It has been suggested that Chimarism be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

For other uses of the term chimera, see the chimera (disambiguation).

In zoology, a chimera is an animal that has two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated in different zygotes; if the different cells emerged from the same zygote, it is called a mosaicism. Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chimera (genetics). ... Look up chimera, Chimaera in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Zoology (from Greek: ζῴον, zoion, animal; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... It has been suggested that Biparental zygote be merged into this article or section. ... Mosaicism In medicine (genetics), a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different genotypes in one patient, where usually one of the two is affected by a genetic disorder. ...

Chimeras are formed from four parent cells (two fertilized eggs or early embryos fuse together) or from three parent cells (a fertilized egg is fused with an unfertilized egg or a fertilized egg is fused with an extra sperm). Each population of cells keeps its own character and the resulting animal is a mixture of mis-matched parts. An analogy is two jigsaw puzzles cut using an identical cutter, but with different pictures. A single puzzle can be made out of the mis-matched parts, but the completed puzzle will show parts of both different pictures. It has been suggested that puzzle globe be merged into this article or section. ...

This condition is either acquired through the infusion of allogeneic hematopoietic cells during transplantation or transfusion or it is inherited. In fraternal twins, chimerism occurs by means of blood-vessel anastomoses. The likelihood of a child being a chimera is increased if the child is created via in vitro fertilization. Chimeras can often breed, but the fertility and type of offspring depends on which cell line gave rise to the ovaries or testes. Hematopoietic cells are blood-forming cells in the body. ... An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. ... Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. ... An anastomosis (plural anastomoses) is a connection between two structures, organs or spaces. ... In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a technique in which egg cells are fertilized outside the mothers body in cases where conception is difficult or impossible through normal intercourse. ...

Tetragametic chimerism

Tetragametic chimerism is a less common cause of congenital chimerism. It occurs through the fertilization of two ova by two sperm, followed by the fusion of the zygotes and the development of an organism with intermingled cell lines. This happens at a very early stage of development, such as that of the blastocyst. Such an organism is called a tetragametic chimera as it is formed from four gametes — two eggs and two sperm. Put another way, the chimera is formed from the merger of two fraternal twins in a very early (zygote or blastocyst) phase. As such, they can be male, female, or hermaphroditic. Mammalian embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation which leads to the development of a mammalian embryo. ... A gamete is a specialized germ cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. ... A human ovum Sperm cells attempting to fertilize an ovum An ovum (plural ova) is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete. ... A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( spermatozoa), from the ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed) and (living being) and more commonly known as a sperm cell, is the haploid cell that is the male gamete. ... Fraternal twin boys in the tub The term twin most notably refers to two individuals (or one of two individuals) who have shared the same uterus (womb) and usually, but not necessarily, born on the same day. ... In zoology, a hermaphrodite is a species that contains both male and female sexual organs at some point during their lives. ...

As the organism develops, the resulting chimera can come to possess organs that have different sets of chromosomes. For example, the chimera may have a liver composed of cells with one set of chromosomes and have a kidney composed of cells with a second set of chromosomes. This has occurred in humans, and at one time was thought to be extremely rare, though more recent evidence suggests that it is not as rare as previously thought. Most will go through life without realising they are chimeras. The difference in phenotypes may be minute, or completely undetectable (eg: having a hitchhiker's thumb and a straight thumb, eyes of slightly different colors, differential hair growth on opposite sides of the body, etc). Åž:For other uses, see Organ (disambiguation) In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. ... Figure 1: A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen during cell division. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... This article is about modern humans. ... The thumb is one of the five fingers. ...

Affected persons are identified by the finding of two populations of red cells or, if the zygotes are of opposite sex, ambiguous genitalia and hermaphroditism alone or in combination; such persons sometimes also have patchy skin, hair, or eye pigmentation (heterochromia). If the blastocysts are of the same sex, it can only be detected through DNA testing, although this is a rare procedure. If the blastocysts are of opposite sex, genitals of both sexes are often formed, either ovary and testis, or combined ovotestes, in one rare form of intersexuality, a condition previously known as true hermaphroditism. As of 2003, there were about 30-40 documented human cases in the literature, according to New Scientist.[1] Since hermaphroditic chimeras would be expected to be half of all chimeras, with purely male and purely female chimeras being one-quarter each, this would suggest that the condition is not particularly common. An intersexual is a person (or individual of any unisexual species) who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex, or which combine features of both sexes. ... An intersexual is a person (or individual of any unisexual species) who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex, or which combine features of both sexes. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ... For the film, see Hair (film). ... Eye color is a polygenic trait and is determined primarily by the amount and type of pigments present in the eyes iris. ... For the tightly packed form of DNA, see Heterochromatin. ... The blastocyst is an early stage of the human (or any other mammal) development early in pregnancy. ... Genetic fingerprinting or DNA testing is a technique to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ... A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, narrowly defined, is any of those parts of the body (which are not always bodily organs according to the strict definition) which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute the reproductive system in an complex organism; namely: Male: penis (notably the glans penis... // For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... An ovotestis is a gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... An intersexual is a person (or individual of any unisexual species) who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex, or which combine features of both sexes. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... New Scientist is a weekly international science magazine covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English-speaking audience. ...

