Original members of the Government Junta (1977). From left to right, General Director of Carabineros César Mendoza, Navy Admiral José Toribio Merino, Army General Augusto Pinochet, Air General Gustavo Leigh.

General Augusto Pinochet, the most controversial figure in recent Chilean history, was head of the military junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, after the 1973 coup that overthrew the socialist government of Salvador Allende. Civilian rule was eventually restored in 1990, opening the way for the transition to democracy. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Original members of the Junta shortly after taking power. ... General César Mendoza Durán (September 11, 1918-September 13, 1996) was a member of the military junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, representing the carabineros. ... The statue of José Toribio Merino in Valparaísos Naval Museum. ... Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was President of Chile from 1974 to 1990, as well as President of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981. ... General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán (September 19, 1920-September 29, 1999) represented the Air Force in the junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990 He was born in Santiago, son of Hernán Leigh Bañados and Laura Guzmán Cea. ... Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was President of Chile from 1974 to 1990, as well as President of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981. ... A military dictatorship is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military; it is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... (Redirected from 1973 coup in Chile) The Chilean coup détat of September 11, 1973, was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subjfuck grapesect to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens[1] (July 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup détat of September 11, 1973. ... The Chilean transition to democracy (colloquially known in Chile as the Transición) began in 1988, with Augusto Pinochets defeat in the October 5, 1988 plebiscite. ...

Rise to power

Main article: Chilean coup of 1973

On August 22, 1973 the Chamber of Deputies of Chile passed, by a vote of 81 to 47, a resolution calling for President Allende's removal, by force if necessary. The measure failed to obtain the two-thirds vote in the Senate constitutionally required to convict the president of abuse of power, but represented a dramatic challenge to Allende's legitimacy. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Monte Verde is an archaeological site in south-central Chile, which is suspected to date 12,500 years before present, making it one of the earliest inhabited sites in the Americas. ... Mapuche test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapuche (Mapudungun; Che, People + Mapu, of the Land) are the Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. ... An anachronous map of the Spanish Empire (1492-1898). ... the Captaincy until 1776 the Captaincy between 1776 and 1818 The Kingdom of Chile or Realm of Chile (Spanish: Reino de Chile), also known as the General Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile), was an administrative territory of the Spanish Empire from 1541 to 1818, the year in... The Royal Governor of Chile ruled over the Spanish colonial administrative district known as the Reino de Chile. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Chilean Revolution of 1829 was an armed conflict between conservative and liberal forces in Chile over the constitutional regime in force. ... The War of the Confederation (1836 - 1839), was a conflict between the Peru-Bolivian Confederation and Chile, fought mostly in the actual territory of Peru and which ended with a Chilean victory and the disolution of the Confederacy. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan Buendía Andrés Cáceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Juan Williams Strength Peru-Bolivian Army 7,000 soldiers in 1878 Peruvian Navy 2 ironclad, 1 corvette, 1 gunboat Army of Chile 4,000 soldiers in... The Chilean Civil War of 1891 was an armed conflict between forces supporting Congress and forces supporting the sitting President, José Manuel Balmaceda. ... Former National Congress in Santiago de Chile, seat of the parliamentary power. ... The Chilean coup détat of 1925 took place on January 23, 1925, when the Chilean military overthrew the September Junta. ... Republics with presidential systems are shown in blue A presidential system, or a congressional system, is a system of government of a republic where the executive branch is elected separately from the legislative. ... Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... 2006 student protests. ... Politics of Chile takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Chile is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... This is a list of topics related to Chile. ... // In colonial times, the segmentation of Chile into latifundios left only small parcels for native American and mestizo villagers to cultivate. ... This is a list of the coup détat that have taken place in Chile during its independent history: Chilean coup of 1925 - (January 23, 1925) Tanquetazo - (June 29, 1973) Chilean coup of 1973 - (September 11, 1973) Categories: | | ... This is a list of major political scandals in Chile: Scorpion scandal (1809) - A smuggling scandal that caused the fall of the Royal Governor and hastened Chilean Independence Seguro Obrero massacre (1938) - 58 people murdered by police in the wake of an attempted Nazi putsch Watches affair (1953) - A corruption... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Congress building The Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile (Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of Chiles bicameral Congress. ... Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens[1] (July 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup détat of September 11, 1973. ... Chile Congress building The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chiles bicameral Congress, as established in the current constitution. ...

The military seized on the widespread discontent and the Chamber's resolution to launch the September 11, 1973 coup d'état (see 1973 coup in Chile) and install themselves in power as a Military Government Junta, composed of the heads of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Carabineros (police). is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... // A coup dÉtat (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, often through illegal means by a part of the state establishment — mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ... (Redirected from 1973 coup in Chile) The Chilean coup détat of September 11, 1973, was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. ... Original members of the Junta shortly after taking power. ...

