Chileans marching in support of Allende

Salvador Allende was the president of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity government; he was the first Marxist ever to be elected to the national presidency of a democracy.^[1] His presidency ended before he could complete a full term in office. During his tenure, Chilean politics degenerated into a state of civil unrest amid strikes, lockouts, U.S. economic sanctions, an attempted coup in June 1973, the Resolution of August 22, 1973 in which the majority of Chile's Chamber of Deputies called for the military to restore order, and finally a successful coup on September 11, 1973, during which Allende committed suicide.^[2] The military removed the Allende government and established a military dictatorship under General Augusto Pinochet. Download high resolution version (1024x678, 259 KB)Subject: Marchers for Salvador Allende Source: Library of Congress [1] File links The following pages link to this file: Salvador Allende Categories: United States government images ... Download high resolution version (1024x678, 259 KB)Subject: Marchers for Salvador Allende Source: Library of Congress [1] File links The following pages link to this file: Salvador Allende Categories: United States government images ... Salvador Isabelino del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Allende Gossens[1] (July 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was President of Chile from November 1970 until his removal from power and death on September 11, 1973. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Popular Unity (Spanish: Unidad Popular or UP) was the coalition of Chilean political parties that coalesced behind the successful candidacy of Salvador Allende for the 1970 Chilean presidential election. ... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and to the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... Meeting between General A. Pinochet and US Secretary of State H. Kissinger (1974). ... El tanquetazo (Spanish for the tank attack) refers to the failed coup attempt against the Popular Unity government of Socialist president Salvador Allende Gossens in Chile on June 29, 1973. ... Congress building The Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile (Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of Chiles bicameral Congress. ... Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Allendes last photograph alive Salvador Allende, President of Chile died during the Chilean coup of 1973. ... A military dictatorship is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military; it is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military. ... Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was a general and Dictator of Chile. ...

Allende becomes president

Main article: Chilean presidential election, 1970

In the 1970 election, Allende, running with the Unidad Popular (UP or Popular Unity) coalition, received a plurality with 36.3% of the vote. Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic won 27.9% with a very similar platform to Allende's. Both Allende and Tomic promised to further nationalize the mineral industry and redistribute land and income among other new policies. Conservative former president Jorge Alessandri received slightly under 35.8% of the vote. Politics of Chile President of Chile Political parties in Chile Elections in Chile: Presidential: 1925 - 1927 - 1931 - 1932 - 1938 - 1941 - 1946 - 1952 - 1958 - 1964 - 1970 - 1989 - 1993 - 1999 - 2005 A presidential election was held in Chile on 4 September 1970. ... A plurality, or relative/simple majority as it is also referred to outside the United States (especially in non-English speaking countries; in the US, simple majority has another meaning), is the largest share of something, which may or may not be a majority in the American sense of the... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez (May 19, 1896–August 31, 1986) was President of Chile from 1958 to 1964. ...

According to the constitution, Congress had to decide between the two candidates who had received the most votes. The precedent set on the three previous occasions this situation had arisen since 1932 was for Congress simply to choose the candidate with the largest number of votes; indeed, former president Alessandri had been elected in 1958 with 31.6% of the popular vote. Congress building The National Congress (Spanish: Congreso Nacional) is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Chile. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In this case, however, there was an active campaign against Allende's confirmation by Congress, including clandestine efforts to prevent him taking office, and his presidency was ratified only after he signed a "Statute of Constitutional Guarantees". It has been argued than given that less than the majority of the voters voted for him, Allende did not have a clear "mandate" to embark in the policies put forward on his program. But the legality of the election itself is not in dispute.

"The Chilean Way to Socialism"

In office, Allende pursued a policy he called "La vía chilena al socialismo" ("The Chilean Way to Socialism"). This included nationalization of certain large-scale industries (notably copper), of the health care system, continuation of his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva's policies regarding the educational system, a program of free milk for children, and land redistribution.^[3] The previous government of Eduardo Frei has already partly nationalised copper by acquiring a 51 percent share in foreign owned mines. Allende expropriated the remaining percentage without compensating the U.S. companies that owned the mines. Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911–1982) was the president of Chile from 1964 to 1970. ...

Chilean presidents were allowed a maximum of 6 years, which may explain Allende's haste to restructure the economy. Not only did he have a significant restructuring program organised, it had to be a success if a successor to Allende was going to be elected.