Tortoiseshell cat: a chimera

Natural chimeras are almost never detected unless the offspring has abnormalities such as male/female or hermaphrodite characteristics or skin discoloring. The most noticeable are some male tortoiseshell cats or animals with ambiguous sex organs or behavioural abnormalities such as confused gender behaviour (where female cells made the brain but male cells made the genitals or vice versa).^{[citation needed]} Recent studies of tortoiseshell male cats and unusually coloured tortoiseshell-like cats suggest that natural chimerism is far more common than previously realised and that it frequently goes undetected.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1800 × 1350 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1800 × 1350 pixel, file size: 1. ... A tortoiseshell cat. ... A tortoiseshell cat. ...

Chimerism can be detected in DNA testing. The Lydia Fairchild case, for example, was brought to court after DNA testing showed that her children could not be hers, since DNA did not match. The charge against her was dismissed when it became clear that Lydia was a chimera, with the matching DNA being found in her cervical tissue. Another case was that of Karen Keegan.^[1] Lydia Fairchild and her children are the subjects of a documentary called The Twin Inside Me [1]. Lydia Fairchild was pregnant with her third child, when she and the father of her children, Jamie Townsend, separated. ...

The tetragametic state has important implications for organ or stem-cell transplantation. Chimeras typically have immunologic tolerance to both cell lines. Thus, for a tetragametic human, a wider array of relatives and other persons may be eligible to be organ donor Organ donation is the removal of specific tissues of the human body from a person who has recently died, or from a living donor, for the purpose of transplanting them into other persons. ...

Microchimerism

Microchimerism is the presence of a small number of cells, genetically distinct from those of the host individual and an organ. The most common form is fetomaternal microchimerism (or fetal chimerism) whereby cells from a fetus pass through into the mother. Fetal cells have been documented to persist in maternal circulation for as long as 38 years^[2]. Microchimerism had also been shown to exist after blood transfusion to severely immunocompromised population of patients who suffered trauma.^[3]
Microchimerism has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. Two independent scientists (Carol M. Artlett and J. Lee Nelson) published data within a month of each other, suggesting that microchimeric cells of fetal origin may be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis ^{[4] [5]} Artlett, further went on to demonstrate that microchimeric cells of maternal origin may be involved in the pathogenesis of an autoimmune disease found in children, juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies ^[6] Microchimerism has now been further implicated in other autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosis. ^[7] A recent alternative hypothesis of the role of microchimeric cells in lesions is that they may be facilitating tissue repair of the damaged organ. ^[8] However, although these foreign cells are found in the lesions of autoimmune diseases, their role in the pathogenesis of disease is yet to be fully elucidated. Microchimeric cells may be mediating damage, facilitating tissue repair, or alternatively, be innocent bystanders. “Unborn child” redirects here. ... Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. ... Immunosuppression is the medical suppression of the immune system. ... In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ...

Parasitic chimerism in leftvents

Chimerism occurs naturally in adult leftvent fish and is in fact a natural and essential part of their lifecycle. One or more males attach to a female as parasites (they must do so, as they will never fully mature alone), eventually fusing into a single, hermaphroditic individual with a shared circulatory system. Once fused to a female, the males will reach sexual maturity, developing large testicles as their other organs atrophy. Genera Acentrophryne Borophryne Haplophryne Linophryne Photocorynus Leftvents are small, deep-sea lophiiform fish comprising the family Linophrynidae. ... The shield and spear of the Roman god Mars, which is also the alchemical symbol for iron, represents the male sex. ... Look up Female in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... The 1st-century BC sculpture The Reclining Hermaphrodite, in the Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme in Rome A hermaphrodite is an organism that possesses both male and female sex organs during its life. ... For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ... Look up testes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. ...

