The China Far East Railway (a.k.a. Chinese Eastern Railway, CER) was a railway connecting China and the Russian Far East.   English-speakers referred to key strategic portions of this line as the Manchurian Railway. Russians know this railway as «Кита́йско-Восто́чная Желе́зная Доро́га», or КВЖД (Kitaysko-Vostochnaya Zheleznaya Doroga, KVZhD). Ongoing events • Abramoff-Reed gambling scandal • Al Jazeera bombing memo • Avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak • Black sites scandal • Conservative leadership race (UK) • Fuel prices • Irans nuclear program • Jilin chemical plant explosions • Kashmir earthquake • Malawi food crisis • Malaysian prisoner abuse scandal • New Delhi bombings investigation • Niger food crisis • North Indian cyclone... Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... The Manchurian Railway was a single tracked line extending (and shortening) the famous worlds longest railroad, the Trans-Siberian Railway from the Siberian city of Chita via Harbin across northern inner Manchuria to the Russian port of Vladivostok. ...

The Southern branch known in the West as the South Manchurian Railway became the locus and partial casus belli for several wars—  The Russo-Japanese War and Second Sino-Japanese War (Including 'incidents' leading up to this later from 1927). The South Manchuria Railway Company (Japanese: 満鉄）; Mantetsu) was a company founded by Japan in 1906, after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and operated in Japanese-occupied Manchuria. ... Casus Belli is a New Latin expression meaning occasion of war. ... The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Imperial Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Tojo Hideki, Matsui Iwane, Minami Jiro, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Neiji Okamura. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Location of Harbin in China

The administration of the CER took place from Harbin. Complete end-to-end rail connection first occurred in 1916 with the completion of the 600-plus-mile long line south of Lake Baikal, which required the construction of hundreds of bridges. Services prior to that trans-shipped by ferry along the lake using a special ferry-cum-icebreaker. Harbin on Chinas map File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Harbin on Chinas map File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Harbin (Simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; Traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ha-erh-pin; Russian Харби́н Kharbin) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province in north-east China. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 - The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Lake Baikal The Yenisei River basin, Lake Baikal, and the cities of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Lake Baikal is the largest (by volume), deepest and oldest freshwater lake in the world. ... The Pride of Burgundy, a P&O Ferries car ferry on the Dover-Calais route A ferry is a boat or a ship carrying passengers, and sometimes their vehicles, on scheduled services. ... US Coast Guard icebreakers near McMurdo Station, February 2002 Icebreaker Polarstern An icebreaker is a special purpose ship designed to move and navigate through ice-covered marine environments. ...

History of the line

Construction of the CER started in July 1897 along the line Tarskaya - Hilar - Harbin - Nikolsk-Ussuriski. Officially, traffic on the line started in November 1901, but regular passenger traffic from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok across the Trans-Siberian railway started in July 1903. 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A hilum (formerly called a hilus) is a depression or pit at the part of an organ where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter. ... Harbin (Simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; Traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ha-erh-pin; Russian Харби́н Kharbin) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province in north-east China. ... The city of Ussuriysk (Russian: Уссурийск) sits in the middle of a fertile valley at the junction of three rivers in Primorsky Krai, Russia, at 43. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Vladivostok Train Station. ... Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in green. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

During the Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905), Imperial Russia lost both the Liaodong and the southern spur railway (Harbin to Port Arthur) to Japan, which took over most of this Southern branchline (also known to the West as the South Manchurian Railway and as Changchun to the Japanese) by conquest during the fighting. (See details— Kwantung Leased Territory and Treaty of Portsmouth) Combatants Imperial Russia Empire of Japan Strength 500,000 Soldiers 400,000 Soldiers Casualties 25,331 Killed 146,032 Wounded 47,387 Killed 173,425 Wounded Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in lighter Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The Liaodong Peninsula (sim. ... Harbin (Simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; Traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ha-erh-pin; Russian Харби́н Kharbin) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province in north-east China. ... Lüshunkou (旅顺口), or Lüshun Port, is a southernmost district of Dalian City of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The South Manchuria Railway Company (Japanese: 満鉄）; Mantetsu) was a company founded by Japan in 1906, after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and operated in Japanese-occupied Manchuria. ... Location within China Changchun (Simplified Chinese: 长春; Traditional Chinese: 長春; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang-chun) is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located at the northeast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Kwantung Leased Territory (Chinese: 关东州, Guandongzhou, Japanese: 関東州; Kantoushu) was a composite territory in historic Eastern Manchuria that existed in the first half of the 20th century, from 1898 through 1945. ... Treaty signing ceremony The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. ...