Once the Junta was in power, General Augusto Pinochet soon consolidated his control over the government. Since he was the commander-in-chief of the oldest branch of the military forces (the Army), he was made the titular head of the junta, and soon after President of Chile. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was President of Chile from 1974 to 1990, as well as President of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981. ... A military dictatorship is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military; it is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military. ... Flag of the President of Chile The President of Chile is both the chief of state and the head of government. ...

Political activity

Following their takeover of power, the Government Junta formally banned the socialist, Marxist and other leftist parties that had constituted former President Allende's Popular Unity coalition. On September 13, the junta dissolved the Congress and outlawed or suspended all political parties. All dissident leaders, from any walk of life, were suspended. All political activity was declared in "recess". Original members of the Junta shortly after taking power. ... “Leftism” redirects here. ... Peoples Unity, or Popular Unity (Spanish: Unidad Popular or UP) was the coalition of Chilean political parties that coalesced behind the successful candidacy of Salvador Allende for the 1970 Chilean presidential election. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Pinochet expressed contempt for the Christian Democratic Party's call for a quick return to civilian democracy. However, he did not ban the party. Eduardo Frei, Allende's Christian Democratic predecessor as president, initially supported the coup along with other Christian Democratic leaders. Later, they assumed the role of a loyal opposition to the military rulers, but soon lost most of their influence. Politics of Chile Political parties in Chile Elections in Chile: President: 1925 - 1927 - 1931 - 1932 - 1938 - 1941 - 1946 - 1952 - 1958 - 1964 - 1970 - 1989 - 1993 - 1999 - 2005 The Christian Democratic Party of Chile (Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile) is a political party in Chile and governs as part of the... Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911–1982) was a Chilean political figure and president of Chile from 1964 to 1970. ...

Meanwhile, left-wing Christian Democratic leaders like Radomiro Tomic were jailed or forced into exile. The Catholic church, which at first expressed its gratitude to the armed forces for saving the country from the danger of a "Marxist dictatorship" became, under the leadership of Raúl Cardinal Silva Henríquez, the most outspoken critic of the regime's social and economic policies. Nonetheless, even Pope John Paul II has been criticized for his perceived leniency towards the Pinochet regime. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Raúl Silva Henríquez (27 September 1907 - 9 April 1999) was a Cardinal of the Catholic Church in Chile. ... Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

The military junta began to change during the late 1970s. Due to problems with General Pinochet, General Gustavo Leigh was expelled from the junta in 1978 and replaced by General Fernando Matthei. In 1985 due to the Caso Degollados scandal ("case of the slit throats"), General César Mendoza resigned and was replaced by General Rodolfo Stange. General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán (September 19, 1920-September 29, 1999) represented the Air Force in the junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990 He was born in Santiago, son of Hernán Leigh Bañados and Laura Guzmán Cea. ... General Fernando Matthei Aubel represented the Air Force in the junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990 after Gustavo Leigh was destituted on 1978. ... The Caso Degollados (Spanish: Case of the Slit Throats) was a politically motivated crime and political scandal that took place in Chile. ... General César Mendoza Durán (September 11, 1918-September 13, 1996) was a member of the military junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, representing the carabineros. ... General Rodolfo Stange Oelckers (b. ...

Constitution of 1980

Main article: Chilean national plebiscite, 1980

Chile's new constitution was approved in a national plebiscite held in September 11, 1980. The constitution was approved by 66% of voters under a process which has been described as "highly irregular and undemocratic."^[1] The constitution came into force on March 11, 1981. The National Plebiscite of 1980 in Chile was a referendum held on September 11, 1980 in order to approve the 1980 Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile as a replacement for Chiles 1925 constitution. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ...

Economy and Free Market reforms

See also: Miracle of Chile

After the military took over the government in 1973, a period of dramatic economic changes began. The Chilean economy was still faltering in the months following the coup. As the military junta itself was not particularly skilled in remedying the persistent economic difficulties, Pinochet appointed a group of economists who had been educated in the United States at the University of Chicago. Given financial and ideological support from Pinochet, the U.S., and international financial institutions, the Chicago Boys advocated laissez-faire, free-market, neoliberal, and fiscally conservative policies, in stark contrast to the extensive nationalization and centrally-planned economic programs supported by Allende. [Valdes, 1995] The Miracle of Chile is a phrase coined by Milton Friedman in 1982 to describe the liberal, monetarist economic reforms implemented in Chile under the government of President Augusto Pinochet. ... The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... The Chicago Boys (c. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... For the school of international relations, see Neoliberalism (international relations). ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... Nationalization or nationalisation is the act of transferring assets into public ownership. ...