Germline chimerism

Germline chimerism is when the sperm and egg cells of an organism are not genetically identical to its own. It has recently been discovered that marmosets can carry the reproductive cells of their twin siblings, because of placental fusion during development [2][3] [4]. Image File history File links Info_non-talk. ... For other uses, see Sperm (disambiguation). ... A human ovum Sperm cells attempting to fertilize an ovum An ovum (plural ova) is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete. ... Type species Simia jacchus Linnaeus, 1758 Species 18 species, see text Marmosets are New World monkeys in the genus Callithrix, which contains 18 species. ...

Chimeras in research

In biological research, chimeras are artificially produced by physically mixing cells from two different organisms. Chimeras are not hybrids, which form from the fusion of gametes from two species (such as a donkey and a horse) that form a single zygote that will develop as much as it can (in this case into a live mule if the parents are jackass and mare, or a hinny if the parents are stallion and jennet); in comparison, chimeras are the physical mixing of cells from two independent zygotes: for example, one from the donkey and one from the horse. "Chimera" is a broad term and is often applied to many different types of mixing of cells from two different species. This article is about a biological term. ... Gametes (in Greek: γαμέτες) —also known as sex cells, germ cells, or spores—are the specialized cells that come together during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. ... It has been suggested that Biparental zygote be merged into this article or section. ... A barren of mules. ... Binomial name A hinny is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey (jennet or jenny). ...

Some chimeras can result in the eventual development of an adult animal composed of cells from both donors, which may be of different species — for example, in 1984 a chimeric geep was produced by combining embryos from a goat and a sheep^[9]. The "geep" has been a very important contributor to answering fundamental questions about development and the techniques used to create it may one day help save endangered species. For example, if one tried to let a goat embryo gestate in a sheep the sheep's immune system would reject the developing embryo and the goat would die; however, if one used a geep that shared markers of immunity with both sheeps and goats, the goat embryo may survive. It may be possible to extend this practice for the purpose of preventing the extinction of some endangered animal species. The hierarchy of scientific classification. ... This article is about the year. ... A geep is a chimera produced by combining the embryos of a goat and a sheep; the resulting animal has cells of both sheep and goat origin. ... For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation). ... Species See Species and subspecies The goat is a mammal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... Species See text. ...

Such interspecies chimeras such as the "geep" are made in the laboratory and rarely with the purpose of generating living hybrid animals. In addition to the famous geep, there are rat/mouse chimeras and a rabbit/human chimera that cannot develop beyond a few days. Intraspecies chimeras are created by transplanting embryonic cells from an animal with one trait into an embryo of an animal with a different trait. This practice is common in the field of embryology and has been a very important contributor to our current understanding of human and animal biology. For example, by mixing embryonic cells of differently coloured or otherwise genetically distinct mice (of the same species), researchers have been able to see how embryos form and which organs and tissues are related (arise from the similar cell lineages). A geep is a chimera produced by combining the embryos of a goat and a sheep; the resulting animal has cells of both sheep and goat origin. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Hybridomas are not true chimeras as described above because they do not result from the mixture of two cell types but result from fusion of two species' cells into a single cell and artificial propagation of this cell in the laboratory. Hybridomas have been very important tools in biomedical research for decades. Hybridoma cells are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts. ...

In August 2003, researchers at the Shanghai Second Medical University in China reported that they had successfully fused human skin cells and dead rabbit eggs to create the first human chimeric embryos. The embryos were allowed to develop for several days in a laboratory setting, then destroyed to harvest the resulting stem cells. It is important to realize that studies like these are being conducted in order to identify a cheap, ethical source of human embryonic stem-cells to study, from which to develop the medical cures of the future. Because of the high therapeutic potential of human embryonic stem cells and the American moratorium on using discarded embryos from in vitro fertilization clinics as well as other concerns about using human embryos directly for research, scientists are trying to find ways to find alternative paths of research. However, increasingly realizable projects using part-human, part-animal chimeras as living factories for producing cells or organs not only for biopharmaceutical production (see hybridomas) for xenotransplantation raise a host of ethical and safety issues. Shanghai Second Medical University (上海第二医科大学) is a public university in Shanghai, China. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. ... Mouse embryonic stem cells with fluorescent marker. ... In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a technique in which egg cells are fertilized outside the mothers body in cases where conception is difficult or impossible through normal intercourse. ... Hybridoma cells are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Ethics (disambiguation). ...