At the beginning there was broad support in Congress to expand the government's already large part of the economy, as the Popular Unity and Christian Democrats together had a clear majority. But the government's efforts to pursue these policies led to strong opposition by landowners, some middle-class sectors, the rightist National Party, financiers, and the Roman Catholic Church (which in 1973 was displeased with the direction of the educational policy^{[4] [1]}). Eventually the Christian Democrats united with the National Party in Congress. The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see Terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins and sees itself as the same Church founded by Jesus of Nazareth and maintained through Apostolic Succession from the Twelve...

The land-redistribution that Allende highlighted as one of the central policies of his government had already begun under his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva, who had expropriated between one-fifth and one-quarter of all properties liable to takeover [Collier & Sater, 1996]. The Allende government's intention was to seize all holdings of more than eighty basic irrigated hectares [Faundez, 1988]. Allende also intended to improve the socio-economic welfare of Chile's poorest citizens; a key element was to provide employment, either in the new nationalised enterprises or on public works projects.

Towards the end of 1971, Fidel Castro toured Chile extensively during a four-week visit. ^[5] This gave credence to the belief of those on the right that "The Chilean Way to Socialism" was an effort to put Chile on the same path as Cuba. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ...

Economics

Main article: Chilean nationalization of copper

In the first year of Allende's term, the short-term economic results of Minister of the Economics Pedro Vuskovic's expansive monetary policy were unambiguously favorable: 12% industrial growth and an 8.6% increase in GDP, accompanied by major declines in inflation (down from 34.9% to 22.1%) and unemployment (down to 3.8%). However, these results were not sustained and in 1972 the Chilean escudo had runaway inflation of 140%. From December 1972 to December 1973, the inflation rate was a catastrophic 508% - an example of hyperinflation [Flores, 1997]^{[dubious — see talk page]}. The average Real GDP contracted between 1971 and 1973 at an annual rate of 5.6% ("negative growth"), and the government's fiscal deficit soared while foreign reserves declined [Flores, 1997]. The combination of inflation and government-mandated price-fixing led to the rise of black markets in rice, beans, sugar, and flour, and a "disappearance" of such basic commodities from supermarket shelves.[2] The nationalization of the Chilean copper industry, (Chilenization) during the Salvador Allende government was the espoused basis for a later international boycott, which further isolated Chile from the world economy, worsening the state of political polarization. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Certain figures in this article use scientific notation for readability. ... In economics, the gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the amount of the economic production of a particular territory in financial capital terms during a specific time period. ... The or underground market is the part of economic activity involving illegal dealings, typically the buying and selling of merchandise or services (for example sexual services in many countries) illegally. ...

In addition to the earlier-discussed provision of employment, Allende also raised wages on a number of occasions throughout 1970 and 1971. These rises in wages were negated by continuing increases in prices for food. Although price rises had also been high under Frei (27% a year between 1967 and 1970), a basic basket of consumer goods rose by 120% from 190 to 421 escudos in one month alone, August 1972. In the period 1970-72, while Allende was in government, exports fell 24% and imports rose 26%, with imports of food rising an estimated 149% [figures are from Nove, 1986, pp. 4-12, tables 1.1 & 1.7]. Although nominal wages were rising, there was not a comensurate increase in the standard of living for the Chilean population.

The falls in exports were mostly due to a fall in the price of copper. Chile was at the mercy of international fluctuations in the value of its single most important export. As with almost half of developing countries, more than 50 per cent of Chile's export receipts were from a single primary commodity [Hoogvelt, 1997]. Adverse fluctuation in the international price of copper negatively affected the Chilean economy throughout 1971-2. The price of copper fell from a peak of $66 per ton in 1970 to only $48-9 in 1971 and 1972 [Nove, 1986]. In addition to the hyperinflation, the fall in the value of copper and lack of economic aid would further depress the economy.

Despite declining economic indicators, Allende's Popular Unity coalition actually slightly increased its vote to 43 percent in the parliamentary elections early in 1973. However, by this point what had started as an informal alliance with the Christian Democrats ^[6] was anything but: the Christian Democrats now leagued with the right-wing National Party to oppose Allende's government, the two parties calling themselves the Confederación Democrática (CODE). The conflict between the executive and legislature paralyzed initiatives from either side.^[7]

Soviet Union promotion of Allende

According to the Mitrokhin Archives of KGB files, Allende had been codenamed "LEADER" as a KGB contact, had been supplying the Soviet Union with information since the 1950s, and had received $30,000 from the Soviets for "solidifying trusted relations" and providing "valuable information". KGB archives record that Svyatoslav Kuznetsov, its case officer in Chile, was instructed by headquarters to "exert a favourable influence on Chilean government policy," and that Allende "was made to understand the necessity of reorganising Chile's army and intelligence services, and of setting up a relationship between Chile’s and the USSR’s intelligence services." The KGB sword and shield emblem appears on the covers of the three published works by Mitrokhin, co-author Christopher Andrew The Mitrokhin Archive refers to the collected notes taken by Vasily Mitrokhin over 30 years. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of КГБ) is the Russian-language abbreviation for Committee for State Security, (Russian: ; Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ...