Chile was forcefully transformed from an economy isolated from the rest of the world, with strong government intervention, into a liberalized, world-integrated economy, where market forces were left free to guide most of the economy's decisions. This period was characterized by several important economic achievements: inflation was reduced greatly, the government deficit was virtually eliminated, the economy went through a dramatic liberalization of its foreign sector, and a strong market system was established.

From an economic point of view, the era can be divided into two periods. The first, from 1973 to 1982, corresponds to the period when most of the reforms were implemented. The period ended with the international debt crisis and the collapse of the Chilean economy. At that point, unemployment was extremely high, above 20 percent, and a large proportion of the banking sector had become bankrupt. During this period, an economic policy that emphasized export expansion and growth was implemented. The second period, from 1982 to 1990, is characterized by economic recovery and the consolidation of the free-market reforms.

Pinochet's policies were lauded internationally for transforming the Chilean economy and bringing about an "economic miracle". British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher credited him with bringing about a thriving, free-enterprise economy, while at the same time downplaying the junta's human rights record, condemning an "organised international Left who are bent on revenge." Pinochet certainly did achieve macroeconomic success with his reforms, hindered somewhat by recession in the early 1980s. GDP growth remained steady, and Chile began a process of integration into the international economy. However, as discussed below, many social costs were paid by the lower strata of Chilean society. The Miracle of Chile is a phrase coined by Milton Friedman in 1982 to describe the liberal, monetarist economic reforms implemented in Chile under the government of President Augusto Pinochet. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first (and, to date, only) woman to hold either post. ... Circulation in macroeconomics Macroeconomics is a branch of Economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of the economy as a whole. ...

1973-1982

Chile's main industry, copper mining, remained in government hands, but new mineral deposits were open to private investment. Capitalist involvement was increased, pension funds and healthcare were privatized, and Superior Education was also placed in private hands. One of the junta's economic moves was fixing the exchange rate in the early 1980s, leading to a boom in imports and a collapse of domestic industrial production; this together with a world recession caused a serious economic crisis in 1982, where GDP plummeted by 14%, and unemployment reached 33%. At the same time, a series of massive protests were organized, trying to cause the fall of the regime, without success.

Deflation policy

Inflation was a significant factor plaguing the Chilean economy during and after the Allende years. Between September 1973 and October 1975, the consumer price index rose over 3,000%. In order to combat this persistent problem and pave the way for economic growth, the Chicago Boys recommended dramatic cuts in social services. The junta put the group's recommendations into effect, and cumulative cuts in health funding totaled 60% between 1973 and 1988. The Chicago Boys (c. ...

The cuts indirectly caused a significant rise in many preventable diseases and mental health problems. These included rises in typhoid (121%,) viral hepatitis, and an increase in the frequency and seriousness of mental ailments among the unemployed. ^[2].

Exchange rate depreciations and cutbacks in government spending produced a depression. Industrial and agricultural production declined. Massive unemployment, estimated at 25% in 1977 (it was only 3% in 1972), and inflation eroded the living standard of workers and many members of the middle class to subsistence levels. The under-employed informal sector also mushroomed in size. The long-term goal of reducing inflation was achieved in spite of the aforementioned costs.

1982-1990

After the economic crisis of 1982, Hernan Buchi became Minister of Finance from 1985 to 1989. He allowed the peso to float and reinstated restrictions on the movement of capital in and out of the country. He introduced banking legislation, simplified and reduced the corporate tax. Chile pressed ahead with privatizations, including public utilities plus the re-privatization of companies that had returned to the government during the 1982–1983 crisis.

Macroeconomics

Pinochet's policies led to substantial GDP growth, in contrast to the negative growth seen in the final year of the Allende administration. The upper 20% of income earners ultimately benefitted the most from such growth, receiving 85% of the increase ^[3]. Foreign debt also grew substantially under Pinochet, rising 300% between 1974 and 1988.

Under these new policies, the rate of inflation dropped from about 1,000% per year to about 10% per year. While this was still a high rate of inflation, it allowed the economy to start recovering. From 1984 to 1990, Chile's gross domestic product grew by an annual average of 5.9%, the fastest on the continent. Chile developed a good export economy, including the export of fruits and vegetables to the northern hemisphere when they were out of season, and commanded high prices.