During November 2006, UK researchers from Newcastle University and King's College London applied to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority for a three-year licence to fuse human DNA with cow eggs. The proposal is to insert human DNA into a cow's egg which has had its genetic material removed and then create an embryo by the same technique that produced Dolly the Sheep. The resulting embryo would be 99.9% human; the only bovine element would be DNA outside the nucleus of the cell. This research was attempted in the United States several years before and failed to yield such an embryo. For the Australian university, see University of Newcastle, Australia. ... Mascot Reggie the lion Affiliations University of London Russell Group Golden Triangle Website http://www. ... The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) is a statutory body in the United Kingdom that regulates and inspects all UK clinics providing in vitro fertilisation, artificial insemination or the storage of human ova, sperm or embryos. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... COW is an acronym for a number of things: Can of worms The COW programming language, an esoteric programming language. ... For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation). ... Dolly (July 5, 1996 – February 14, 2003), a ewe, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. ...

In 2007, scientists at the University of Nevada's School of Medicine created a sheep that has 15% human cells and 85% animal cells. [5]

Chimeras should not be confused with mosaics, which are organisms with genetically different cell types, but which again originate from a single zygote. In medicine (genetics), a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different genotypes in one patient, where usually one of the two is affected by a genetic disorder. ...

In popular culture

• In his book Free Culture^[10] (published in 2004), Lawrence Lessig digresses briefly to describe chimerism and suggest that it could, and had yet to, be well used as a television plot device (particularly for police procedurals involving genetic fingerprinting).
• The CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode "Bloodlines" involves a man who is a chimera.
• In the House episode "Cane and Able", a boy who believes he was abducted by aliens is diagnosed with chimerism.
• In an episode of The Office, Dwight Schrute says that he absorbed his twin brother while in his mother's womb. He also says that he now "has the strength of a man and a baby".
• A November 2006 episode of the ABC soap opera All My Children revealed that testing of Emma's DNA did not reveal a match with her mother, Annie, because Annie is a chimera.
• One of the subplots in Michael Crichton's 2006 novel Next deals with chimerism.
• In season three of the TV series Regenesis, a girl accused of murder is found not guilty when DNA from her blood does not match the DNA found on the victim. She is later proven to be the killer when DNA from her saliva is shown to match that at the scene of the crime. The discrepancy between her blood and saliva is explained by her being a chimera.
• A Discovery Health channel special called I Am My Own Twin focuses on chimeras with no outward characteristics of the trait.
• In the Venture Brothers episode "Return to Spider-Skull Island", Dr. Thaddeus Venture is discovered to have absorbed his twin Jonas Jr. in the womb. Jonas Jr. is removed and becomes a major character in the second season.
• In the japanese manga and anime series of Full Metal Alchemist, chimeras are created be transmuting an animal with an animal, or an animal with a human being, by the use of alchemy.

The book cover Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity (2004) is a book by law professor Lawrence Lessig that was released on the Internet under the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-commercial license (by-nc 1. ... Not to be confused with Lawrence Lessing. ... The police procedural is a sub-genre of the mystery story which attempts to accurately depict the activities of a police force as they investigate crimes. ... Genetic fingerprinting, DNA testing, DNA typing, and DNA profiling are techniques used to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ... CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is a popular Alliance Atlantis/CBS police procedural television series, running since October 2000, about a team of forensic scientists. ... Bloodlines is the twenty-third episode from the fourth season of the popular American forensic crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. ... House, also known as House, M.D., is a critically-acclaimed American medical drama television series created by David Shore and executive produced by Shore and film director Bryan Singer. ... Cane & Able is the second episode of the third season of House, M.D., and the fourty-eighth episode overall. ... This article is about the USA version of The Office. ... Dwight Kurt Schrute III is a fictional character on the NBCs The Office portrayed by Rainn Wilson. ... The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) operates television and radio networks in the United States and is also shown on basic cable in Canada. ... All My Children (AMC) is a popular American soap opera that has been broadcast Monday through Friday on the ABC TV network since January 5, 1970. ... Michael Crichton, pronounced [1], (born October 23, 1942) is an American author, film producer, film director, and television producer. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Next is a 2006 novel by Michael Crichton. ... ReGenesis is a Canadian television program produced by The Movie Network and Movie Central in conjunction with Shaftesbury Films. ... The Venture Bros. ... Return to Spider-Skull Island is the thirteenth episode, and the season finale, in the first season of The Venture Bros. ... Dr. Thaddeus S. Rusty Venture is one of the main characters on the Adult Swim show The Venture Bros. ... Dr. Jonas Venture, Jr. ...

