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Chinese Singaporean is a term that refers to Singaporeans who are of Chinese descent. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

The population of Chinese in Singapore currently stands at slightly more than 3 million out of a total of about 4 million, or about 76.8% of the population.

Dialect Groups

Nearly all Singaporeans are descended from the Han Chinese, the dominant group of the Chinese in China. The Singaporean Chinese are descended from several dialect groups, originating from various parts of China. Around 70% of the Chinese Singaporeans belong to the Min-nan dialect group, but inter-dialect marriages among the third and fourth generations are making the dialect lines increasingly blur. Government policies, such as banning dialects in schools and the media, have resulted in an entire generation of young Singaporeans distanced from their tongues, leading to considerable difficulties in communication between the young and old. Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; pinyin: ) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ...

Hokkien

The Hokkien constitute around 45% of the Chinese Singaporean population. Most came the southern parts of the Fujian province, primarily Xiamen and Quanzhou. They speak Hokkien, a Min-nan dialect, though their Hokkien includes words from Malay. Fujian (Chinese: 福建; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal System Pinyin: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of China. ... Xiamen (Simplified Chinese: 厦门; Traditional Chinese: 廈門; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsiamen) is a coastal sub-provincial city in Fujian Province, southern China. ... Quanzhou (Chinese: 泉州; pinyin: Quánzhōu) is a prefecture level city, located in the Fujian province of China. ... Mǐn Nán (also spelt Minnan or Min-nan; Simplified Chinese: 闽南语, Traditional Chinese: 閩南語; native name Bân-lâm-gú) literally, the Southern Min or Southern Fujian language, refers to the language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China and neighboring areas, and descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora. ...

The element of Spirit Worship, known as Tanki-ism in the Hokkien dialect, was widespread among the older generation. One of the festivals is that of the Nine Emperor Gods, a Taoist commemoration of the Emperors who brought peace and prosperity to the people and the prayer to the Jade Emperor on the 8th day of Chinese New Year.[1]

Teochew

The second most populous group after the Hokkiens. Although they dominate the Chinese population in Thailand, the Teochew in Singapore constitute around 25% of the Chinese Singaporean population. They mainly come from eight of the ten Chaozhou prefectures in China, with the majority coming from Shantou. The historic quarter of Shantou, which features both Western and Chinese architecture Shantou (Simplified: 汕头, Traditional: 汕頭 Pinyin: Shan4tou2; Min Chinese: Swátōw or Suátāo) is a city of 784,000 in coastal eastern Guangdong Province, China. ...

Like the Hokkiens, the Teochews speak the Teochew, a Min-nan dialect. Unlike Hainanese, both Hokkien and Teochew are mutally intelligible. The Teochew dialect (Diō-jiu-oē, Chinese:潮州话, Hanyu Pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà, Teochiu or Tiuchiu), is a Chinese language and dialect of Minnan spoken in a region of eastern Guangdong refered to as Chaoshan. ...

Chinese settlements with large populations of Teochews used to be found along the banks of Singapore River in Chinatown. To honour their success in commerce, Lee Hsien Loong gave a speech relating to the Teochews of Singapore in November 2003. [2] The Singapore River is a small river in terms of physical attributes, but of extreme historical importance to the country of Singapore, the political entity which shares its name. ... Lee Hsien Loong (Hanzi: 李显龙/李顯龍; pinyin: Lǐ Xiǎnlóng; born February 10, 1952) is the third Prime Minister of Singapore. ...

Cantonese

The Cantonese made up 16% of the Chinese Singaporean population. Unlike the Hokkien, Teochew and the Hainanese, the Cantonese spoke a dialect belonging to the Yue family. Yue can refer to: Yuè ((T: 粵 S: 粤), an abbreviation for Guangdong province of the Peoples Republic of China, and also: Yue, a subdivision of spoken Chinese spoken in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, and Macau. ...

Hakka

The Hakkas constitute 7% of the Chinese Singaporean population. Since their dialect was initially somewhat intelligible to Mandarin, although strongly influenced by Min-nan and Yue, they were believed to have migrated from Northern China between the 16th and the 17th century. Hakka (Chinese: 客家; pinyin: kèjiā, literal meaning guest families) are a Han Chinese people whose ancestors are said to originate from around Henan and Shanxi in northern China over 2700 years ago. ... Mandarin   listen?(Traditional: 北方話, Simplified: 北方话, Hanyu Pinyin: BÄ›ifānghuà, lit. ... Mǐn Nán (also spelt Minnan or Min-nan; Simplified Chinese: 闽南语, Traditional Chinese: 閩南語; native name Bân-lâm-gú) literally, the Southern Min or Southern Fujian language, refers to the language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China and neighboring areas, and descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora. ... Yue can refer to: Yuè ((T: 粵 S: 粤), an abbreviation for Guangdong province of the Peoples Republic of China, and also: Yue, a subdivision of spoken Chinese spoken in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, and Macau. ...

