A Chinese Peruvian, also known as tusán, a loanword from 土生 (pinyin: tǔ shēng, jyutping: tou2 saang1, "local born"), is a person of Chinese ancestry born in Peru, or who has made Peru his or her adopted homeland. Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ...

Most Chinese Peruvians are multilingual. In addition to Spanish, Quechua, and English, many of them speak one or more Chinese dialects that may include Cantonese, Hakka, Mandarin, and Taiwanese. Since the first Chinese immigrants came from Macao, some of them also speak Portuguese. In Peru, Asian Peruvians are estimated at 3% of the population, but one source places the number of citizens with some Chinese ancestry at 4.2 million, which equates to 15% of the country's total population. ^[1] Quechua (Runa Simi in Quechua; Runa, human + Simi, speech, literally mouth; i. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Cantonese is a major dialect group or language of the Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Pronunciation in Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, Pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a spoken variation of the Chinese language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world. ... Standard Mandarin – also known as Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese – is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Taiwanese (pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân-oē or Tâi-gí; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a variant of Amoy Min Nan Chinese spoken by about 70% of Taiwans population. ...

[edit] History

[edit] Early history

Chinese immigrants in the 19th century, who took a four-month trip from Macao (then a Portuguese territory), settled Peru as contract laborers or "coolies". Other Chinese coolies from Guangdong followed. One hundred thousand Chinese contract laborers, almost all male, were sent mostly to the sugar plantations from 1849 to 1874, for the termination of slavery and continuous labor for the coastal guano mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. Map of the world with countries colored according to their immigrant population as a percentage of total population: Immigration is the movement of people with large poos from one nation-state to another. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the album by the Kaiser Chiefs see Employment (album) This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Coolie labourer circa 1900 in Zhenjiang, China. ... Guangdong, often spelt as Kwangtung, is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Magnification of grains of sugar, showing their monoclinic hemihedral crystalline structure. ... Slave redirects here. ...

Another group of Chinese settlers came after the founding of Sun Yat-sen's republic in 1912, World War II, and the establishment of Communist rule in 1949. Sun Yat-sen (Chinese: ; November 12, 1866 – March 12, 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader often referred to as the “father of modern China”. Sun played an instrumental role in the eventual overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...

[edit] Modern-day immigration

Recent Chinese immigrants settled in Peru from Hong Kong and, again, Macao because of fear of their return to Communist rule in 1997 and 1999, while others have come from other places in mainland China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asian Chinese communities, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Many Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Filipinos came to Peru after anti-Chinese riots and massacres in those countries the 1960s, 1970s, and late 1990s. These recent Chinese immigrants make Peru the home of the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America. The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... The Chinese Indonesian (Mandarin: Yin du ni xi ya Huaren (Traditional: 印度尼西亞華人, Simplified: 印度尼西亚华人） Hakka: Thong ngin, Min: Teng lang, Indonesian: Tionghoa Indonesia, or (derisively) China totok) are citizens or residents of Indonesia of Chinese birth or descent, as a result of centuries of overseas Chinese migration. ... A Chinese Filipino (Simplified Chinese: 华菲; Traditional Chinese: 華菲; Hanyu Pinyin: Huáfēi; Hokkien: Huǎhūi; Cantonese: Waafei; Tagalog/Filipino: Tsinoy (pronounced ʧɪnɔj) derived from two words: Tsino (meaning Chinese) and Pinoy (the slang word for Filipino) is a person with Chinese blood born in the Philippines. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Photographs of the My Lai massacre provoked world outrage and made it an international scandal. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ... A community usually refers to a sociological group in a large place or collections of plant or animal organisms sharing an environment. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

[edit] Emigration

Many Chinese Peruvians left Peru in the 1960s and 1970s to escape the dictatorial government of Gen. Juan Velasco Alvarado, worsening poverty, and earthquake. Most of them headed to the United States, where they were called Chinese Americans or Peruvian Americans of Chinese descent, while others went to Canada, mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Australia, or New Zealand. Juan Velasco redirects here. ... A Chinese American is an American who is of ethnic Chinese descent. ... ...

[edit] Role in the economy

After their contracts ended, many of them adopted the last name of their patrons (one of the reasons that many Chinese Peruvians carry Spanish last names). Some freed coolies (and later immigrants) established many small businesses. These included chifas (Chinese-Peruvian restaurants - the word is derived from chī fàn, or "eat rice" in Mandarin). Calle Capón, Lima's Chinatown, also known as Barrio Chino de Lima, became one of the Western Hemisphere's earliest Chinatowns. The Chinese coolies married Peruvian women, and many Chinese Peruvians today are of mixed Chinese, Spanish, and African or Native American descent. Chinese Peruvians also assisted in the building of railroad and development of the Amazon Rainforest, where they tapped rubber trees, washed gold, cultivated rice, and traded with the Indians. They even became the largest foreign colony in the Amazon capital of Iquitos by the end of the century. Mandarin (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally speech of officials), or Beifanghua (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally Northern Dialect(s)), is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and south-western China. ... This article is about Lima, Peru. ... For other uses, see Chinatown (disambiguation). ... The geographical western hemisphere of Earth, highlighted in yellow. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Olmec script These glyphs written in Epi-Olmec script, the earliest examples of writing in the Americas, give a calendar date of 7. ... Map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF. Yellow line encloses the Amazon rainforest. ... Iquitos is the largest city in the rainforest of Peru. ...

[edit] Prominent Chinese Peruvians

• Eugenio Chang Rodríguez, writer, linguist, university professor (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos/City University of New York)
• Juan Pablo Chang Navarro-Lévano (1930 - 1967) communist student leader and guerrilla, died alonside Che Guevara
• Rosa Fung Pineda, archaeologist
• Efrain Wong, Operations Manager of the Corporacion Wong and founder of Las Falcas, S.A. distillery
• Erasmo Wong, founder and owner of the Wong supermarket chain
• Patty Wong, TV host
• Walter Wong, anthropologist, late Ayacucho Regional Director of the Instituto Nacional de Cultura
• Pedro Zulen (1889 - 1924), university professor, poet, philosopher, writer UNMSM Pedro Zulen

National University of San Marcos or University of Saint Mark [1] (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), or simply San Marcos) is a public university in Lima, Peru. ... The City University of New York (CUNY; acronym usually pronounced kyoo-nee or coo-nee), located in New York City, is the largest urban university in the United States, with more than 208,000 enrolled in degree programs and another 208,000 enrolled in adult and continuing education courses at... Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14,[1] 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or El Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary, medical doctor, political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalist guerrillas. ... Wong is the largest supermarket chain in Peru. ... Wong is the largest supermarket chain in Peru. ... Patty Wong is a Peruvian model. ... Ayacucho is the capital city of Huamanga Province, Ayacucho Region, Peru. ...

[edit] See also

• Overseas Chinese
• Asian Latin American
• Chinatowns in Latin America
• History of Peru