"Kuznetsov arranged his regular meetings with Allende through the President’s personal secretary, Miria Contreras Bell, known as La Payita and codenamed Marta by the KGB. La Payita was Allende’s favourite mistress during his presidency. Kuznetsov reported that Allende was spending 'a great deal of time' in her company. 'His relationship with his wife has more than once been harmed as a result.' Despite Allende’s affairs, however, his wife, Hortensia, remained intensely loyal to him. Kuznetsov did his best to cultivate her as well as her husband." (The Times extract from the Mitrokhin Archive volume II, by Mitrokhin and historian Christopher Andrew)^[8]. The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ... The KGB sword and shield emblem appears on the covers of the three published works by Mitrokhin, co-author Christopher Andrew The Mitrokhin Archive refers to the collected notes taken by Vasily Mitrokhin over 30 years. ... Christopher Maurice Andrew (born 23 July 1941) is a British historian and professor with a special interest in international relations and in particular the history of intelligence services. ...

United States opposition to Allende

Main article: U.S. intervention in Chile

The U.S. administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon, then embroiled in the Vietnam War and Cold War with the Soviet Union, was openly hostile to the possibility of a second Marxist regime (after Cuba) in the Western Hemisphere. There were clandestine efforts by the U.S. government to prevent Allende from taking office after election: On October 16, 1970, a formal instruction was issued to the CIA base in Chile, saying in part, "It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It would be much preferable to have this transpire prior to 24 October, but efforts in this regard will continue vigorously beyond this date. We are to continue to generate maximum pressure toward this end, utilizing every appropriate resource. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the USG and American hand be well hidden..."^[9] The United States on several occasions sought to influence the policies or government of Chile. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and to the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... The geographical western hemisphere of Earth, highlighted in yellow. ...

Regarding the botched attempted-kidnapping and manslaughter of Chilean Army Commander René Schneider on October 22, 1970 (Schneider was a constitutionalist opposed to the idea of a coup preventing Allende from taking office or removing him after the fact), the Church Committee observed: "The CIA attempted, directly, to foment a military coup in Chile. It passed three weapons to a group of Chilean officers who plotted a coup. Beginning with the kidnaping of Chilean Army Commander-in-Chief Rene Schneider. However, those guns were returned. The group which staged the abortive kidnap of Schneider, which resulted in his death, apparently was not the same as the group which received CIA weapons."^[10] However, the group which killed Schneider had previously been in contact with the CIA. The agency later paid that group $35,000, according to the Hinchey report, "in an effort to keep the prior contact secret, maintain the good will of the group, and for humanitarian reasons."^[11] CIA documents indicate that while the CIA had sought his kidnapping, his killing was never intended.^[12] Public outrage over the killing of Schneider cooled sentiments for a coup,^{[13] [1] [12]} and neither the U.S. nor Chilean military attempted other removal actions in the early years of the Allende administration. On October 26, President Eduardo Frei (Salvador Allende was inaugurated November 3) named General Carlos Prats as commander in chief of the army in replacement of René Schneider. Carlos Prats was also a constitutionalist.^[14] Insignia of a United States Navy Commander Commander is a military rank used in many navies but not generally in armies or air forces. ... Generals C. Prats and R. Schneider (right) General René Schneider Chereau (1913-1970) was the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army at the time of the 1970 Chilean presidential election, when he was assassinated during a kidnapping attempt. ... Constitutionalism is the limitation of government by law. ... The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a U.S. Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975. ... Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911–1982) was the president of Chile from 1964 to 1970. ... General Prats, as vice-president General Carlos Prats González (1915 - Chilean political figure, and General Augusto Pinochets predecessor as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army. ...

With Allende in office, the U.S. reduced economic aid to the Chilean government.

In 1973, the CIA was notified by contacts of the impending Pinochet coup two days in advance, but contends it "played no direct role in" the coup. After Pinochet assumed power, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told Nixon that the U.S. "didn't do it" (referring to the coup itself) but had "created the conditions as great [sic] as possible." ^[15] In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American diplomat, Nobel laureate and statesman. ...

