In late November General Honjo had despatched 10,000 soldiers in 13 armored trains escorted by a squadron of bombing planes in an advance on Chinchow from Mukden. This force, had advanced to within 30 kilometers of Chinchow, when it received the order to retreat. It had been recalled by General Jiro Minanmi the Japanese War Minister because of a modified form of the League of Nations proposal for a "neutral zone" to be established as a sort of buffer between China proper and Manchuria pending a future China-Japanese peace conference. When the government of Prime Minister Reijiro Wakatsuki in Tokyo. Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-Tung, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura. ... Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... Motto: None Anthem(s): National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei City (de facto) Nanjing (de jure)1 Largest city Taipei City Official language(s) Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  - President Chen Shui-bian  - Vice President Annette Lu  - Premier Su Tseng-chang Establishment Xinhai Revolution   - Declared... The Imperial Japanese Army (: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国陸軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was the official ground based armed force of Japan from 1867 to 1945 when it was Imperial Japan. ... now. ... Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (張學良, pinyin: Zhāng Xuéliáng, English: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (June 3, 1901 – October 15, 2001), nicknamed the Young Marshal (少帥), became the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of Northeast China after the assassination of his father Chang Tso-lin on June... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-Tung, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura. ... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Zhang Xueliang, Ma Zhanshan, Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao Shigeru Honjo, Jiro Tamon Strength 160,000 30,000 - 84,000 Casualties  ?  ? ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Gen. ... Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small war fought between small forces of Chinese militias against the Japanese Imperial Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident in which Manchuria was lost to Japan. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao Shigeru Honjo Strength 30,000  ? Casualties  ?  ? After General Ma Zhanshan had been driven from Tsitsihar by the Japanese in the Jiangqiao Campaign he had retreated northeastward with his beaten and depleted forces and had set up... Combatants Republic of China, 19th Route Army, 5th Army Empire of Japan, Imperial Japanese Army, 2nd Independent Tank Company, Shanghai Expeditionary Force Commanders 19th Route Army: Jiang Guangnai (Chinese: 蔣光鼐), 5th Army: Zhang Zhizhong (Chinese: 張治中) Commander: Yoshinori Shirakawa (Japanese: 白川義則), Chief of staff: Kanichiro Tashiro (Japanese: 田代皖一郎) Strength 50,000 90,000 Casualties... The Defense of the Great Wall (Traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; Simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 - May 31, 1933) was a battle between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, before official hostilities of the Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937. ... The Battle of Rehe was fought from February 21 to March 1 of 1933 between China and Japan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變) was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... The Battle of Beiping-Tianjin (Traditional Chinese: 平津作戰; Simplified Chinese: 平津作战; pinyin: ) (25 July - 31 July 1937) was a battle fought during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the proximity of Beiping (now Beijing) and Tianjin. ... When the China Incident happened, the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade stationed in Manchuria moved to Hebei and fought near Beijing. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Chu Shao-liang, Chang Fa-kuei Heisuke Yanagawa, Iwane Matsui Strength 600,000 troops in 75 divisions and 9 brigades, 250 airplanes 300,000 troops in 8 divisions and 6 brigades, 3000 airplanes, 300 tanks, 130 warships... Combatants 524th Regiment, 88th Division, National Revolutionary Army 3rd Division, Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Xie Jinyuan Iwane Matsui Strength 414 men including 16 officers Unknown, but far more than the Chinese Casualties 27 wounded, 10 killed More than 200 killed The Defense of Sihang Warehouse (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, North China Area Army Commanders ?, ?, ?, ? ?, ? Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Japanese 京漢線作戦 or Peiking – Hankow Railway Operation (Mid August 1937– Dec. ... Combatants Japan, North China Area Army China, National Revolutionary Army Commanders ?, ?, ?, ? ?, ? Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Japanese 津浦線作戦 or Tientsin – Pukow Railway Operation (Early August to mid November, 1937) was a follow up operation to the Peiking Tientsin Operation of the Japanese army in North China at the beginning of the Second Sino... The Battle of Taiyuan is a major battle fought between China and Japan near Taiyuan, which lies in the 2nd China Theater. ... The Battle of Pingxingguan, commonly called the Great Victory of Pingxingguan (平型关大捷) in Mainland China, was an engagement fought between the 8th Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party and the Imperial Japanese Army on September 25, 1937. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Yan Xishan Strength Casualties The Battle of Xinkou (Traditional Chinese: 忻口會戰; Simplified Chinese: 忻口会战; pinyin: ) was the second of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Central China Theater Army Commanders Tang Shengzhi Matsui Iwane Strength 100,000 men 8 divisions Casualties ~50,000 military personnel, ~300,000 civilians minimal The Battle of Nanjing (Traditional Chinese: 南京保衛戰; Simplified Chinese: 南京保卫战; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Nan-ching Pao-wei Chan) began after the... The Battle of Xuzhou was fought between Japanese and Chinese forces in May of 1938 during World War Two. ... The Battle of Taierzhuang was a battle of the Second Sino_Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Military Region 5, 9, Soviet Air Force volunteers[1] Imperial Japanese Army, Central China Expeditionary Force, 11th Army, 2nd Army, China Area Fleet, Central China Aviation Army Corps Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Xue Yue, Wu Qiwei, Zhang Fakui, Wang Jingjiu, Ou Zhentong, Yu Jishi，Duan Langru... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Imperial Japanese Navy, Japan National Revolutionary Army, China Commanders Vice Adm. ... During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese artillery forces marched a long distance into the vast area of continental China. ... For the Chinese Civil War battle in 1927, see Nanchang Uprising. ... The Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang (Traditional Chinese: 隨棗會戰; Simplified Chinese: 随枣会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Suizao was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants Imperial Japanese Army, Japan National Revolutionary Army, China Commanders Major Gen. ... Battle of Changsha (September 17, 1939 _ October 6, 1939) was the first attempt by Japan to take the city of China, during the second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Strength 120,000 troops in 12 armies 70,000 troops in 4 divisions Casualties The Battle of South Guangxi (Traditional: 桂南會戰; Simplified: 桂南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Du Yuming Masao Nakamura Strength  ?  ? Casualties 27,000 men 8000 men The Battle of Kunlun Pass (Traditional Chinese: 崑崙關戰役, Simplified Chinese: 昆仑关战役; pinyin: KÅ«nlúnguān Zhàngyì) was series of battles between the Japanese and the Chinese in contention for... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Imperial Japanese Army, Japan National Revolutionary Army, China Commanders Shigenori Kuroda Fu Zuoyi Strength 5 - 10,000 28,000 Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Wuyuan (March 16 - April 3, 1940) was a counterattack that defeated the Japanese invasion of the Wuyuan area. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Li Zongren Strength 3 armies 3 divisions Casualties 9,000 troops The Battle of South Henan (Traditional: 豫南會戰; Simplified: 豫南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino... The Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang (Traditional Chinese: 棗宜會戰; Simplified Chinese: 枣宜会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Zaoyi was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Hundred Regiments Offensive (Chinese: 百團大戰) (August 20, 1940 - December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of Chinas Red Army commanded by Peng Dehuai against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China. ... Combatants Imperial Japanese Army, Japan French Army, France Commanders Lt. ... The Battle of Shanggao (Traditional Chinese: 上高會戰; Simplified Chinese: 上高会战; pinyin: ) was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Wei Lihuang (衛立煌)  ? Strength 180,000 troops in 8 armies 100,000 troops in 6 divisions, 3 brigades Casualties  ? more than 20,000 troops The Battle of South Shanxi (Traditional: 晉南會戰; Simplified: 晋南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Jinnan was... The Battle of Changsha (September 6, 1941 _ October 8, 1941) was Japans second attempt in taking the city of China, as part of the second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Changsha (December 24, 1941 _ January 15, 1942) was the third attempt by Japan to take the city of China during the China following their attack on Pearl Harbor. ... Combatants Japan, Imperial Japanese Army United Kingdom, China, National Revolutionary Army Commanders Lo Cho-ying, Joseph Stilwell Shojiro Iida Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road (Mid March - Early June 1942) was the name of the Chinese intervention to aid their British allies in the 1942 Burma Campaign. ... The Battle of Yenangyaung was fought in Burma, now Myanmar during World War II. The Battle The battle for the Yenangyaung oil fields started on 11th April and continued for a week and one of the most desperate actions was against 48th Indian Brigade at Kokkogwa. ... The Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi refers to a campaign by the Japanese Imperial Army and allied Chinese forces in the Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi in 1942. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Bai Chongxi Strength 14 armies 7 divisions Casualties ~60,000 25,830 troops The Battle of West Hubei (Traditional: 鄂西會戰; Simplified: 鄂西会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the... Combatants United Kingdom, China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Wei Li-huang, Joseph Stilwell, Daniel Isom Sultan Masakazu Kawabe, Heitaro Kimura Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (Oct. ... The Battle of Changde (Traditional Chinese: 常德會戰; Simplified Chinese: 常德会战; pinyin: ) was a major engagement in the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi (Traditional Chinese: 豫湘桂會戰; Simplified Chinese: 豫湘桂会战; pinyin: ) also known as Operation Ichigo or Tairiku Datsu Sakusen (Japanese:一号作戦 or 大陸打通作戦) was a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the Republic of China Army, fought from April to December 1944. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Xue Yue There were three more battles in Changsha during the Second Sino-Japanese War, in 1939, 1941 and 1944. ... The Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou (Traditional Chinese: 桂柳會戰; Simplified Chinese: 桂柳会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Guiliu was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Strength 17 armies 5 divisions, 3 brigades Casualties  ? 15,000 troops The Battle of West Henan-North Hubei (Traditional: 豫西鄂北會戰; Simplified: 豫西鄂北会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Imperial Japanese Army Commanders He Yingqin 板西一良 (??) Strength 2 army groups, several companies, NRA Air Force, USAAF 70-80,000 troops in 7 divisions Casualties Unknown ~20,000 The Battle of West Hunan was the last of the 22 major engagements involving 100,000 troops... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Chang Fu-kuei, Tang Enbai Yukio Kasahara Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Second Guangxi Campaign (Late April-July, 1945) was a Chinese counteroffensive against the Japanese forces that had taken Guangxi during Operation Ichigo and aimed at the recovery of all Guangxi... Jinzhou (Simplified Chinese: 锦州; Traditional Chinese: 錦州; Pinyin: Jǐnzhōu), is a prefecture-level city of Liaoning province in Northeast China. ... Major districts of Shenyang. ... The Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the Leagues headquarters. ... Manchuria (Manchu: Manju; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Simplified Chinese: 满洲; pinyin: MÇŽnzhōu, Russian: ) is a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... Wakatsuki Reijirō (若槻 礼次郎 Wakatsuki Reijirō) (March 21, 1866 - November 20, 1949) was a Japanese politician and the 25th and 28th Prime Minister of Japan. ... Tokyo , literally Eastern capital)   is the capital and one of the forty-seven prefectures of Japan. ...