Hainanese and Northern Min

This group constitutes 5% of the Chinese Singaporean population. Of them, the majority are Hainanese, from Hainan, speaking Hainanese, a Min-nan dialect. Hainan (Chinese: 海南; pinyin: ) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located at the southern end of the country. ... Hainanese is a dialect spoken in Hainan Categories: Chinese language ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ...

The others, who included the Hokchew, Hokchia and the Henghuas, who came from Northern Fujian and Southern Zhejiang. They speak various Northern Min dialects. As late-comers to Singapore (late 19th century), most of them worked as shop helpers, chefs, and waiters in the hospitality sector. Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Che-chiang; Postal System Pinyin: Chehkiang or Chekiang) is a eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Mandarin and Wu

The Mandarin from Beijing and other northern provinces, and the Wu people from Shanghai and Zhejiang, constitute only 2% of the Chinese Singaporean population. They can all speak Mandarin Chinese, the lingua franca among all the Chinese dialects, but may be able to speak their own dialects as well, though their own dialects are rarely used in daily life even among those from the same region. An exception to this is the Shanghainese, who insist upon speaking their own dialect whenever there are more than one of them, even though what they are talking about may concern others nearby who will not be able to understand them. This further contributes to the stereotype that Shanghainese are rude and aloof. Mandarin has a number of meanings: An Imperial Chinese bureaucrat, see mandarin (China), and in the UK, by analogy, any government bureaucrat. ... Beijing   listen? (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Wu may refer to: Wu (region), a region in China, associated with: Wu (linguistics), a subdivision of spoken Chinese spoken in the Wu region State of Wu, a state in the Wu region during the Spring and Autumn Period Kingdom of Wu, a state in southeastern China during the Three... Shanghai (Chinese: 上海; pinyin: ; Shanghainese IPA: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ... Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Che-chiang; Postal System Pinyin: Chehkiang or Chekiang) is a eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

These are mainly first and second-generation Chinese Singaporeans who came to Singapore in the 90s. As with overseas Chinese emigration patterns worldwide, they tend to be highly-paid professionals in MNCs or research and educational institutes. A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC) is one that spans multiple nations; these corporations are often very large. ...

There is a degree of discrimination against these recent immigrants. Despite being generally well-off, they are seen as outsiders who 'stole' the jobs of the 'natives'.

Language

Traditionally, the Singaporean Chinese have a preference of using the dialects of their place of origin as their main avenue of communication. However, since independence, the government has continuously encouraged the Singaporean Chinese to speak only Mandarin, as a process to unify all the Chinese from different dialect groups into one group. Standard Mandarin is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China on Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore. ...

Due to the 'standardization' of all schools (including former chinese schools) into english-stream in 1979 and the rise of more english-speaking family, english or Singlish has become a language commonly spoken among the young Singaporean chinese. Although Mandarin is also commonly spoken among the young Singaporean, it is often mixed with English or Malay words, in the same way as Singlish. Most young Chinese Singaporean can speak decent Mandarin, but are often not able to read or write chinese well enough.

As the traditional southeastern Chinese dialects are not taught in school, the number of their speakers has steadily declined. Many of the young Chinese in Singapore are unable to use their dialects fluently - most can utter no more than a few words. This is even more common among the westernized Chinese Christian community, who speak acrolectal English. In addition, many parents started to communicate with their children solely in English, in a belief that the language is essential to attain upward social mobility. This generally causes more and more Singaporean chinese unable to grasp their root language and losing their cultural identity. An acrolect is a register of a language that is considered formal and high style. ...

Evidently seen from the increasing use of English in teaching Mandarin in primary schools and the introduction of the Chinese 'B' syllabus in secondary institutions, English or Singlish is quickly supplanting Mandarin as the lingua franca of Singaporean Chinese.