This line serviced the stretch from Harbin to the strategic ice-free ports west of the Korea Bay Dalny (Dalian/Darien) and Port Arthur (Lushun). In an ironic turnabout, the Soviet Government insisted on control of this region after World War II before the communist forces won in China. (See below) The Korea Bay is located at the north of the Yellow Sea, between Liaoning Province of China and North Pyŏngan Province of North Korea. ... Dalian (Simplified Chinese: 大连; Traditional Chinese: 大連; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ta-lien), or Dalny (during Russian controlled periods, aka Dairen during Japanese periods, or from Mid-century (Jointly administered by both USSR/PRC) formerly also Lüda or Luta), is the second of two strategic ice-free seaports on the Liaodong... Location within China Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally) Lüshun Port (Simplified Chinese: 旅顺口; Traditional Chinese: 旅順口; pinyin: , formerly in historic references both Port Arthur and Ryojun)), is a town in the southernmost administrative district of Dalian of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

During 1917-1924 (Russian Civil War) the Russian part of the CER came under the administration of the White Army. 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ... White army may refer to: The military arm of the White movement, a loose coalition of anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War The Saudi Arabian National Guard The National Guard of Kuwait This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share...

After 1924 the USSR and China administered the Northern CER jointly, while Japan maintained conrol of the southern spurline, one of its spoils of the Russo-Japanese War, a large part of which consisted of fighting for control of this line. 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants Imperial Russia Empire of Japan Strength 500,000 Soldiers 400,000 Soldiers Casualties 25,331 Killed 146,032 Wounded 47,387 Killed 173,425 Wounded Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in lighter Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The...

In 1935 the USSR had to sell all its rights in the CER to the Manzhouguo government. 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Manchukuo was a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria (Northeastern China) which existed from 1931 to 1945. ...

From August 1945 the CER again came under the joint control of the USSR and China. Somewhat reversing their stinging losses in 1904-1905, after World War II the Soviet Government insisted on occupying the Liaodong Peninsula but allowed joint control over the Southern branch; all this together received the name of the "Chinese Changchun Railway" (Russian: Кита́йская Чанчу́ньская желе́зная доро́га).  1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In 1952 the Soviet Union transferred (free of charge) all its rights to the Chinese Changchun Railway to the People's Republic of China. 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Manchurian Railway

The Manchurian Railway was a single tracked line extending (and shortening) the famous world's longest railroad, the Trans-Siberian Railway from the Siberian city of Chita via Harbin across northern inner Manchuria to the Russian port of Vladivostok. This route drastically reduced the travel distance required from the original main Northern route (lying wholely outside Chinese Manchuria, in the region known as Outer Manchuria (or Russian Manchuria) ceded to Russia in 1858 and 1860) to Vladivostok by by-passing of a large loop bulging to the north in the mainline theretofore. (This by-passed semi-circular loop can be seen in the tracing of dark shaded red border due north of the eastern tip of Mongolia between the lighter shaded Russian Manchuria. In math terms, this railroad cut the chord by passing through China.) Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in green. ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir’, Sibir; from the Tatar for “sleeping land”) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... Chita may refer to one of the following. ... Harbin (Simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; Traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ha-erh-pin; Russian Харби́н Kharbin) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province in north-east China. ... Extent of Manchuria according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: 满洲; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a name given to a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... Vladivostok Train Station. ... Outer Manchuria is in light red on this map. ... Russian Manchuria is a part of the Manchu empire acquired by Russia at the treaties of Aigun (1858) and Peking (1860), during the period of 19th century European colonialism. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...

