Chinese Canadians are Canadians of Chinese descent and constitute the second-largest visible minority group in Canada, standing at 1,346,510 which comprises 3.5% of the population in 2006.^[1]. Out of those 1,346,510 people, 211,145 people were of Chinese and one other heritage. Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th Total 944... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 107 Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area... Canadian English (CanE) is the variety of North American English used in Canada. ... This article is about all of the Cantonese (Yue) dialects. ... Map of eastern China and Taiwan, showing the historic distribution of Mandarin Chinese in light brown. ... Taishanese (台山話 Taishanese: Hoi4 saan6 wa1, Cantonese: toi4 saan1 wa6), or Seiyap, is a Chinese dialect (or group of very similar dialects) spoken in and around Taishan, in Guangdong province. ... Northeastern Mandarin or Northeast Chinese Dialect is a variety of Mandarin Chinese, known collectively as Dongbeihua (Traditional Chinese: 東北話; Simplified Chinese: 东北话; pinyin: DōngbÄ›ihuà; literally Northeast Speech/Language). Northeastern dialect is very similar to the Beijing dialect, upon which Standard Mandarin Chinese (Putonghua) is based. ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... Taoism (or Daoism) is the English name referring to a variety of related Chinese philosophical traditions and concepts. ... A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... Language(s) Chinese languages Religion(s) Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... An Asian American is a person of Asian ancestry or origin who was born in or is an immigrant to the United States. ... A Chinese Australian is an Australian of Chinese heritage. ... A Chinese American is an American who is of ethnic Chinese descent. ... Languages various Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... Visible minorities are persons who are not of the majority race in a given population. ...

History

Main article: History of Chinese immigration to Canada

The gate to Montreal's Chinatown

The first record of Chinese in what is known as Canada today can be dated back to 1788. The renegade British Captain James Meares hired a group of roughly 70 Chinese carpenters from Macao and settled them on Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, then an increasingly important European outpost on the Pacific coast. However, there is no surviving documentation or information related to the whereabouts of these early immigrants to Canada or their possible descendants. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The gate to Montreals chinatown. ... The gate to Montreals chinatown. ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... National motto: none Official language Chinese and Portuguese Chief Executive Edmund Ho Hau-wah Area - Total - % water Not ranked 27. ... Vancouver Island is separated from mainland British Columbia by the Strait of Georgia and the Queen Charlotte Strait, and from Washington by the Juan De Fuca Strait. ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th Total 944...

The next more substantial wave of Chinese immigrants into British North America began in 1858. Most of these Chinese were "sojourners" in a sense, in that most of them planned on returning to their homeland after working in British North America for a period of time. Many came to British Columbia as common labourers and most were paid only in vouchers so they were captives of the firm that imported them. Gold rushes at the BC interior also attracted a significant number of immigrants. Toby Shao was a well known immigrant of China although it is unclear if he was born in Canada or Cuba. British North America consisted of the loyalist colonies and territories (i. ... Year 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Sojourners is a Christian organization founded in 1971 and based in Washington, D.C.. While known for its monthly magazine Sojourners, it is also a community of people describing themselves as Christians who believe in the biblical call to integrate spiritual renewal and social justice. It also produces the SojoMail...

Many workers from Fujian and Canton Province arrived to help build the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 19th century as did Chinese veterans of the gold rushes. These workers accepted the discriminatory disadvantages of working long hours, lower wages than non-Chinese workers and dangerous working conditions such as explosions for the mountain passes, in order to support their families that stayed in China. Their willingness to endure hardship for low wages enraged fellow non-Chinese workers who thought they were unnecessarily complicating the labour market situations. From the passage of the Chinese Immigration Act in 1885, the Canadian government began to charge a substantial Head Tax for each Chinese person trying to immigrate to Canada. The Chinese were the only ethnic group that had to pay such a tax.   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... See also: Kanton Canton or canton may refer to: canton (country subdivision), a territorial subdivision of a country the upper left (hoist) quarter of a flag, see flag terminology canton (heraldry), a subordinary occupying the (shield holders) upper right-hand ninth of the field canton (liqueur), a ginger-flavored... An eastbound CPR freight at Stoney Creek Bridge in Rogers Pass. ... The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 placed a Head Tax on all Chinese immigrants coming to Canada, forcing them to pay a fifty dollar fee to enter the country. ... The Canadian Head Tax was a fee charged for each Chinese person entering Canada. ...