Thus only older people continue to use dialects, either as the main form of communication or as their lingua franca. Younger Singaporeans are increasingly using Chinese surnames based on Mandarin pronunciation, rather than dialect-based pronunciations. Some parents have even gone further in translating their own dialect surnames to hanyu pinyin ones. Standard Mandarin is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China on Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore. ...

English is also used as the business language, and all students are required to master English as their first language and speak Mandarin during Mandarin class. Singlish is also commonly used among the Singaporeans, including the Singaporean Chinese. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Singlish, a portmanteau of the words Singaporean and English, is the English-based creole spoken colloquially in Singapore. ...

With the rising economy of China, as well as more Singapore companies requiring fluency in Mandarin, Mandarin has been viewed with greater importance amongst the Singaporean chinese than before. Chinese dialect in Singapore is however on the decline. With no government support in reviving chinese dialect, chinese dialect might disappear from Singapore in the future.

Religion

Traditionally, the Chinese are adherents of a mixture of Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and ancestor worship. A sizeable minority of 13% of the Chinese claimed to profess no particular religion, and this is increasing among younger people. Relief image of the bodhisattva Guan Yin from Mt. ... For other uses of the words tao and dao, see Dao (disambiguation). ... Confucianism (儒家 Pinyin: rújiā, literally The School of the Scholars; or less correctly: 孔教 kŏng jiào The Religion of Kong), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ... Ancestor worship, also ancestor veneration, is a religious practice based on the belief that ones ancestors possess supernatural powers. ...

Traditional Chinese Folks Religions

About 67% of the Singapore Chinese still adhere to their traditional folks religion in varying degrees of devoutness. This group tends to speak Mandarin and/or Chinese dialects at home and follow a Chinese-influenced lifestyle. Most the people in this group came from the lower and middle classes, though some of them belong to the upper-class. Of these, the majority claim to be Buddhist and the remainder Taoist. They generally practise a mixed form of folks religion comprising of buddhist, taoist and other chinese traditional religious practice such as ancestor worship.

Most of the traditional practitioner would place one or two altars at home, or along the corridors of their HDB flats. The altars often contain the three chinese gods, namely Wealth (Fok in Cantonese, Fu 福 in Mandarin), (Lok in Cantonese, Lu 禄 in Mandarin), and Life (Sao in Cantonese, Shou 寿 in Mandarin). The Guan Yin(a buddhist deity) and ancestral tablets may also be placed on the altar in addition to these three gods. A brazier, often painted red, may also be seen. They also hang small urns filled with sand and ash outside the house; this is where joss sticks are placed and used as offerings to the gods. HDB Logo The Housing and Development Board (HDB) is the government agency responsible for Singapores public housing programme. ... Kuan Yin (Pinyin: Guanyin; also written Kwan Yin or in other variants which hyphenate or remove the space between the two words) is the bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists. ... This page may be moved to Wiktionary. ...

When there is a death in the family, the relatives of the deceased will organise a funeral ceremony. These ceremonies are usually held at HDB void decks The deceased is placed in a wooden coffin. Buddhist or Taoist monks are then called to preside, and they chant mantras and prayers for the deceased to ward off evil spirits. During the funeral ceremony, the relatives of the deceased will burn incense paper and pray for the deceased. A typical funeral ceremony will last around 3 or 5 days. Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea A funeral is a ceremony marking a persons death. ... An open casket A coffin (which some call a casket) is a box used for the display and burial or cremation of a cadaver. ... A Roman Catholic monk A monk is a person who practices monasticism, adopting a strict religious and ascetic lifestyle, usually in community with others following the same path. ...

At the end of the ceremony, a hearse will transport the body to the crematorium, where the body will be cremated. As the body is cremated, the monks are also present to pray for the deceased. The ashes are placed in an urn, which is then placed in a columbarium or temple, where an ancestral tablet is used to indicate the location of the urn. A hearse is a funeral vehicle, a conveyance for the coffin from e. ... The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ...

Buddhist

Singapore has a large chinese buddhist community comprising almost 49% of the chinese population in Singapore. It is currently the largest religious group in Singapore. The major bulk of this population are in the lower and middle class, though some can be found in the upper class. This group are usually more educated in the chinese ways than the more westernized christians.

However, in recent years, due to the increasing publication of buddhist books, internet sites in English, modern buddhist music as well as courses conducted in English, more and more english-speaking chinese, esp. the young Singaporean, are joining the buddhist circle. As a somewhat traditional asian religion, buddhism seems to be spreading back from the west to Singapore, as many of the buddhist books are written by western monks, sangha and writers (e.g. Dalai Lama, Thubten Chodren, Tenzin Palmo).