Crisis

Allende supporter attacking a policeman in 1972

October 1972 saw the first of what were to be a 24-day wave of confrontational strikes by truck-owners, small businessmen, some (mostly professional) unions, and some student groups occurred. Other than the inevitable damage to the economy, the chief effect of the strike was to bring the head of the army, general Carlos Prats, into the government as Interior Minister.^[16] The truckers' strike was, at least indirectly, financially aided by the CIA.^[10] Image File history File linksMetadata Allende07. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Allende07. ... General Prats, as vice-president General Carlos Prats González (1915 - Chilean political figure, and General Augusto Pinochets predecessor as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army. ...

Tanquetazo

Main article: Tanquetazo

On June 29, 1973, a tank regiment under the command of Colonel Roberto Souper surrounded the presidential palace (la Moneda) in a violent but unsuccessful coup attempt^[17] that was defused by Army Commander-in-chief, General Carlos Prats. This attempted coup has come to be known as the Tanquetazo or Tancazo. El tanquetazo (Spanish for the tank attack) refers to the failed coup attempt against the Popular Unity government of Socialist president Salvador Allende Gossens in Chile on June 29, 1973. ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Colonel Roberto Souper was a Chilean military leader who launched a violent but unsuccessful coup against the regime of Salvatore Allende. ... General Prats, as vice-president General Carlos Prats González (1915 - Chilean political figure, and General Augusto Pinochets predecessor as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army. ...

That failed coup was followed by a further strike at the end of July, joined this time by the copper miners of El Teniente as well. On August 9, General Prats was made Minister of Defense, but this decision proved so unpopular with the military that on August 22 he was forced to resign not only this position but his role as Commander-in-Chief of the Army; he was replaced in the latter role by General Augusto Pinochet.^[7] August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was a general and Dictator of Chile. ...

In August 1973, a constitutional crisis was clearly in the offing: the Supreme Court publicly complained about the government's inability to enforce the law of the land and on August 22, the Chamber of Deputies of Chile (with the Christian Democrats now firmly uniting with the National Party) accused Allende's government of unconstitutional acts, and called on the military ministers to "put an immediate end" to what they described as "breach[es of] the Constitution...with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law and ensuring the constitutional order of our Nation and the essential underpinnings of democratic coexistence among Chileans." They accused Allende's government of a "breakdown of the Rule of Law by means of the creation and development of government-protected armed groups which...are headed towards a confrontation with the Armed Forces."^[18] For some months now, the government had been afraid to call upon the national police known as the carabineros, for fear of their lack of loyalty. Allende's efforts to re-organize the military and police (which he clearly had reason to fear in their then-current forms) were characterized as "notorious attempts to use the Armed and Police Forces for partisan ends, destroy their institutional hierarchy, and politically infiltrate their ranks."^[7] (See Chamber of Deputies calls on the military.) Supreme Court building in Santiago The Supreme Court of Chile is the highest court of appeal in Chile. ... August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... Congress building The Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile (Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of Chiles bicameral Congress. ... (Redirected from 1973 coup in Chile) The Chilean coup détat of September 11, 1973, was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. ...

Pinochet and Allende in 1973

Two days later (August 24, 1973), Allende responded (See 1973 coup in Chile; full text of the response is at [3] in Spanish, [4] in English), responding point-by point to their accusations and, in turn, accusing Congress of "facilit[ing] the seditious intention of certain sectors" and promoting a coup or a civil war by "invoking the intervention of the Armed Forces and of Order against a democratically elected government". He pointed out that the declaration had failed to obtain the required two-thirds majority constitutionally required to bring an accusation against the president and argued that the legislature was trying to usurp the executive role. Image File history File links Allende-Pinochet. ... Image File history File links Allende-Pinochet. ... August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... (Redirected from 1973 coup in Chile) The Chilean coup détat of September 11, 1973, was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. ...

"Chilean democracy," he wrote, "is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it… With a tranquil conscience… I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside." He concluded by calling upon "the workers, all democrats and patriots" to join him in defense of the constitution and of the "revolutionary process."

Final coup

Main article: Chilean coup of 1973

In early September 1973, Allende floated the idea of resolving the crisis with a plebiscite. However, the Chilean military seized the initiative of the Chamber of Deputies' August 22 Resolution (which had implored Allende's military removal) to oust Allende on September 11, 1973. As the Presidential Palace was surrouded and bombed, Allende committed suicide. Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Front view of La Moneda The Palacio de La Moneda (Spanish The Mint Palace), is the present seat of the President of the Republic of Chile. ... Allendes last photograph alive Salvador Allende, President of Chile died during the Chilean coup of 1973. ...