Social Consequences

The economic policies espoused by the Chicago Boys and implemented by the junta "initially" caused several economic indicators to decline for Chile's lower classes. Between 1970 and 1989 , there were large cuts to incomes and social services. Wages decreased by 8%. Family allowances in 1989 were 28% of what they had been in 1970 and the budgets for education, health and housing had dropped by over 20% on average ^[4]. The massive increases in military spending and cuts in funding to public services coincided with falling wages and steady rises in unemployment, which averaged 26% during the worldwide economic slump of 1982–1985 ^[5] and eventually peaked at 30%. However, it should be noted that during the presidency of Salvador Allende, the government employed many from Chile's lower classes in public works programs as well as new and expanded government enterprises. His administration also expanded the government's role in education, healthcare and housing. Consequently, any economic changes after Allende will be biased by the large role of socialist programs during the period. A military budget of an entity, most often a nation or a state is the budget and financial resources dedicated to raising and maintaining armed forces for that entity. ... Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens[1] (July 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup détat of September 11, 1973. ...

The economy grew rapidly from 1976 to 1981, fueled by the influx of private foreign loans until the debt crisis of the early 1980s. But despite high growth in the late 1970s, income distribution became more regressive. While the upper 5% of the population received 25% of the total national income in 1972, it received 50% in 1975. Wage and salary earners got 64% of the national income in 1972 but only 38% at the beginning of 1977. Malnutrition affected half of the nation's children, and 60% of the population could not afford the minimum protein and food energy per day. Infant mortality increased sharply.^{[citation needed]} A loan is a type of debt. ... This graphic shows the distribution of gross annual household income. ... Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Food energy is the amount of energy in food that is available through digestion. ... is the death of infants in the first year of life. ...

The junta's economics also hurt the Chilean small business class. Decreased demand, lack of credit, and monopolies engendered by the regime pushed many small and medium size enterprises into bankruptcy. The curtailment of government expenditures created widespread white-collar and professional unemployment. The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability at each price (supply) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price (demand). ... Credit as a financial term, used in such terms as credit card, refers to the granting of a loan and the creation of debt. ...

The junta relied on force, the oligarchy, huge foreign corporations, and foreign loans to maintain itself. Under Pinochet, funding of military and internal defence spending rose 120% from 1974 to 1979. Due to the reduction in public spending, tens of thousands of employees were fired from other state-sector jobs. ^[6] The oligarchy recovered most of its lost industrial and agricultural holdings, for the junta sold to private buyers most of the industries expropriated by Allende's Popular Unity government. This period saw the expansion of monopolies and widespread speculation.

Financial conglomerates became major beneficiaries of the liberalized economy and the flood of foreign bank loans. Large foreign banks received large sums in repayments of interest and principal from the junta; in return, they lent the government millions more. International lending organizations such as the World Bank, the IMF, and the Inter-American Development Bank lent vast sums. Foreign multinational corporations such as International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), Dow Chemical, and Firestone, all expropriated by Allende, returned to Chile. ‹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ... The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... The Inter-American Development Bank (preferred abbreviation: IDB; but frequently given as IADB), was established in 1959 to support Latin American and Caribbean economic/social development and regional integration by lending mainly to public institutions. ... This article needs cleanup. ... The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW) is a multinational corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan, USA. In terms of market capitalization, it is the second-largest chemical company in the world, smaller than only DuPont. ... The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company was founded by Harvey Firestone in 1900 to supply pneumatic tires for wagons, buggies, and other forms of wheeled transportation common in the era. ...

Foreign relations

Pinochet with his Argentinean counterpart, Jorge Rafael Videla

Having come to power with the self-proclaimed mission of fighting communism, Pinochet found common cause with the military dictatorships of Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and later, Argentina. The six countries eventually formulated a plan that became known as Operation Condor, in which one country's security forces would target active Marxist subversives, guerrillas, and their alleged sympathizers in the allied countries. Pinochet's government received tacit approval and material support from the United States. The exact nature and extent of this support is disputed. (See U.S. role in 1973 Coup, U.S. intervention in Chile and Operation Condor for more details.) It is known, however, that the American Secretary of State at the time, Henry Kissinger, practiced a policy of supporting coups in nations which the United States viewed as leaning toward Communism.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (412x620, 40 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Augusto Pinochet ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (412x620, 40 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Augusto Pinochet ... Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes, Buenos Aires) was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South... Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... The United States on several occasions sought to influence the policies or government of Chile. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American diplomat, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ...

The new junta quickly broke off the diplomatic relations with Cuba that had been established under the Allende government. Shortly after the junta came to power, several communist countries, including the Soviet Union, North Korea, North Vietnam, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, severed diplomatic relations with Chile (however, Romania and the People's Republic of China both continued to maintain diplomatic relations with Chile).^[7] The government broke diplomatic relations with Cambodia in January 1974^[8] and renewed ties with South Vietnam in March 1974.^[9] The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), or less commonly, Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cá»™ng Hòa), also known as North Vietnam, was proclaimed by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, September 2nd1945 and was recognized by the Peoples Republic of China and the... Anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Capital East Berlin Language(s) German Government Socialist republic Head of State  - 1949 – 1960 Wilhelm Pieck  - 1960 – 1973 Walter Ulbricht  - 1973 – 1976 Willi Stoph  - 1976 – 1989 Erich Honecker  - 1989 Egon Krenz  - 1989 - 1990 Manfred Gerlach Head of Government  - 1949 – 1964 Otto Grotewohl  - 1964 – 1973 Willi Stoph... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... Anthem Thanh niên Hành Khúc (Call to the Citizens) Capital Saigon Language(s) Vietnamese Government Republic Last President¹ Duong Van Minh Last Prime minister Vu Van Mau Historical era Cold War  - Regime change June 14, 1955  - Dissolution April 30, 1975 Area  - 1973 173,809 km² 67,108...