In 1923, the federal Liberal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King banned Chinese immigration completely with the passage of the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923. With this act, the Chinese became the only people that Canada specifically excluded on the basis of race. During the next 25 years more and more laws against the Chinese were passed. Most jobs were closed to Chinese men and women, so many Chinese opened their own restaurant and laundry businesses. In British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Ontario, Chinese employers were not allowed to hire white females, so most Chinese businesses became Chinese-only. The Liberal Party of Canada (French: ), colloquially known as the Grits (originally Clear Grits), is a Canadian federal political party. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ... The Chinese Immigration Act 1923, known in the Chinese-Canadian community as the Chinese Exclusion Act, was an act passed by the federal government of Canada, banning most forms of Chinese immigration to Canada. ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th Total 944... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 107 Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area...

Some of those Chinese Canadian workers settled in Canada after the railway was constructed. Most could not bring the rest of their families, including immediate relatives, due to government restrictions and enormous processing fees. Their contacts with non-Chinese were restricted as well, officially and unofficially. They established Chinatowns and societies in undesirable sections of the cities. This article is about sections of an urban area associated with a large number of Chinese residents or commercial activities. ...

During the Great Depression, life was even tougher for the Chinese than it was for other Canadians. In Alberta, for example, Chinese-Canadians received relief payments of less than half the amount paid to other Canadians. And because The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited any additional immigration from China, the Chinese men who had arrived earlier had to face these hardships alone, without the companionship of their wives and children. For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ...

Census data from 1931 shows that there were 1240 men to every 100 women in Chinese-Canadian communities. To protest The Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese-Canadians closed their businesses and boycotted Dominion Day celebrations every July 1st, which became known as “Humiliation Day” by the Chinese-Canadians. Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dominion Day is a commemoration day of the granting of national status in various Commonwealth countries. ...

Chinese-Canadian soldiers from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, serving in the Second World War

Canada was slow to lift the restrictions against the Chinese-Canadians and grant them full rights as Canadian citizens. Because Canada signed the United Nations' Charter of Human Rights at the conclusion of the Second World War, the Canadian government had to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act, which contravened the UN Charter. The same year, 1947, Chinese-Canadians were finally granted the right to vote in federal elections. But it took another 20 years, until the points system was adopted for selecting immigrants, that the Chinese began to be admitted under the same criteria as any other applicants. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 578 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (600 × 622 pixel, file size: 93 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Chinese Canadian Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 578 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (600 × 622 pixel, file size: 93 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Chinese Canadian Metadata... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th Total 944... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

After many years of organized calls for an official Canadian government public apology and redress to the historic Head tax, the minority Conservative government of Stephen Harper announced as part of their pre-election campaign, an official apology. On June 22, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered a message of redress in the House of Commons, calling it a "grave injustice". The Chinese head tax was a fixed fee charged for each Chinese person entering Canada. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Stephen Joseph Harper (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Conservative Party of Canada. ...

Some educated Chinese arrived in Canada during the war as refugees. Since the mid-20th century, most new Chinese Canadians come from university-educated families, one of whose most essential values is still quality education. These newcomers are a major part of the "Brain gain" the inverse of the infamous "Brain drain", i.e., Canadians leaving to the United States of America, which Chinese have also been a part of. A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals for other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflict or lack of opportunity or health hazards where they are living. ... This article is about the emigration term. ...

Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Malaysians first arrived in Canada in 1960s during anti-Chinese riots in their respective home countries. From 1970s – 1999, many more Indonesians and Malaysians of Chinese origin settled Canada. Many Chinese from Vietnam, Laos and Kampuchea came to Canada as refugees in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. Chinese Indonesians (Mandarin: YìndùníxÄ«yà Huárén (Traditional: 印度尼西亞華人, Simplified: 印度尼西亚华人） Hakka: Thong ngin, Min: Teng lang, Indonesian: Tionghoa Indonesia, or (derisively) Cina totok) are ethnically Chinese people living in Indonesia, as a result of centuries of overseas Chinese migration. ... A Chinese Malaysian (Mandarin: ma lai xi ya hua ren (馬來西亞華人), Hokkien: mah lai se ah hua kiao, Cantonese: mah lah zai wah kew (馬來西亞華僑), Bahasa Malaysia: fill-in) is an overseas Chinese who resides in Malaysia. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000...

Many Chinese from Latin America also came in large numbers, especially those from Nicaragua who fled from the dictatorial Somoza rule and following the earthquake in the 1980s. Chinese-Peruvians fled Peru for political reasons. They mostly settled in Canada's large cities. Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

There was a significant influx of wealthy Chinese from Hong Kong in the early and mid-1990s before the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China (PRC). Canada was a preferred location, in part because investment visas were significantly easier to obtain than visas to the United States. Vancouver, Richmond and Toronto were the major destinations of these Chinese. During those years, immigrants from Hong Kong alone made up to 46% of all Chinese immigrants to Canada.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Richmond is an incorporated city on the Pacific coast of the Canadian province of British Columbia. ...

In the 21st century, Chinese immigration from Hong Kong has dropped sharply and the largest source of Chinese immigration is from the PRC.^[2] A smaller number have arrived from Taiwan and very small numbers from Fiji, French Polynesia, and New Zealand.

Demography

See also: Demographics of Canada

In 2001, 25% of Chinese in Canada were Canadian-born.^[3] Demographics of Canada, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands. ...

Language

In 2001, 85% of Chinese reported having a conversational knowledge of at least one official language, while 15% reported that they could speak neither English nor French. Of those who could not speak an official language, 50% immigrated to Canada in the 1990s, while 22% immigrated in the 1980s. These immigrants tended to be in the older age groups. Of prime working-age Chinese immigrants, 89% reported knowing at least one official language.^[3]

In 2001, Chinese was the third-most common reported mother tongue, after English and French. 3% of the population, or 872,000 people, reported the Chinese language as their mother tongue — the language that they learned as a child and still understand. The most common Chinese mother tongue is Cantonese. Of these people, 44% were born in Hong Kong, 27% were born in the Chinese Guangdong province, and 18% were Canadian-born. The second-most common reported Chinese mother tongue was Mandarin. Of these people, 85% were born in either the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China, 7% were Canadian-born, and 2% were born in Malaysia. There is some evidence that fewer young Chinese-Canadians are speaking their parents' and grandparents' first language.

However, only about 790,500 people reported speaking a Chinese language at home on a regular basis, 81,900 fewer than those who reported having a Chinese mother tongue. This suggests some language loss has occurred, mainly among the Canadian-born who learned Chinese as a child, but who may not speak it regularly or do not use it as their main language at home. Nontheless, as many as 89% of the Canadian-born Chinese are competent at not only speaking, but reading and writing the difficult Chinese characters. It was not unusal to see Canadian born Chinese able to even write Chinese fluently enough knowing as much as 4000字. This phenomena is as a result of high concentrations of Chinese Canadians residing in both Vancouver and Richmond area in British Columbia, where they are given the opportunity to keep up their language and culture.

Immigration

As of 2001, almost 75% of the Chinese population in Canada lived in either Toronto or Vancouver. The Chinese population was 17% in Vancouver and 9% in Toronto.^[3] More than 50% of the Chinese immigrants who just arrived in 2000/2001 reported that their reason for settling in a given region was because their family and friends already lived there. Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ...

Education and employment

In 2001, 31% of Chinese in Canada, both foreign-born and Canadian-born, had a university education, compared with the national average of 18%.^[3]

Of prime working-age Chinese in Canada, about 20% were in sales and services; 20% in business, finance, and administration; 16% in natural and applied sciences; 13% in management; and 11% in processing, manufacturing, and utilities.^[3]

Chinese who immigrated to Canada in the 1990s and were of prime working-age in 2001 had an employment rate of 61%, which was lower than the national average of 80%. Many reported that the recognition of foreign qualifications was a major issue. However, the employment rate for Canadian-born Chinese men of prime working-age was 86%, the same as the national average. The employment rate for Canadian-born Chinese women of prime working-age was 83%, which was higher than the national average of 76%.^[3]

Canadian-born

Canadian-born Chinese or "Jook-sing" in Cantonese, is often called "CBCs", equivalent to "ABC" (American-born Chinese). The majority of Canadian-born Chinese during the 1970s and 1980s were descended from immigrants of Hong Kong and Southern China, and more recently from mainland Chinese immigrants. Jook-sing (Cantonese for 竹升 Jyutping: zuk1 sing1), is a pejorative term used in the United States and Canada to describe Westernized East Asians, particularly Chinese, who have lost or denied themselves their Asian heritage. ... This article is about all of the Cantonese (Yue) dialects. ... An American-born Chinese or ABC is a person born in the United States of Chinese ethnic descent. ...

Notable Chinese Canadians

See List of Chinese Canadians.

Media

List of Chinese language media outlets in Canada: Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ...

• CHKG-FM
• CHMB (AM)
• CJVB (AM)
• Cathay International Television
• Chinavision Canada
• The Epoch Times
• Fairchild Group
• Fairchild TV
• CHKT (AM)
• Ming Pao Daily News (Toronto)
• Sing Tao Daily (Toronto)
• Talentvision
• Today Daily News (Toronto)
• World Journal (Toronto)

CHKG is a radio station in Vancouver. ... CHMB is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 1320 AM in New Westminster, British Columbia. ... CJVB is a radio station in Vancouver. ... Cathay International Television was a Canadian television channel. ... Chinavision was a Canadian television channel. ... The Epoch Times (Simplified Chinese: 大纪元; Traditional Chinese: 大紀元; Pinyin: Dàjìyuán) is a privately owned, general-interest, Falun Gong-linked newspaper[1]. According to their own statement the founding Chinese-language Epoch Times started publishing in response to the growing demand for uncensored coverage of events in China and... The Fairchild Group (新時代集團, Pinyin: Xīnshídài jítuán) is a well diversified business conglomerate in Canada, with headquarters in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ... Fairchild TV (新時代電視) or FTV is a Canadian Cantonese cable television specialty channel. ... CHKT is a Canadian radio station, airing at 1430 AM in Toronto, Ontario. ... Ming Pao Daily News (明報), or Ming Pao for short, is a Chinese language newspaper in Canada. ... The Sing Tao Daily (星島日報), or Sing Tao (星島) for short, is one of a few Chinese language newspapers in Canada. ... Talentvision is a Mandarin cable television network in Canada. ... Today Daily News (現代日報) is a Chinese language newspaper in Canada, launched on November 1, 2005. ... The World Journal (世界日報) is a Chinese language newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario. ...

See also

• Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Ottawa
• Model minority

This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 placed a Head Tax on all Chinese immigrants coming to Canada, forcing them to pay a fifty dollar fee to enter the country. ... The Chinese head tax was a fixed fee charged for each Chinese person entering Canada. ... The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, known in the Chinese-Canadian community as the Chinese Exclusion Act, was an act passed by the federal government of Canada, banning most forms of Chinese immigration to Canada. ... This is a list of cities with large Chinese Canadian populations based on 2001 Census. ... Canadian Chinese cuisine or Can/Chinese is a popular style of cooking exclusive to take-out and dine-in eateries found across Canada. ... The Chinese Canadian National Council (CCNC) is an organization whose purpose is to monitor racial discrimination against Chinese in Canada and to help young Chinese Canadians learn about their cultural history. ... This is a list of Chinatowns (urban regions containing a large population of Chinese people within a non-Chinese society) in select countries. ... This article surveys individual Chinatowns in North America. ... Chinatown in San Francisco This article discusses Chinatown patterns in North America. ... A small sample of typical stores in the Golden Village. ... Image:Millennium Gate. ... The gate on Saint Lawrence Boulevard. ... Calgarys Chinatown is the third largest in Canada after those in Vancouver and Toronto. ... Map of 1912 Chinatown showing stores, laundries and restaurants Chinatown is a small district in downtown Lethbridge, Alberta. ... Victorias Chinatown gate. ... Chinatown of Winnipeg The Chinatown of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada was formed in 1909. ... Toronto Downtown Chinatown, Spadina & Dundas. ... The PRC emabssy in Canada at 515 St. ... April 1984 cover of Newsweek featuring an article on the success of Asian American students Model minority refers to a minority ethnic, racial, or religious group whose members achieve a higher degree of success than the population average. ...

References

Sources

• Pon, Gordon. "Antiracism in the Cosmopolis: Race, Class, and Gender in the Lives of Elite Chinese Canadian Women", Social Justice, vol. 32 (4): pp. 161-179 (2005)
• Lindsay, Colin. The Chinese Community in Canada, Profiles of Ethnic Communities in Canada, 2001, Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division, Statistics Canada, Catalog #89-621-XIE (ISBN 0-662-43444-7)

Library Resources

• Chinese Canadian Genealogy at the Vancouver Public Library
• Historic Chinese Language Materials in British Columbia (加華文獻聚珍) — A database of over 11,000 records, in Chinese, from archives, museums, and libraries documenting major waves of Chinese settlements on Canada’s west coast. The documents include manuscripts, newspapers, correspondence, genealogical and family records, business records, records of associations, textbooks, photographs, catalogs, books, journals, etc., and links to organizations that hold Overseas Chinese historical materials. From the Asian Library and the Centre for Chinese Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. All fields in the catalog of the database are searchable in English, Pinyin, and Chinese characters.

Funded by the City of Vancouver, the Vancouver Public Library is the third largest public library system in Canada, with over 395,000 cardholders and more than 8 million item borrowings annually. ... The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Canadian public research university with campuses in Vancouver and Kelowna. ...

Historical links

• Chinese Canadian Historical Society of British Columbia
• History of Chinese in Canada
• History of the Chinese Head Tax & Exclusion Act
• National Film Board - Documentary "In The Shadow of Gold Mountain", detailing the history of abuse against Chinese Canadians
• CBC Digital Archives - A Tale of Perseverance: Chinese Immigration to Canada

People

• 100 influential Chinese Canadians in British Columbia (October 2006)
• Alphabetical List of Persons: A to L, Alphabetical List of Persons: L to S Alphabetical List of Persons, S to Z