In Singapore, most of the chinese buddhists belong to the Mahayana branch (esp. the Pureland and Zen Branch), while a smaller portion belongs to the Theravada and Tibetan branch.

Singapore's buddhist temples and the religious circle are highly organised and very often have connection with foreign religious organisation esp. in China, Taiwan, Thailand, USA, UK, Sri Lanka etc. Many foreign buddhist association and temples have also established their branches in Singapore to propagate buddhist teaching and activities. Buddhist temples and associations are spreaded all over Singapore, ranging from small to large.

The largest buddhist temple in Singapore, Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery , holds many buddhist activities such as chanting, meditation, retreat, dharma talks as well as conducted buddhist courses on dharma and meditation, very often attended by thousands of adherents.

Contrary to what most people had mistaken about buddhism as taking a joss stick and praying to Buddha, this is not true for a typical buddhist practitioner. A typical chinese buddhist will not just study buddhism, but also practise the teaching in his daily life, such as meditation, practise mindfulness etc. He also attends the various buddhist activities (e.g. Om Mani Padme Hom Retreat, Insight Meditation) in the buddhist circle, and do volunteer work, if necessary. He will normally celebrate the vesak day and placed a Buddha altar at home, paying homage to him daily. If he feels he would like to be an official buddhist, he would normally undergo a religious ceremony in the temple known as 'taking refuge in triple gem' (归依三宝).

Christian

A minority (13.5%) of Singaporean Chinese, are Christian. Most of the Chinese Christians belong to the Protestant, Anglican or Roman Catholic denominations. They form the majorty of the Chinese Singaporeans of the westernized upper class, though some can be found in the middle and lower class class. Like their Buddhist counterpart, a very small number of them are actually nominal or near-nominal Christians. Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament writings of his early followers. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Jook-sing (Cantonese for 竹升 Jyutping: zuk1 sing1), is a pejorative term used in the United States and Canada to describe Westernized East Asians, particularly Chinese, who have lost or denied themselves their Asian heritage. ...

This group, unlike the former, are highly westernized and tend be very well educated in western rather than Chinese ways. However, they still retain and practise certain non-religious chinese customs like celebrating the Lunar New Year and other festivals.

Christians do not place many religious items or altars at home, though a cross may be placed above the doorway of the house. Christians normally attend church services on Sundays, though church services on Saturdays or even weekdays are not uncommon. Services may last anywhere from thirty minutes to two hours or longer. A church building is a building used in Christian worship. ...

Services are mainly held in English, though some churches have services in different languages, notably Mandarin, Tamil, Tagalog and on rarer occasions, Chinese dialects. Mandarin has a number of meanings: An Imperial Chinese bureaucrat, see mandarin (China), and in the UK, by analogy, any government bureaucrat. ... The letter ழ் is a consonant believed to be unique to Tamil and Malayalam Tamil is a classical language and one of the major languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. ... Tagálog is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ...

When there is a death, the ceremony is normally held in the church, though funeral ceremonies may be allowed at HDB void decks. The members of the church attend the ceremony and verses of the Bible are read, and prayers said to mourn for the deceased. A head of the church will also be there, presiding over the funeral ceremony. Parts of this article contradict each other. ...

At the end of the ceremony, the family members and some of the church members will walk to the graveyard, with the coffin being transported by a hearse. Upon reaching the destination, the church staff, along with the family of the deceased will pay their final respects as the burial takes place. However, due to the land constraints in Singapore these days, most Christians too are cremated.

The step for modernization and westernization has witnessed growth in the Christian population in the 1980's from 10% to 18% in 1988 of the Singapore's population, although in recent years it has dropped to below 15%. Fundamentalist Protestant and Catholic denominations has seized the chance to proselytise the Chinese of the upper class in the 80's and early 90's.

Other

Another 13% of the Chinese Singaporean are non-religious and they call themselves "free thinkers". In Singapore, this term means that the person does not believe in any religion. However, some may practise Chinese traditions and practices.

An small minority of the Singapore Chinese follow either Islam or Hinduism. Most people from this group are Chinese men or women who are married to Malay spouses and have converted to Islam, which is part of the Malay marriage custom, regardless of his/her religion. If a Chinese Man marries a Malay, the children will still follow the surname/language/culture/race of the Chinese father. The Chinese Hindus are mainly women who have married Indian men. Islam   listen? (Arabic: al-islām) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Three-quarter scale bronze sculptures 19th C. Malay people, Indonesia, Borneo. ...

