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The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (Chinese: 中国天主教爱国会, pinyin: Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Àiguó Huì), abbreviated CPA, CPCA, or CCPA, is a division, established in 1957, of the People's Republic of China's Religious Affairs Bureau to exercise state supervision over mainland China's Catholics. In his encyclical Ad Apostolorum Principis of 29 July 1958, Pope Pius XII deplored the attitude and activities of the Association and declared the bishops who participated in consecrating new bishops selected by the Association to be excommunicated. Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
July 29 is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State, from March 2, 1939 until his death. ...
It is the only organizational body of Catholics in China as officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China, but is not to be identified with the Chinese Roman Catholics who accept its directives.[1] The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ...
CPCA and the Beijing Government
Officially, religious organizations in mainland China today must be Government-recognized and approved, though many unofficial unregistered organizations do in fact exist. The Communist Party of China wants no organization in mainland China owing allegiance to "foreign influence", in this case, the Pope. Critics of the CPCA argue that it was created precisely to establish state control over Catholicism in mainland China. ...
Chinese house churches are unregistered Christian churches in the Peoples Republic of China, which operate independently of the government-run Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and China Christian Council (CCC) for Protestant groups and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CCPA) and the Chinese Catholic Bishops Council (CCBC) for Catholics. ...
The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Pope (or Pope of Rome) (from...
CPCA had to declare rejection of papal authority and non-acceptance of formulations of Catholic teaching and instructions issued by the Holy See after 1949, the year communists gained power over all of mainland China. Thus the CPCA could not offically recognize the dogma of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1950) by Pope Pius XII, nor the canonizations from 1949 onward (e.g. the canonization of Pope St. Pius X), nor Vatican declarations on even well-established devotional piety (e.g. on the Sacred Heart of Jesus or on Mary as Queen), nor the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). In practice, however, Chinese translations of the documents of the Second Vatican Council, of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, of the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church (revised in 1997) and of the 1970 Roman Missal, which at first had to be imported from Taiwan and Hong Kong, have been printed locally for some years.[2] 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...
For the film Dogma, see Dogma (film) Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek , plural ) is the established belief or doctrine held by a religion, ideology or any kind of organization, thought to be authoritative and not to be disputed or doubted. ...
The Assumption has been a subject of Christian art for centuries. ...
1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...
Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State, from March 2, 1939 until his death. ...
Pope St. ...
Typical illustration of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ The Sacred Heart is a religious devotion to Jesus physical heart. ...
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965. ...
1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ...
1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...
In Western culture, canon law is the law of the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. ...
The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Catholic Church, first published in French in 1992 by the authority of Pope John Paul II.[1] Subsequently, in 1997, a Latin text was issued which is now the official text of reference...
The Roman Missal (Missale Romanum) is the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Latin rite of Mass. ...
The CPCA thus could not accept the 1970 revision of the Roman Missal by Pope Paul VI, so that Mass continued to be celebrated in mainland China in the Tridentine Mass form. For lack of the revised text in Latin or Chinese, even priests who refused any connection with the CPCA kept the older form. As the effects of the Cultural Revolution faded in the 1980s, the Mass of Paul VI began to be used, and at the beginning of the next decade the CPCA officially permitted the publication even locally of texts, originally prepared in Taiwan, that brought the Mass liturgy into line with that in use in other countries. Since the Canon of the Mass is now said aloud, observers have been able to check that the Pope's name is mentioned even by those priests who, at least externally, accept directions from the CPCA, leading to the conclusion that "there is only one Catholic Church in China, whether state-recognized or so-called underground, they have the same faith, and the same doctrine."[3] The Roman Missal (Missale Romanum) is the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Latin rite of Mass. ...
This article cites very few or no references or sources. ...
A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ...
A Tridentine Mass being celebrated in Bohermeen, Ireland in the 1950s. ...
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally Proletarian Cultural Great Revolution; often abbreviated to 文化大é©å‘½ wénhuà dà gémìng, literally Great Cultural Revolution, or even simpler, to æ–‡é© wéngé, Cultural Revolution) was a period of social chaos and political anarchy in the Peoples...
This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass; for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass, see Mass (Catholic Church). ...
The policy of the PRC government, as was that of communist governments in other countries, has been to reserve to the state the regulation of all social activities. Thus the CPCA, which is under its control, and even the Catholic bishops in China, cannot speak out publicly against laws that gravely contravene Catholic moral teaching, such as those enforcing abortion and artificial contraception.