In contrast to Outer Manchuria, the part of Manchuria that is still part of China, is usually called simply "Manchuria", but can also be referred to as "Inner Manchuria". Outer or Russian Manchuria is the lighter red shaded region to the upper right in the map. Most of the border region is bounded by the Amur River which is easily seen in the lower map. Extent of Manchuria according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: 满洲; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a name given to a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... The Amur (Russian: Амур) (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江; Hēilóng Jiāng, literally meaning Black Dragon River) (Mongolian: Хара-Мурэн, Khara-Muren or Black River) (Manchu: Sahaliyan Ula, literal meaning Black River) is one of the worlds ten longest rivers, located between the Russian Far East and Manchuria of...

Greater Manchuria and Sub-Regions

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Extent of Manchuria according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: 满洲; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a name given to a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ...

Genesis of the short road

A Construction Concession was granted by China in 1896 through northern Inner Manchuria, running basically due west from Vladivostok via Harbin to Chita, and construction was drastically accelerated after Russia concluded a (forced) twenty-five year lease (See Kwantung Leased Territory) of Liaodong (or, and literally Eastern Liaoning Province) from the Qing dynasty. By contrast, the Trans-Siberian Railway mainline started in 1891 from Vladivostok, traveled northwards then westwards from this strategic, albeit ice-plagued port. 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Kwantung Leased Territory (Chinese: 关东州, Guandongzhou, Japanese: 関東州; Kantoushu) was a composite territory in historic Eastern Manchuria that existed in the first half of the 20th century, from 1898 through 1945. ... The Liaodong Peninsula (sim. ... Liaoning (Simplified Chinese: 辽宁; Traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: ) is a northeastern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China, expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the... 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

At this same time in 1898, a 550 mile spur line was started (essentially North to South), The Southern Manchurian Railway, from Harbin down through eastern Manchuria, along the Liaotung (Liaodong) Peninsula, to the ice-free deep water port at Lüshun, a sleepy fishing town almost at the tip of the Liaotung/Liaodong Peninsula, which Russia was fortifying and overhauling into a first class strategic Naval base and Marine Coaling Station for their Far Seas Fleet and Merchant Marine. 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Location within China Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally) Lüshun Port (Simplified Chinese: 旅顺口; Traditional Chinese: 旅順口; pinyin: , formerly in historic references both Port Arthur and Ryojun)), is a town in the southernmost administrative district of Dalian of the Peoples Republic of China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

This town was known in the west as Port Arthur, and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was essentially fought over who would possess this region and its excellent harbor, as well as whether it would remain open to traders of all nations (Open Door Policy). The Manchurian Railway was essentially completed in 1902, beating the stretch around Lake Baikal, by fourteen years. Until that portion was completed, cargo on the Trans-Siberian Railway had to be transshipped by ferry the 632 miles along the lake's length. Port Arthur is the name of some places: Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia Old Western name for Lushun, China Port Arthur, Texas, United States of America Port Arthur, Ontario, a city in Ontario, Canada, became part of Thunder Bay in 1970. ... Combatants Imperial Russia Empire of Japan Strength 500,000 Soldiers 400,000 Soldiers Casualties 25,331 Killed 146,032 Wounded 47,387 Killed 173,425 Wounded Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in lighter Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Open Door Policy is the maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Lake Baikal The Yenisei River basin, Lake Baikal, and the cities of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Lake Baikal is the largest (by volume), deepest and oldest freshwater lake in the world. ...

See also

• Harbin Russians

The Harbin Russians were three generations of Russians who lived in the city of Harbin, the junction city of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), from approximately 1898 to the mid-1960s. ...

References

• Mara Moustafine. Secrets and Spies: The Harbin Files. A Vintage Book series, Random House, Australia Pty Ltd, 468 pp.
• F.R. Sedwick, (R.F.A.), The Russo-Japanese War, 1909, The Macmillan Company, N.Y., 192 pp.
• Colliers (Ed.), The Russo-Japanese War, 1904, P.F. Collier & Son, New York, 128 pp.

Random House is a publishing division of the German media conglomerate Bertelsmann based in New York City. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

External link

• Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone