Best interests or best interests of the child is the doctrine used by most courts to determine a wide range of issues relating to the well being of children. ...

Movement

Main article: Children's rights movement

The 1796 publication of Thomas Spence's The Rights of Infants is among the earliest English-language assertions of the rights of children. Throughout the 1900s children's rights activists organized for homeless childrens' rights and public education. The 1927 publication of The Child's Right to Respect by Janusz Korczak strengthened the literature surrounding the field, and today dozens of international organizations are working around the world to promote children's rights. Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Fundamentalism · Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights... Thomas Spence (June 21, 1750 – September 8, 1814) was the Radical inventor of a system of land nationalization. ... // Public spending on education in 2005 Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. ... Janusz Korczak Janusz Korczak, real name Henryk Goldszmit (July 22, 1878 or 1879 – August, 1942) was a Polish-Jewish childrens author, pediatrician, and child pedagogist, known as Old Doctor (Stary Doktor). ...

Opposition

The opposition to children's rights far outdates any current trend in society, with recorded statements against the rights of children dating to the the 1200s and earlier.^[33] Opponents to children's rights believe that young people need to be protected from the adultcentric world, including the decisions and responsibilities of that world.^[34] In the dominate adult society, childhood is idealized as a time of innocence, a time free of responsibility and conflict, and a time dominated by play.^[35] The majority of opposition stems from concerns related to national sovereignty, states' rights, the parent-child relationship.^[36] Financial constraints and the "undercurrent of traditional values in opposition to children's rights" are cited, as well.^[37] The concept of children's rights has received little attention in the United States.^[38] Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region or group of people, such as a nation or a tribe. ... States rights refers to the idea, in U.S. politics and constitutional law, that U.S. states possess certain rights and political powers in relation to the federal government. ...

International law

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is seen as a basis for all international legal standards for children's rights today. There are several conventions and laws that addressing children's rights around the world. A number of current and historical documents affect those rights, including the 1923 Declaration of the Rights of the Child, endorsed by the League of Nations and adopted by the United Nations in 1946. It later served as the basis for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (abbreviated UDHR) is an advisory declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, 10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris). ... The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb and adopted by the International Save the Children Union, Geneva, 23 February 1923 and endorsed by the League of Nations General Assembly on 26 November 1924: By the present declaration of the Rights of the Child, commonly known... 1939–1941 semi-official emblem Anachronous world map in 1920–1945, showing the League of Nations and the world Capital Not applicable¹ Language(s) English, French and Spanish Political structure International organisation Secretary-general  - 1920–1933 Sir James Eric Drummond  - 1933–1940 Joseph Avenol  - 1940–1946 Seán Lester Historical... UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

Convention on the Rights of the Child

Main article: Convention on the Rights of the Child

The United Nations' 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, or CRC, is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights—civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Its implementation is monitored by the Committee on the Rights of the Child. National governments that ratify it commit themselves to protecting and ensuring children's rights, and agree to hold themselves accountable for this commitment before the international community.^[39] The CRC, along with international criminal accountability mechanisms such as the International Criminal Court, the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone, is said to have significantly increased the profile of children's rights worldwide.^[40] Convention on the Rights of the Child Opened for signature 20 November 1989 in - Entered into force September 2, 1990 Conditions for entry into force 20 ratifications or accessions (Article 49) Parties 193 (only 2 non-parties: USA and Somalia) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Convention on the Rights of the Child Opened for signature 20 November 1989 in - Entered into force September 2, 1990 Conditions for entry into force 20 ratifications or accessions (Article 49) Parties 193 (only 2 non-parties: USA and Somalia) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child... The Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the body of independent experts that monitors implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by governments that ratify the Convention. ... The official logo of the ICC The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt)[1] was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression, although it cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. ... The Special Court for Sierra Leone is an independent judicial body set up to try those who bear greatest responsibility for the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Sierra Leone after 30 November 1996 during the Sierra Leone Civil War. ...