CPCA and the Roman Catholic Church Despite the difficulties that have confronted China's Catholics over the last sixty years, the Vatican has never declared the Chinese Catholics attending CPCA-sponsored church services to be schismatic,[4] despite calls to do so by organizations outside of China.[5] Those who accept CPCA directives are clearly not heretical per se, even though the approval of abortion and artificial contraception that has been attributed to the CPCA[6] verges towards heresy. In, for instance, inviting bishops appointed under CPCA rules to attend as Catholics in full communion with Rome an assembly of the Synod of Bishops,[7] the Holy See has indicated that it does not consider that the Church in mainland China (as distinct from the division of the Religious Affairs Bureau known as the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association) approves of abortion and artificial contraception. "The Holy See has continued to consider the episcopal ordinations in China fully valid."[8] The clergy whom they ordain therefore conserve valid Holy Orders, and the other sacraments that require a priest as minister (in particular the Eucharist) are also considered valid.[9] Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Catholic deacon candidates prostrate before the altar of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles during a 2004 diaconate ordination liturgy Holy Orders in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, and Independent Catholic churches includes three orders: bishop, priest, and deacon. ...
For other uses, see Eucharist (disambiguation). ...
The bishops who conferred episcopal ordination on candidates chosen in the manner laid down by the CPCA, without a mandate from the Holy See, and those who accepted such ordination, participated in a schismatic act and were thereby automatically excommunicated. However, they are not necessarily considered to be in schism, since, beginning with the early 1980s, they "took advantage of the renewed contacts with missionaries and foreign priests to send letters to Rome in which they declared their full communion with the Pope and the desire to be recognized as legitimate bishops. So ... the bishops subjected to the political control of the Patriotic Association tried the path of canonical sanatio to ... affirm their communion with the Pope, kept hidden because of external conditions, but never renounced in their hearts."[10] Those few[11] Chinese bishops who have not done so, remain in schism, however, and the bishops involved with the state's founding of the CPCA were indeed recognized bishops of the Catholic Church with ordinary jurisdiction: their involvement in a schismatic act was through the consecration of other bishops without papal mandate.[12]. The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhÃsma (from σχίζω, skhÃzÅ, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ...
For a time, some bishops who refused to accept CPCA control consecrated other bishops, so that there were cases of two parallel hierarchies among Catholics in China,[13] the one in schism partly,[14] the other in full communion with Pope Pius XII and his successors. The first to take this action was the bishop of Baoding, Joseph Fan Xueyan, who in 1981 consecrated three bishops without any mandate from the Holy See, which, however, gave approval for his action at the end of the same year.[15] This led to at least the perception, perhaps even the reality, of two parallel Roman Catholic Churches in China, often referred to as the "official" Church and the "underground" one.[16] Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State, from March 2, 1939 until his death. ...
It was precisely in that period that bishops ordained according to CPCA rules began to request and obtain recognition from the Holy See. On 26 September 1993 the Holy See decided that no more episcopal ordinations of the kind administered by Bishop Fan without previous authorization by the Holy See would be allowed. It was also decided that, given the greater ease of communication then existing, bishops selected by CPCA procedures were likewise to request and receive the prior approval of the Holy See before ordination, and must seek to have as consecrants legitimate bishops, since "the active participation of illegitimate bishops cannot but make more difficult the acceptance of a subsequent request for regularization." They were also to make public, when they deemed it possible and opportune, the assent of the Holy See to their ordination.[17] Some have actually made this public on the occasion of their ordination as bishops. September 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
In September 1992, the CPCA-sponsored Conference of Chinese Catholic Representatives, in which the bishops were a minority, approved new statutes of the Bishops' College, which seemed to subject the College to the Conference and to reiterate the CPCA rules for the election of bishops and the replacement, in the rite of episcopal ordination, of the papal mandate with the consent of the College. Probably because of this, the September 1993 directives also exhorted the bishops to defend with greater courage "the rights of the Church and communion with the Roman Pontiff." And, in fact, the bishops claimed more strongly at the next Assembly of the Catholic Representatives, held in January 1998, leadership in Church matters.
The ordinations of Peter Feng Xinmao in 2004 as coadjutor of Hengsui, Joseph Xing Wenzhi as auxiliary of Shanghai on 28 June 2005[18] and Anthony Dang Ming Yan as coadjutor of Xian on 26 July of the same year were all papal appointments, which were followed by the Government-imposed procedures of the appointee's election by representatives of the diocese and consequent approval by the Government itself. The Holy See refrained from making any statement, and no papal document of appointment was read at the ordination rites. However, it was noted that at least Bishop Xing swore to be "faithful to the one, holy, catholic, apostolic Church, with Peter as its head." shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 186 days remaining. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 158 days remaining. ...
In a further highly significant gesture, Pope Benedict XVI invited three CPCA-appointed bishops, together along with one "underground" bishop, to the October 2005 assembly of the Synod of Bishops as full members, not as "fraternal delegates", the term used for representatives of non-Catholic Churches invited to attend. Government permission for them to travel to Rome was withheld. This article is becoming very long. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Effects on China-Holy See relations At the time of the definitive Communist victory in mainland China, the papal diplomatic representative did not move to Taiwan, the island to which the Nationalist Government withdrew. This fact might have made it possible for the Communist Government to continue diplomatic relations as most often happens when a country's government is changed by election, coup, revolution or overthrow by rebel forces. Instead, the Communist Government expelled the papal representative, whose delay in leaving then made him unacceptable to the Taipei Government. His successors were accepted, and maintained relations with the Government that at that time was still recognized by the United Nations as the Government of China. When the United Nations gave recognition instead to the Beijing Government, the Holy See decided to appoint no further head of its diplomatic mission in Taipei, leaving it from then on in the care of a chargé d'affaires. The end of the last major governments to recognize Taiwan is seen as a major impetus for Beijing to establish relations with the Vatican.
Although, in the case of countries like the United States, a break of diplomatic relations with the Taipei Government accompanied, rather than preceded, the establishment of relations with the Beijing Government, the Communist government has several times declared that, in the case of the Holy See, such a break is a necessary preliminary condition.
The existence and activities of the CPCA division of the Government Religious Affairs Bureau has prevented the Holy See from establishing diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. On the part of the Holy See, a normal condition for establishing diplomatic relations with a country is a satisfactory level of freedom of religion, a condition that hardly any independent observer claims exists today in mainland China. However, the same condition could be seen as not required for appointing a papal representative, resident in Beijing, to continue, after an interruption, the diplomatic relations established with China in the 1930s. On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine that the Holy See would agree to this without some loosening of the Government ban on religious links between Catholics in China and Rome.
There have been a number of efforts to reconcile the Chinese Government with the Vatican. A New York Times article estimated that the status of Taiwan is not a major obstacle, and appointment of bishops can be handled with the Vatican picking from a list pre-screened by the government. Most reports, it said, indicate that the main obstacle is the PRC Government's fear of being undermined by the Catholic Church, especially since Pope John Paul II was widely seen as having partially influenced the fall of Communist governments in Poland and other Eastern European countries. The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...
Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II) born [] (May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland – April 2, 2005, Vatican City) reigned as...
Some observers have described a difference in the phenomena of civil society and state-society relations between China and the Western world. As a result, what Westerners may see as state regulation of social activities, the Chinese government often describes as necessary policies to preserve social stability. The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system) and commercial institutions. ...
When Pope John Paul II died in 2005, churches throughout China held special memorial services to commemorate and mourn his passing. Such activities are permitted, though official policy toward the Pope in Rome remain the same. Many Chinese Catholics, often with no awareness of any real rift between the two sides, expressed that they would have liked him to visit China, as he had once indicated was his desire.[19] 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Chinese government also expresses its view that the Catholic Church has not sufficiently apologized for alleged abuses by missionaries and clergy which occurred prior to the establishment of the PRC, some of them, it says, substantiated by international scrunity. It harshly criticized the canonization in 2000 of 120 Chinese and foreign martyrs in China, beatified much earlier, claiming that many of the non-Chinese among the martyrs had perpetrated abuses and crimes against the Chinese people. It also criticized the Vatican for proceeding with this action without securing Chinese input, and put on the Holy See the blame for the non-existence of the diplomatic channels that would have facilitated input. It made a similar accusation of Holy See unilateralism (which some would interpret instead as Beijing Government refusal to distinguish between religion and politics) when Pope Benedict XVI invited four bishops from mainland China - three of whom were government-approved - to the October 2005 assembly of the Synod of Bishops in Rome.[20] PRC is a common abbreviation for: Peoples Republic of China Palestinian Red Crescent Popular Resistance Committees This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Icon of St. ...
2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Other "patriotic" religious organizations CPCA was only one of three "patriotic" religious organizations set up in China after 1949. The other two were the Three-Self Patriotic Movement for Protestants, and the Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association. These, however, did not have the complication of any dependence with religious authorities geographically outside mainland China. The Three-Self Patriotic Movement (officially ä¸å›½åŸºç£æ•™ä¸‰è‡ªçˆ±å›½è¿åŠ¨å§”员会, China Christian Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee; colloquially 三自教会, the Three-Self Church) and the China Christian Council (ä¸å›½åŸºç£æ•™å会) are two pro-government (patriotic) Christian organizations in the Peoples Republic of China. ...
The Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association (Chinese: ä¸å›½ä¼Šæ–¯å…°æ•™å会) claims to represent Chinese Muslims nationwide. ...
The same tactic was also employed by the Communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, generally with less apparent success, though the true feelings of CPCA members are hard to gauge. In the Soviet Union, The Nation Union of Baptists and the government backed Living Church which had broken off from the patriarchal Church in 1922 advocating support for the Soviet government, are two such examples. In many churches by having nominations to ecclesiastical offices under the authority of the State, "patriot priests" were able to enter important posts. The governments tried to ensure constant replacement of less pliable clergy by those loyal to the government and so enable the Communist party to hold sway over Church matters. Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ...
The governments of countries in the contemporary era vary in their attitude toward religious influence -- particularly that tied to a religious authority outside the country, such as the Vatican -- in their societies. For instance, the government of Turkey, has attempted to eschew overly-powerful religious influences in that society, favoring instead secularization. The United States has historically held a principle of non-establishment or the separation between church and state. In many cases, however, the pressure to restrict religious or external influence has come from the society and culture and not directly from the state; several US presidential candidates, and candidates for other office, including John F. Kennedy, later president, and Alfred Smith, faced pressure from citizens who would not support members of the Catholic Church as elected officials, fearing that they would be overly subject to influence from the Vatican and thus potentially act contrary to the will of their own country's populace. The separation of church and state is a concept in law whereby the structures of state or national government are kept separate from those of religious institutions. ...
This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ...
For other uses, see Al Smith (disambiguation). ...
An official is, in the primary sense, someone who holds an office in an organisation, of any kind. ...
Similar Church divisions for political rather than religious reasons occurred even before the rise of Communism. Examples are:
The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ...
Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ...
The Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ...
The term Gallican Church usually refers to the Roman Catholic Church in France from the time of the Declaration of the Clergy of France (1682) to that of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) during the French Revolution. ...
The borders of modern France closely align with those of the ancient territory of Gaul, inhabited by Celts known as Gauls. ...
The law of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Fr. ...
The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. ...
This article is confusing for some readers, and needs to be edited for clarity. ...
A non-juror is a person who refuses to swear a particular oath. ...
References - ^ Elected "democratically". Valid nevertheless
- ^ Understanding the Roman Catholic Church in China
- ^ Radio Free Europe
- ^ Elected "democratically". Valid nevertheless
- ^ Cardinal Kung Foundation
- ^ "This pseudo-Catholic body expressly disavows loyalty to Rome and supports the state's policy of forcing women to undergo abortions" (The Real News of the Month, January 2003).
- ^ Pope names four mainland Chinese bishops to October synod
- ^ 30Days, May 2004
- ^ Elected "democratically". Valid nevertheless
- ^ The long road and "accidents along the way"
- ^ "Nearly all the bishops who have joined the patriotic association have reconciled with the Vatican" (Catholic Church in China: 'Two faces' expressing one faith by Catholic News Service; cf. Asia News, 27 November 2006
- ^ Ad Apostolorum Principis, 48 (cf. [>Decree of Excommunication).
- ^ This was true only of a few dioceses: in the last decades of the twentieth century the Holy See's yearbook, Annuario Pontificio, indicated the vast majority of the Chinese dioceses as vacant, since, after the expulsion and later transfer or death of the foreign bishops to whom they had been entrusted, no bishop had been consecrated for them in this way, with or without prior approval by the Holy See.
- ^ "The majority of bishops ordained illegitimately in those years in China, never really thought of it as the national 'self-governing' Church cherished by the propaganda of the regime" (30Days, August-September 2005).
- ^ The long road and "accidents along the way"
- ^ "The episcopal ordination of Shanghai (on 28 June 2005) clarifies the real contours of the intricate events of Chinese Christianity in the last fifty years. And gives the lie forever to the misleading theories according to which there were two Churches in China, one faithful to the Pope and the other to the Party" (30Days, August-September 2005).
- ^ The long road and "accidents along the way"
- ^ There's something new in Shanghai too
- ^ Condolences for the Pope and new arrests of bishops and priests in Peking
- ^ Afraid of the pope, China closes its doors
See also Chinese monk lighting incense in Beijing temple. ...
Chinese house churches are unregistered Christian churches in the Peoples Republic of China, which operate independently of the government-run Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and China Christian Council (CCC) for Protestant groups and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CCPA) and the Chinese Catholic Bishops Council (CCBC) for Catholics. ...
The Lords Prayer in Chinese language. ...
Catholicism in China has a long and complicated history. ...
In 1958, the Chinese communist government appointed two Catholic bishops to be consecrated without approval from the Vatican. ...
Papist is a term, usually disparaging, referring to a member of the Roman Catholic Church. ...
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