History

The Chinese were present in Singapore even before the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles, who founded it: 14th-century Chinese sources state that there was already a sizeable Chinese population along the entire Southern coast. According to the traveller Wang Dayuan, the Chinese in Singapore dressed in traditional Malay costume and largely intermarried with the local Malay women, following an amalgam of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism. Those were the earliest Peranakans of Singapore. Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (6 July 1781 - 5 July 1826) was the founder of the city (now country) of Singapore, and is one of the best-known of the many Britons who created the largest empire the world has ever seen. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ... For other uses of the words tao and dao, see Dao (disambiguation). ... Peranakan, Baba-Nyonya (峇峇娘惹) and Straits Chinese (after the Straits of Malacca) (土生華人) are terms used for the descendants of the early Chinese immigrants to the Nusantara region, including both the British Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca and Penang and the Dutch-controlled island of Java among other places. ...

After Singapore became the capital of the British Straits Settlements in 1832, the free trade policy attracted many Chinese from mainland China to trade, and most settled down in Singapore. The large influx of Chinese to Singapore led to the establishment of a large number of Chinese associations, schools, and temples in Singapore. New settlements were created under the Raffles Town Plan and the Chinese immigrants soon outnumbered the Malays. During this period, Christian missionaries from Europe also began to evangelise the Asians, especially the Chinese. Entrepot trade turned Singapore into a trading centre by the middle of the 19th century. By 1849, the Chinese reached half of Singapore's population. 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... The term Malay Singaporeans refers to Singaporeans of Malay descent. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ...

Many of the Chinese immigrants sent their children to English missionary schools in the hope of a better future. This pattern of westernisation lasted right until after World War II. World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ...

During WWII

The Sino-Japanese War that broke out in 1937 between China and Japan caused resentment among the Chinese. During this period, many of the immigrants returned to China to fight the Japanese, while established entrepreneur send economic aid to China. After Singapore was taken by the Japanese in 1942, the Kempeitai (Japanese Secret Police) tracked down many of the Chinese who had fought against them. However, the Kempeitai's Sook Ching selection of people to be executed was largely a random process carried out by masked informers. There were also anti-Japanese forces during the war, such as Force 136, headed by Lim Bo Seng. There were two wars known as the Sino-Japanese War (between China and Japan): The First Sino-Japanese War occurred between 1894 and 1895, primarily over control of Korea. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... Kempeitai (憲兵隊, Law Soldier Regiment) was the military police of the Imperial Japanese Army. ... The Sook Ching Massacre (肅清大屠殺) was a semi-systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among ethnic Chinese Malayans and Singaporeans by the Japanese military administration, after the British colony surrendered on February 15, 1942 during World War II. The term sook ching (肃清) is a Chinese word meaning a purge... Lim Bo Seng (April 27, 1909 - June 29, 1944) was a World War 2 anti-Japanese veteran who was based in Singapore and Malaya. ...

Racial Tensions

Soon after WWII, riots that are ignited due to racial tensions are frequent during the early post-war period.

A major riot took place during the Prophet Muhammad's birthday Celebrations, on 21 July 1964. There are a record of high casualties. Racial Harmony Day was thereafter observed in Singapore, annually. The riot is agitated by the Malaysian politicians who presumably, hopes to oust the then incumbent Prime Minister and his cabinet, in a bid to prevent the ideology of a Malaysian Malaysia to spread north-wards, towards Penisular Malaysia. Muhammad is a common male name for Muslims. ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Present Day

However to this day since the country's independence in 1965, there are no major racial issues that is associated with the major racial groups, and Singapore is considered the model for a cosmopolitan society.

See Also

• Buddhism in Singapore
• Taoism in Singapore
• Singlish
• Malaysian Chinese
• Jook-sing

Around 42. ... Taoism is adhered by 8. ... Singlish, a portmanteau of the words Singaporean and English, is the English-based creole spoken colloquially in Singapore. ... Chinese Malaysian are overseas Chinese who reside in Malaysia. ... Jook-sing (Cantonese for 竹升 Jyutping: zuk1 sing1), is a pejorative term used in the United States and Canada to describe Westernized East Asians, particularly Chinese, who have lost or denied themselves their Asian heritage. ...

External Links

• Festival of the Nine Emperor Gods