The most controversial tenets of the Convention are the participatory rights granted to children.^[41] The Convention champions youth voice in new ways. Article 12 states: This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Youth voice is a fairly common neologism to refers to the distinct ideas, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, and actions of young people as a collective body. ...

"Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child ... the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child..."^[42]

The USA and Somalia are the only countries which have failed to ratify that agreement.^[43] Most often Americans dismiss the CRC with the reasoning that the nation already has in place everything the treaty espouses, and that it would make no practical difference.^[44] Much of the opposition to children's rights in the United States is currently expressed towards the Convention on the Rights of the Child, with US President George W. Bush explaining in 2001: George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

"The Convention on the Rights of the Child may be a positive tool for promoting child welfare for those countries that have adopted it. But we believe the text goes too far when it asserts entitlements based on economic, social and cultural rights.... The human rights-based approach... poses significant problems as used in this text."^[45]

Several conservative religious organizations in the United States oppose parts of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. These organizations include the Christian Coalition, Concerned Women for America, Eagle Forum, Family Research Council, Focus on the Family, the John Birch Society, the National Center for Home Education,^[46] Home School Legal Defense Association^[47] and the Rutherford Institute.^[48] The United States Senate has repeatedly rebuffed attempts to ratify the agreement as well, with 26 senators signing a 1995 resolution stating, Convention on the Rights of the Child Opened for signature 20 November 1989 in - Entered into force September 2, 1990 Conditions for entry into force 20 ratifications or accessions (Article 49) Parties 193 (only 2 non-parties: USA and Somalia) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child... This article is about the organization presently operating in the United States. ... Concerned Women for America is a conservative Christian political action group active in the United States. ... Eagle Forum is a conservative organization in the United States. ... The Family Research Council (FRC) is a Christian conservative non-profit lobbying organization, formed in the United States by James Dobson in 1981 and incorporated 1983. ... The graphic identity of Focus on the Family is intended to recall old time traditional values. ... The John Birch Society is a conservative American exceptionalist organization founded in 1958 to fight what it saw as growing threats to the Constitution of the United States, especially a suspected communist infiltration of the United States government, and to support free enterprise. ... Home School Court Report, February 2005 The Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA)[1] is a United States-based advocacy organization which defends and advances what it describes as the constitutional right of parents to direct the education of their children and to protect family freedoms. ... The Rutherford Institute is a public interest law firm and resource center based in Charlottesville, Virginia. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States...

"...the Convention’s intrusion into national sovereignty was manifested by the Convention’s 1995 committee report faulting the United Kingdom for permitting parents to make decisions for their children without consulting those children... The President should not sign and transmit to the Senate that fundamentally flawed convention."

Other religious^[49] and social organizations opponents oppose the Convention on the basis of parental rights. According to one organization the CRC, "is capable of attacking the very core of the child-parent relationship, removing parents from their central role in the growth and development of a child, and replacing them with the long arm of government supervision within the home."^[50]

Enforcement

A variety of enforcement organizations and mechanisms exist to ensure children's rights and the successful implementation of the [[Union. They include the Child Rights Caucus for the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Children. It was set up to promote full implementation and compliance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and to ensure that child rights were given priority during the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children and its Preparatory process. The United Nations Human Rights Council was created "with the hope that it could be more objective, credible and efficient in denouncing human rights violations worldwide than the highly politicised Commission on Human Rights." The NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child is a coalition of international non-governmental organisations originally formed in 1983 to facilitate the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The United Nations General Assembly (GA, UNGA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. ... The United Nations Human Rights Council is an international body within the United Nations System. ... A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ...

Many countries around the world have children's rights ombudspeople or children's commissioners whose official, governmental duty is to represent the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens regarding children's rights. Children's ombudspeople can also work for a corporation, a newspaper, an NGO, or even for the general public. For the Canadian television series, see Ombudsman (TV series). ...