During 1977 and 1978, Chile was on the brink of war with Argentina (also ruled by a military government) stemming from disagreements over the ownership of the strategic Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands at the southern tip of South America on the Beagle Canal. Problems reached a high in 1978, and full-scale war was prevented only by the last minute intervention of Pope John Paul II, who sent Cardinal Antonio Samoré, as his personal representative. In 1982, Chilean-Argentine relations worsened once again because Chile along with Colombia, were the only countries in Latin America not to support Argentina in its war with the U.K. over the Falkland Islands, and Chile actually helped the United Kingdom during the war. The two countries (Chile and Argentina) finally agreed to papal mediation over the Beagle canal that finally ended in the Argentina-Chile Peace and Friendship Treaty of 1984 (Tratado de Paz y Amistad). Chilean sovereignty over the islands and Argentinian over the surrounding sea is now undisputed. Map of Picton, Lennox and Nueva Picton, Lennox and Nueva is a group of three uninhabited islands (and their islets) located on the extreme south of South America, in the Chilean region Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena, near Navarino island and the southern coast of Isla Grande de Tierra... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born   []; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of... Antonio Samoré was a Catholic Cardinal. ... “UK” redirects here. ... Map of Picton, Lennox and Nueva The Argentina-Chile Peace and Friendship Treaty (Spanish: Tratado de Paz y Amistad) was an agreement signed in 1984 between Argentina and Chile over the possession of the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands and sea located south of Tierra del Fuego resolving a serious...

US support

The U.S. was significantly friendlier with Pinochet than it had been with Allende, and continued to give Chile substantial economic support between the years 1973–1979, while simultaneously expressing opposition to the junta's repression in international forums such as the United Nations. The U.S. went beyond verbal condemnation in 1976, after the murder of Orlando Letelier in Washington D.C., when it placed an embargo on arms sales to Chile that remained in effect until the restoration of democracy in 1989. Presumably, with international concerns over Chilean internal repression and previous American hostility and intervention regarding the Allende government, the U.S. did not want to be seen as an accomplice in the junta's "security" activities. Prominent U.S. allies Britain, France, and West Germany did not block arms sales to Pinochet, benefitting from the lack of American competition. ^[10] The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Letelier case (September 21, 1976) refers to the murder of Orlando Letelier, a Chilean political figure and, later, United States-based activist, who was assassinated in Washington, D.C. along with his American assistant, Ronni Moffitt, by Chilean agents of the DINA, the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (National Intelligence...

Further information: United States intervention in Chile

Meeting between General A. Pinochet and US Secretary of State H. Kissinger (1974). ...

French support

Although France received many Chilean political refugees, it also secretly collaborated with Pinochet. French journalist Marie-Monique Robin has found in the archives of the Quai d'Orsay, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, the original document proving that a 1959 agreement between Paris and Buenos Aires instaured a "permanent French military mission," formed of militaries who had fought in the Algerian War, and which was located in the offices of the chief of staff of the Argentine Army. She showed how Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Videla's junta in Argentine and with Augusto Pinochet's regime in Chile. ^[11]. Marie-Monique Robin (1960-) is a French journalist, who was awarded the Albert Londres prize in 1995 for Voleurs dyeux, on organ theft. ... Quai dOrsay is a Parisian quay situated on the Ile de la Cité. Its name is commonly associated with the French Ministry of External Affairs, whose building is situated on the quay. ... Combatants FLN (1954-62) MNA (1954-62) France (1954-62) FAF (1960-61) OAS (1961-62) Commanders Mostefa Benboulaïd Ferhat Abbas Hocine Aït Ahmed Ahmed Ben Bella Krim Belkacem Larbi Ben MHidi Rabah Bitat Mohamed Boudiaf Messali Hadj Jacques Massu Maurice Challe Said Boualam Pierre Lagaillarde Raoul... Valéry Marie René Giscard dEstaing (born 2 February 1926) is a French center-right politician who was President of the French Republic from 1974 until 1981. ... Jorge Rafael Videla, first president of the Proceso Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name given by its leaders to the dictatorial regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. ... Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was President of Chile from 1974 to 1990, as well as President of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981. ...