Additional information

See also

A presidential election was held in Chile on 4 September 1970. ... (Redirected from 1973 coup in Chile) The Chilean coup détat of September 11, 1973, was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. ... Salvador Isabelino del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Allende Gossens[1] (July 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was President of Chile from November 1970 until his removal from power and death on September 11, 1973. ... Allendes last photograph alive Salvador Allende, President of Chile died during the Chilean coup of 1973. ... Carlos Altamirano Orrego (December 18, 1922, Santiago de Chile) is a lawyer and one of the most influential politicians of Chilean socialism. ... Politics of Chile President of Chile Political parties in Chile Elections in Chile: Presidential: 1925 - 1927 - 1931 - 1932 - 1938 - 1941 - 1946 - 1952 - 1958 - 1964 - 1970 - 1989 - 1993 - 1999 - 2005 The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish: Partido Socialista de Chile, PSC) is a political party in Chile, and part of the... Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was a general and Dictator of Chile. ... General Augusto Pinochet was head of the military dictatorship that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... The nationalization of the Chilean copper industry, (Chilenization) during the Salvador Allende government was the espoused basis for a later international boycott, which further isolated Chile from the world economy, worsening the state of political polarization. ... This is the history of Chile. ... Project FUBELT is the codename for the secret CIA operations that were intended to undermine Salvador Allendes government and promote a military coup in Chile. ... The United States on several occasions sought to influence the policies or government of Chile. ...

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Don Mabry, Chile: Allende's Rise and Fall.
2. ^ http://www.josepinera.com/pag/pag_tex_quiebredemoc_en.htm
3. ^ http://icarito.latercera.cl/icarito/2003/912/pag1a.htm
4. ^ http://www.iglesia.cl/iglesiachile/2003/1973/aplenenu.html
5. ^ http://www1.lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/1971/
6. ^ Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress: Chile - Constitutional History - Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830-1973, accessed on Dec 11, 2006
7. ^ ^{a b c} http://icarito.latercera.cl/icarito/2003/912/pag1c.htm
8. ^ The Times extract from the Mitrokhin Archive volume II, by Mitrokhin and historian Christopher Andrew[1]
9. ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch05-01.htm
10. ^ ^{a b} Church Report: Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973.
11. ^ Hinchey Report, September 18, 2000.
12. ^ ^{a b} Kristian C. Gustafson, Reexamining the Record: CIA Machinations in Chile in 1970
13. ^ Mark Falcoff, Kissinger and Chile
14. ^ Andrew J. Rhodes, Chilean Civil-Military Relations
15. ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/chile.htm
16. ^ http://icarito.latercera.cl/icarito/2003/912/pag1b.htm
17. ^ http://literature.rebelyouth.ca/educhile_1970s/tanquetazo.html
18. ^ Jose Pinera's archive of the CoD's Resolution

The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ... The KGB sword and shield emblem appears on the covers of the three published works by Mitrokhin, co-author Christopher Andrew The Mitrokhin Archive refers to the collected notes taken by Vasily Mitrokhin over 30 years. ... Christopher Maurice Andrew (born 23 July 1941) is a British historian and professor with a special interest in international relations and in particular the history of intelligence services. ... José Piñera José Piñera Echenique (born October 6, 1948, in Santiago, Chile) is a leading free market economist and a world pension reformer. ...

References

• Simon Collier & William F. Sater (1996). A History of Chile: 1808-1994. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Julio Faundez (1988). Marxism and democracy in Chile: From 1932 to the fall of Allende, New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Anke Hoogvelt (1997). Globalisation and the postcolonial world, London: Macmillan.
• Henry Kissinger (1970). National Security Decision 93: Policy Towards Chile, Washington: National Security Council.
• Alec Nove (1986). Socialism, Economics and Development, London: Allen & Unwin.
• Don Mabry (2003). Chile: Allende's Rise and Fall.

Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American diplomat, Nobel laureate and statesman. ...

External links

• An extensive Spanish-language site providing a day-by-day chronology of the Allende era. This is clearly a partisan, pro-Allende source, but the research and detail are enormous.
• The August 22, 1973 document under which the Chamber of Deputies called on the military to overthrow the Allende regime. This is a solid translation of the document, although the introductory note is clearly that of an apologist for the coup.
• Allende's August 24, 1973 response
• National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project which provides documents obtained from FOIA requests regarding U.S. involvement in Chile, beginning with attempts to promote a coup in 1970 and continuing through U.S. support for Pinochet
• Allende first speech to Chilean parliament following the 1970 election