United States law

Children are generally afforded the basic rights embodied by the Constitution, as enshrined by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Equal Protection Clause of that amendment is to apply to children, born within a marriage or not, but excludes children not yet born.^[51] This was reinforced by the landmark US Supreme Court decision of In re Gault. In this trial 15-year-old Gerald Gault of Arizona was taken into custody by local police after being accused of making an obscene telephone call. He was detained and committed to the Arizona State Industrial School until he reached the age of 21 for making an obscene phone call to an adult neighbor. In an 8-1 decision, the Court ruled that in hearings which could result in commitment to an institution, people under the age of 18 have the right to notice and counsel, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination. The Court found that the procedures used in Gault's hearing met none of these requirements.^[52] Amendment XIV in the National Archives The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments (known as the Reconstruction Amendments), first intended to secure rights for former slaves. ... Congressman John Bingham of Ohio was the principal framer of the Equal Protection Clause. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision which established that under the Fourteenth Amendment, juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be accorded many of the same due process rights as adults such as the right to timely notification...

There are other concerns in the United States regarding children's rights. The American Academy of Adoption Attorneys is concerned with children's rights to a safe, supportive and stable family structure. Their position on children's rights in adoption cases states that, "children have a constitutionally based liberty interest in the protection of their established families, rights which are at least equal to, and we believe outweigh, the rights of others who would claim a 'possessory' interest in these children."^[53] Other issues raised in American children's rights advocacy include children's rights to inheritance in same-sex marriages and particular rights for youth. One of four newly wedded same-sex couples in a public wedding at Taiwan Pride 2006. ... First emerging as a distinct movement in the 1930s, the history of youth rights in the United States has long been concerned with civil rights and intergenerational equity. ...

See also

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• International Children's Peace Prize
• National Action Plan for Children
• Red Hand Day
• World's Children's Prize for the Rights of the Child
• New Jersey v. T.L.O. (U.S. Supreme Court case on the privacy rights of public school students)

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ... The International Children’s Peace Prize is awarded annually to a child who has made a significant contribution to advocating childrens rights and improving the situation of vulnerable children such as orphans, child labourers and children with HIV/AIDS. The prize is an initiative of the KidsRights Foundation, an... A National Action Plan for Children (NAP) is a national initiative or contract in those countries, which ratified the final paper of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 2002 in New York at the Special Session on Children of the UN General Assembly. ... The Red Hand Day on February 12 is an annual commemoration day created to draw attention to the fate of children who are forced to serve as soldiers in wars and armed conflicts. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

Issues

Main article: List of articles related to children's rights

Further information: List of articles related to youth rights

Further information: Youth rights // Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Adultcentrism Adultism Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Ageism Alternative school Americans for...

Children's rights organizations

Further information: List of children's rights organizations by country

Further information: Category:Children's rights bodies

References

UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Convention on the Rights of the Child Opened for signature 20 November 1989 in - Entered into force September 2, 1990 Conditions for entry into force 20 ratifications or accessions (Article 49) Parties 193 (only 2 non-parties: USA and Somalia) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

External links

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• [1]
• Quake orphans "adopted" for Jihad
• Children and Rights By Murray N. Rothbard
• Spence. T. 1796 The Rights of Infants
• Trafficked child dies in prison, other victims are sentenced to jail
• 2 year old sentenced to 3 years imprisonment
• 12 year old girl being forced into marriage with 50 year old man
• International Bureau of Children's Rights

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ... Murray Newton Rothbard Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 - January 7, 1995) was an American economist and political theorist belonging to the Austrian School of Economics who helped define modern libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. ...

Bibliography

• "UGANDA: Child 'Night Commuters'". Amnesty International.
• "Sri Lankan Army Warns Children can be Targets". CRIN.
• Implementing Adolescent Reproductive Rights Through the Convention on the Rights of the Child". Center for Reproductive Rights.
• "Lessons in Terror: Attacks on Education in Afghanistan". Human Rights Watch.
• "Burundi: Former Child Soldiers Languish in Custody". Human Rights Watch.
• "Saudi Arabia: Follow U.N. Call to End Juvenile Death Penalty". Human Rights Watch.
• "United States: Thousands of Children Sentenced to Life without Parole". Human Rights Watch.
• "[http://hrw.org/reports/2006/drc0406/ What Future: Street Children in the Democratic Republic

of Congo]." Human Rights Watch.