See also

• Chimera (plant)
• Mosaic (genetics)
• Chimaera (fish)
• Parahumans
• Chimerism in human intersexuality
• Vanishing twin
• Lydia Fairchild

Chimeras in botany are single organisms composed of two genetically different types of tissue. ... In medicine (genetics), a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different genotypes in one patient, where usually one of the two is affected by a genetic disorder. ... Families Callorhynchidae Rhinochimaeridae Chimaeridae Other meanings, based on a fantastic animal, are at Chimera Chimaera is the common name of the species in the families Callorhynchidae, Rhinochimaeridae and Chimaeridae which all are closely related to sharks; they are also called ghost sharks. ... Parahumans are chimera of humans and other species. ... An intersexual or intersex person (or animal of any unisexual species) is one who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex, or which combine features of both sexes. ... A vanishing twin, also called twin embolisation syndrome or foetus papiricus, is the term for a fetus who is partially or completely reabsorbed during the pregnancy, as opposed to a normal birth or a miscarriage. ... Lydia Fairchild and her children are the subjects of a documentary called The Twin Inside Me [1]. Lydia Fairchild was pregnant with her third child, when she and the father of her children, Jamie Townsend, separated. ...

References

1. ^ "The Twin Inside Me: Extraordinary People" Channel 5 TV, UK, 23:00 9 March 2006
2. ^ Evans PC, Lambert N, Maloney S, Furst DE, Moore JM, Nelson JL (1999). "Long-term fetal microchimerism in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in healthy women and women with scleroderma.". Blood 93 (6): 2033-2037. 
3. ^ Reed W, Lee TH, Norris PJ, Utter GH, Busch MP (2007). "Transfusion-associated microchimerism: a new complication of blood transfusions in severely injured patients". Seminars in Hematology 44 (1): 24–31.  PMID 17198844 doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.09.012
4. ^ Evans PC, Lambert N, Maloney S, Furst DE, Moore JM, Nelson JL (1999). "Long-term fetal microchimerism in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in healthy women and women with scleroderma.". Blood 93 (6): 2033-2037. 
5. ^ Artlett CM, Smith JB, Jimenez SA (1998). "Identification of fetal DNA and cells in skin lesions from women with systemic sclerosis.". New England Journal of Medicine 338 (17): 1186-1196. 
6. ^ Artlett CM, Ramos R, Jimenez SA, Patterson K, Miller FW, Rider LG (2000). "Chimeric cells of maternal origin in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Childhood Myositis Heterogeneity Collaborative Group.". Lancet 356 (9248): 2155-2156. 
7. ^ Johnson KL, McAlindon TE, Mulcahy E, Bianchi DW (2001). "Microchimerism in a female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.". Arthritis Rheum 44 (9): 2107-2111. 
8. ^ Gilliam AC (2006). "Microchimerism and skin disease: true-true unrelated?". J. Invest Dermatol 126 (2): 239-241. 
9. ^ "It's a Geep", Time, 1984-02-27. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. 
10. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (2004). "Chapter 11: Chimera", Free Culture. 

• Yu N, Kruskall MS, Yunis JJ, Knoll JH, Uhl L, Alosco S, Ohashi M, Clavijo O, Husain Z, Yunis EJ, Yunis JJ, Yunis EJ (2002). "Disputed maternity leading to identification of tetragametic chimerism". N Engl J Med 346 (20): 1545-52. PMID 12015394. 
• Ainsworth, Claire (November 15]], [[2003). The Stranger Within. New Scientist (subscription). (reprinted here)
• Weiss, Rick (August 14, 2003). Cloning yields human-rabbit hybrid embryo. The Washington Post.
• Weiss, Rick (February 13, 2005). U.S. Denies Patent for a too-human hybrid. The Washington Post.
• Interesting Article with a very easy explanation of Chimera [6]
• L. M. Repas-Humpe, A. Humpe, R. Lynen, B. Glock, E. M. Dauber, G. Simson, W. R. Mayr, M. Köhler, S. Eber (1999). "A dispermic chimerism in a 2-year-old Caucasian boy". Journal Annals of Hematology 78 (9): 431-434. DOI:10.1007/s002770050543.