Green deputies Noël Mamère, Martine Billard and Yves Cochet deposed on September 10, 2003 a request for the constitution of a Parliamentary Commission on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by Edouard Balladur. Apart of Le Monde, newspapers remained silent about this request ^[12]. However, deputy Roland Blum, in charge of the Commission, refused to hear Marie-Monique Robin, and published in December 2003 a 12 pages report qualified by Robin as the summum of bad faith. It claimed that no agreement had been signed, despite the agreement found by Robin in the Quai d'Orsay ^{[13] [14]} Les Verts (the Greens) is a Green Party in France. ... Noël Mamère (born December 25, 1948) is a French politician of the French Green Party (Les Verts). ... Députée Martine Billard attending the protest of the 7th of May 2006 against the DADVSI law project. ... Yves Cochet is a French politician. ... Categories: Stub | 1929 births | Prime ministers of France | Alumni of Sciences Po ... Le Monde is also the name of a song by the Thievery Corporation. ... Roland Blum (Les Pennes-Mirabeau, 12 July 1945-) is a French conservative politician, member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). ... Quai dOrsay is a Parisian quay situated on the Ile de la Cité. Its name is commonly associated with the French Ministry of External Affairs, whose building is situated on the quay. ...

When then Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred ^[15]. This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Foreign aid

The previous drop in foreign aid during the Allende years was immediately reversed following Pinochet's ascension; Chile received USD $322.8 million in loans and credits in the year following the coup ^[16]. There was considerable international condemnation of the military regime's human rights record, a matter that the United States expressed concern over as well after Orlando Letelier's 1976 assassination in Washington DC. ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ... Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist, political figure, diplomat and, later, US-based activist. ...

Human Rights violations

Political prisoner executed after the coup and left abandoned on the street in downtown Santiago (September 1973)

The military rule was characterized by systematic suppression of all leftist opposition, which led some to speak of a "politicide" (or "political genocide"). Steve J. Stern spoke of a politicide to describe "a systematic project to destroy an entire way of doing and understanding politics and governance."^[17] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Politicide is a punk band formed in the early 80s. ...

The worst violence occurred in the first three months of the coup's aftermath, with the number of suspected leftists killed or "disappeared" (desaparecidos) soon reaching into the thousands. In the days immediately following the coup, the National Stadium was used as a concentration camp holding 40,000 prisoners. Some of the most famous cases of "desaparecidos" are Charles Horman, a U.S. citizen who was killed during the coup itself, Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara, and the October 1973 Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte) where at least 70 persons were killed. Others operations include Operation Colombo during which hundreds of left-wing activists were murdered and Operation Condor, carried out with the security services of other Latin American dictatorships. Disappear redirects here. ... The Estadio Nacional de Chile is the national stadium of Chile. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Charles Horman (May 15, 1942 – September 20, 1973), an American journalist, was one of the victims of the coup détat led by General Augusto Pinochet in Chile on September 11, 1973 which deposed the democratically-elected socialist president, Salvador Allende. ... Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez (September 28, 1932 – September 15, 1973 [1]) was a Chilean pedagogue, theatre director, poet, singer-songwriter, and political activist. ... Generals Sergio Arellano Stark and Augusto Pinochet a few hours before the departure of the Caravan of Death (September 1973) The Caravan of Death was a Chilean Army squad that, following the Chilean coup of 1973, flew by helicopter from south to north of Chile between September 30 and October... Operation Colombo design a disinformation plan by the DINA ,chileans secret police, in july 1976, to cover up the murder of 119 leftist opponents. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South...

Following Pinochet's defeat in the 1989 plebiscite, the 1991 Rettig Commission, a multipartisan effort from the democratic governments to discover the truth about the allegations, listed a number of torture and detention centers (such as Colonia Dignidad, the ship Esmeralda or Víctor Jara Stadium), and found that at least 3,000 people were killed or disappeared by the regime. The Rettig Report, officially The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation Report, is a report encompassing human rights abuses resulting in death or disappearance committed in Chile during the years of military rule under Augusto Pinochet, which began on September 11, 1973 and ended on March 11, 1990. ... Torture, according to international law, is any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has... Detention generally refers to a state or government holding a person in a particular area, either for interrogation, as punishment for a wrong, or as a precautionary measure while investigating a potential threat posed by that person. ... Colonia Dignidad (Dignity Colony, now known as Villa Baviera, Bavaria Village), is a settlement located in an isolated area in the Maule Region of southern Chile, near the village of Parral. ... Esmeralda (BE-43) Esmeralda (BE-43) is a steel-hulled four-masted barquentine tall ship of the Chilean Navy. ... For the National Stadium of Chile, see Estadio Nacional de Chile. ... ...