However the two sides failed to get an agreement. The Wakatsuki government soon fell and was replaced by a new cabinet led by Prime Minister Tsuyoshi Inukai. Negogiations with the Kuomintang failing the goverment approved an increase to the force in Manchuria. In December, and the rest of 20th Division along with 38th Mixed Brigade from 19th Division were sent from Korea while the 8th Mixed Brigade from the 10th Division was sent from Japan. Inukai Tsuyoshi (犬養 毅, April 20, 1855–May 15, 1932) was a Japanese politician and the 29th Prime Minister of Japan from December 13, 1931 to May 15, 1932. ... Korea (Korean: 조선 or 한국, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ...

Following the defeat of General Ma in Heilongjiang province and anticipating obtaining new reinforcements, a new Japanese offensive was launched in Manchuria on December 21st, under control of the General Shigeru Honjo. General Honjo insisted his troops were moving out "to clear the country of bandits," but added that Chinese evacuation of Chinchow "is now absolutely imperative." Most of the "bandits" were actually the organizing Chinese volunteer forces and some real bandits exploiting the chaos following the collapse of the Chinese government and army of the Northeast following the Mukden Incident. Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ...

While the other Japanese forces and puppet Manchurian forces spread out from their base along the rail lines to clear the countryside, from Mukden, the Japanese base in Manchuria, brigades of the 12th Division advanced southward in the night, supported by squadrons of Japanese bombers. The Japanese objective was to force the Chinese Army to evacuate Chinchow. Jinzhou (Simplified Chinese: 锦州; Traditional Chinese: 錦州; Pinyin: Jǐnzhōu), is a prefecture-level city of Liaoning province in Northeast China. ...

The Japanese estimated the Chinese at Chinchow had 84,000 defenders, with 58 pieces of artillery placed to support the two separate systems of Chinese entrenchments defending Chinchow. The Chinese first line 20 miles north of Chinchow, was a series of trenches aimed to stop the Japanese advance at the Taling River Bridge on the Peiping-Mukden Railway. The Chinese had a second line of earthworks and entrenchments completely encircling Chinchow to fall back on if the Japanese broke thru the first line.

Lieutenant General Jiro Tamon's forces cautiously advanced south from Mukden. The temperature was 30 below zero. Japanese scouting planes reported a force of at least 3.000 Chinese "bandits" (Chinese volunteer forces) waiting to defend Panshanhsien. Brushing aside these Chinese skirmishers in a series of minor clashes, Tamon prepared to meet and crush the first serious Chinese resistance, expected at Kowpangtze, 50 kilometers north of Chinchow. Japanese troops camouflaged in long white gowns advanced fighting Chinese skirmishers.

By the evening of December 31, 1932, the Japanese advance guard were fifteen kilometers from Chinchow on the banks ot the Taling river. Gen. Jiro Tamon halted, and brought up the rest of his 12th Division, for the final drive on Chinchow. The Japanese War Office announced a radio broadcast of "The Battle of the Taling River", setting up microphones behind the Japanese lines, arranging an elaborate hookup to broadcast the sound of firing to Tokyo, but then had to call off the broadcast when the Chinese retreated.

On the Chinese side confusion reigned. The old goverment of Chang Kai-shek at Nanking had resigned and a new one under Premier Sun Fo had been formed. Additionally, Marshal Zhang Xueliang's Chinese defenders were in disorderly retreat, toward the Great Wall, leaving only a small garrison to protect the government functionaries who remained behind. At Nanking Eugene Chen, the new foreign minister, asserted that the government never had ordered evacuation of Chinchow, but, on the contrary, had told Marshal Chang repeatedly to stand his ground. Nine Chinese Generals in various parts of China denounced the new Chinese Government at Nanking formed fortnight before by Premier Sun Fo, blaming it for failure to prevent the Japanese capture of Chinchow and threatening the new Government. Nanjing (南京, Pinyin: Nánjīng, Wade-Giles: Nan-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Nanking, formerly Jinling 金陵, Jiangning 江宁, and Tianjing 天京) is the central city of downstream Yangtze Basin and is a renowned historical and cultural city. ... Sun Ke or Sun Fo (Chinese: 孫科）(October 21, 1891–September 13, 1973) was a high-ranking official in the government of the Republic of China. ... Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (張學良, pinyin: Zhāng Xuéliáng, English: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (June 3, 1901 – October 15, 2001), nicknamed the Young Marshal (少帥), became the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of Northeast China after the assassination of his father Chang Tso-lin on June... Great Wall can refer to several things: Great Wall of China Great Wall of Galaxies, part of the Coma Cluster This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Tamon's Japanese columns occupied Chinchow on January 3rd, 1932, with the Chinese populace said to be waving Japanese flags homemade during the night to appease their Japanese conquerors. The next day the Japanese occupied Shanhaiguan completing their military control over South Manchuria. First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ...

Sources:

• [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753220,00.html "Strong Policy"

From the Dec. 28, 1931 issue of TIME magazine]

• The Charleston Gazette Friday Morning, January 1, 1932.
• Time Magazine, Jan. 4, 1932 Jaunting Juggernaut
• Fun & Blood From the Jan. 11, 1932 issue of TIME magazine

See Also

• Invasion of Manchuria
• Pacification of Manchukuo