A later report, the Valech Report (published in November 2004), confirmed the figure of 3,000 deaths but dramatically reduced the alleged cases of disappearances. It tells of some 28,000 arrests in which the majority of those detained were incarcerated and in a great many cases tortured. Many were exiled and received abroad, in particular in Argentina, as political refugees; however, they were followed in their exile by the DINA secret police, in the frame of Operation Condor which linked South-American dictatorships together against political opponents. Monsignor Valech delivers the report to President Lagos The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study published on November 29, 2004 that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 and 1990 by agents of Augusto Pinochets military regime. ... A prison is a place in which people are confined and deprived of a range of liberties. ... Torture, according to international law, is any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... Dina may refer to: A villBold textge in India where the Zafarnama was written A Sanskrit word meaning day An English spelling variation of Dinah, a Hebrew name. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South...

Due to the slit throats case (Caso Degollados), during which three Communist party members were assassinated, César Mendoza, member of the junta since 1973 and representants of the carabineros, resigned in 1985 and was replaced by Rodolfo Stange. The next year, Carmen Gloria Quintana was burnt alive in what became known as the burnt alive case (Caso Quemados). The Caso Degollados (Spanish: Case of the Slit Throats) was a politically motivated crime and political scandal that took place in Chile. ... The Communist Party of Chile (Spanish: Partido Comunista de Chile) is a Chilean political party that advocates communism. ... General César Mendoza Durán (September 11, 1918-September 13, 1996) was a member of the military junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, representing the carabineros. ... The Carabineros de Chile (Carabiniers of Chile) are the uniformed Chilean national police force, created on April 27, 1927. ... General Rodolfo Stange Oelckers (b. ... Carmen Gloria Quintana Arancibia (born c. ... The Burnt Alive Case (Spanish: Caso quemados) was a politically motivated crime and political scandal in that took place in Chile. ...

Chile under Pinochet was a key participant in the Operation Condor, a campaign of assassination, intelligence-gathering and counter-terrorism, conducted jointly by the Chilean security services and those of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay in the mid-1970s. The military governments of these respective countries contended that they were neutralizing leftist subversives, but their definition of the term was extremely broad, and their operations were known to target many political dissidents. Many Chilean exiles were followed and murdered by DINA or allied secret services. For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... A dissident is a person who actively opposes the established order. ... Dina may refer to: A villBold textge in India where the Zafarnama was written A Sanskrit word meaning day An English spelling variation of Dinah, a Hebrew name. ...

According to the Latin American Institute on Mental Health and Human Rights (ILAS), "situations of extreme trauma" affected about 200,000 persons; this figure includes individuals killed, tortured (following the UN definition of torture), or exiled and their immediate families. While more radical groups such as the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) were staunch advocates of a Marxist revolution, it is currently accepted that the junta deliberately targeted nonviolent political opponents as well, making it an archetype of state terrorism. The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Revolutionary Left Movement Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) (Spanish Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria) is a Chilean communist party founded on October 12, 1965. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

Resistance against the regime

After the coup, left-wing organizations tried to set up activities of resistance against the regime. Many activists created groups of refugees abroad, while the Communist Party of Chile set up an armed wing, which became in 1983 the FPMR (Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez). In 1986, the FPMR attempted to assassinate Pinochet. This failed operation led to an internal crisis of the group, many of its leading members being arrested by the security forces. The Communist Party of Chile YOU MOTHERFUCKING COMMUNISTS GO TO HELL! (Spanish: Partido Comunista de Chile) is a Chilean political party that advocates communism. ... The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (Spanish: Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez) (FPMR) is a Communist guerrilla organization in Chile, named for a figure in Chiles independence movement, Manuel Rodríguez. ...

Plebiscite and return to civilian rule

Main article: Chilean transition to democracy

According to the transitional provisions of the 1980 Constitution, a plebiscite was scheduled for October 5, 1988, to vote on a new eight-year presidential term for Pinochet. The Constitutional Tribunal ruled that the plebiscite should be carried out as stipulated by the Law of Elections. That included an "Electoral Space" during which all positions, in this case two, Sí (yes), and No, would have two free slots of equal and uninterrupted TV time, simultaneously broadcast by all TV channels, with no political advertising outside those spots. The allotment was scheduled in two off-prime time slots: one before the afternoon news and the other before the late-night news, from 22:45 to 23:15 each night (the evening news was from 20:30 to 21:30, and prime time from 21:30 to 22:30). The opposition No campaign, headed by Ricardo Lagos, produced colorful, upbeat programs, telling the Chilean people to vote against the extension of the presidential term. Lagos, in an interview, called on Pinochet to account for all the "disappeared" persons. The Sí campaign did not argue for the advantages of extension, but was instead negative, claiming that voting "no" was equivalent to voting for a return to the chaos of the UP government. The Chilean transition to democracy (colloquially known in Chile as the Transición) began in 1988, with Augusto Pinochets defeat in the October 5, 1988 plebiscite. ... is the 278th day of the year (279th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (born March 2, 1938) is a lawyer, economist and social democrat politician, who served as president of Chile from 2000 to 2006. ...

Pinochet lost the 1988 referendum, where 55% of the votes rejected the extension of the presidential term, against 43% for "Sí", and, though a plebiscite is technically non-binding, this one triggered multi-candidate presidential elections in 1989 to choose his replacement. Open presidential elections were held the next year, at the same time as congressional elections that would have taken place in either case. Pinochet left the presidency on March 11, 1990 and transferred power to Patricio Aylwin, the new democratically elected president. Due to the same transitional provisions of the constitution, Pinochet remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, until March 1998. Politics of Chile Politics of Chile Political parties in Chile Elections in Chile: President: 1970 - 1989 - Chile on 14 December 1989. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

Legacy

Following the restoration of Chilean democracy and during the successive administrations that followed Pinochet, the Chilean economy has prospered, and today the country is considered a Latin American success story. Unemployment stands at 8.5% as of 2003, with poverty estimated at 20.6% for 2000, both relatively low for the region. [1]

Supporters of Pinochet's economic policies contend that the three successive administrations following him contributed to this success by maintaining and continuing the reforms initiated by the junta, but opponents have criticized the neoliberal policies enacted by the junta. For the school of international relations, see Neoliberalism (international relations). ...

The "Chilean Variation" is still seen by many ^{[Who said this?]} as the potential model for nations that fail to achieve significant economic growth. The latest is Russia, for whom David Christian warned in 1991 that "dictatorial government presiding over a transition to Capitalism seems one of the more plausible scenarios, even if it does so at a high cost in human rights violations" ^[18]. Dr. David Gilbert Christian (1946-) is an Anglo-American historian. ... Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are all or mostly privately[1][2] owned and operated for profit, and in which investments, distribution, income, production and pricing of goods and services are determined through the operation of a free market. ...

On Pinochet's 91st birthday in 2006, in a public statement to supporters, Pinochet for the first time claimed to accept "political responsibility" for what happened in Chile under his regime, though he still defended his 1973 coup against Salvador Allende. In a statement read by his wife Lucia Hiriart, he said, Today, near the end of my days, I want to say that I harbour no rancour against anybody, that I love my fatherland above all. ... I take political responsibility for everything that was done ^[19]. Despite this statement, Pinochet always refused to be confronted to Chilean justice, claiming that he was senile. He died in 2006 without having being judged. Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens[1] (July 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup détat of September 11, 1973. ... General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the British government in 2000. ...

Additional information

See also

Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... Original members of the Junta shortly after taking power. ... Map of Chile This is the history of Chile. ... The Miracle of Chile is a phrase coined by Milton Friedman in 1982 to describe the liberal, monetarist economic reforms implemented in Chile under the government of President Augusto Pinochet. ... This is a list of major political scandals in Chile: Scorpion scandal (1809) - A smuggling scandal that caused the fall of the Royal Governor and hastened Chilean Independence Alejandrina Cox incident (1973) - A traffic incident that caused the resignation of the Army Commander-in-chief and hastened the Chilean coup... Monsignor Valech delivers the report to President Lagos The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study published on November 29, 2004 that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 and 1990 by agents of Augusto Pinochets military regime. ... Operation TOUCAN was a KGB/DGI public relations and disinformation campaign directed at the military government of Chile led by Augusto Pinochet. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South...

References

• David Christian (1991). "Perestroika and World History", Published in Australian Slavonic and East European studies Macquarie University (Sydney, Australia).
• Falcoff, Mark (2003). "Cuba: The Morning After", p. 26. AEI Press, 2003.
• Petras, J., & Vieux, S. (1990). "The Chilean 'Economic Miracle"': An Empirical Critique", Critical Sociology, 17, pp. 57-72.
• Roberts, K.M. (1995). "From the Barricades to the Ballot Box: Redemocratization and Political Realignment in the Chilean Left", Politics & Society, 23, pp. 495-519.
• Schatan, J. (1990). "The Deceitful Nature of Socio-Economic Indicators". Development, 3-4, pp. 69-75.
• Sznajder, M. (1996). "Dilemmas of economic and political modernisation in Chile: A jaguar that wants to be a puma", Third World Quarterly, 17, pp. 725-736.
• Valdes, J.G. (1995). Pinochet's economists: The Chicago School in Chile, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Steve Anderson Body of Chile's Former President Frei May Be Exumed, The Santiago Times, April 5, 2005

Footnotes