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Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa, chinensis group) is a Chinese leaf vegetable related to the Western cabbage. They are of the same species as the common turnip. There are many variations on its name, spelling, and Scientific classification. This is a common vegetable used in Chinese cuisine. Standard Mandarin – also known as Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese – is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Standard Cantonese is a variant, and is generally considered the prestige dialect of Cantonese Chinese. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... Standard Cantonese is a variant, and is generally considered the prestige dialect of Cantonese Chinese. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... Image File history File links Zhongwen. ... 漢字 / 汉字 Chinese character in Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja, Hán Tự. Red in Simplified Chinese. ... Binomial name Brassica rapa L. Brassica rapa is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable, a root vegetable, and an oilseed. ... Fresh Swiss chard Fresh water spinach Creamed spinach Steamed kale Leaf vegetables, also called potherbs, greens, or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots. ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Trinomial name Brassica rapa rapa L. The turnip (Brassica rapa var. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

History

Chinese cabbage has been cultivated for over six thousand years in China. Brassica rapa seeds have been found in jars in the excavated New Stone Age settlement of Banpo. They were a common part of the diet in southern China by the 5th century. The Neolithic, (Greek neos=new, lithos=stone, or New Stone Age) is traditionally the last part of the stone age. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Alternative meaning: In geology, North China (continent) and South China (continent) were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern and southern China. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 - 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ...

The Ming Dynasty pharmacologist Li Shizhen studied the Chinese cabbage for its medicinal qualities. Before this time the Chinese cabbage was largely confined to the Yangzi Delta region. The Chinese cabbage as it is known today is very similar to a variant bred in Zhejiang around the 14th century. During the following centuries, it became popular in northern China and the northern harvest soon exceeded the southern one. Northern cabbages were exported along the Grand Canal to Zhejiang and as far south as Guangdong. For other uses, see Ming. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Li Shizhen (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Li Shih-Chen) (1518 - 1593 CE, Ming Dynasty), was one of the greatest physicians and pharmacologists in Chinese history. ... The Yangzi Delta generally comprises the triangular-shaped territory of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province. ... Zhejiang (also spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Grand Canal of China The Grand Canal of China (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is the longest ancient canal or artificial river in the world. ... Zhejiang (also spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Guangdong, often spelt as Kwangtung, is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

They were introduced to Korea, where it became the staple vegetable for making kimchi. In the early 20th century, it was taken to Japan by returning soldiers who had fought in China during the Russo-Japanese War. At present, the Chinese cabbage is quite commonly found in markets throughout the world. Korea(Korean: 한국 or ì¡°ì„ , see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Kimchi, also spelled gimchi or kimchee, is a traditional Korean fermented dish made of seasoned vegetables. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Combatants Russian Empire Empire of Japan Commanders Emperor Nicholas II Aleksey Kuropatkin Stepan Makarov† Emperor Meiji Oyama Iwao Heihachiro Togo Strength 500,000 Soldiers 400,000 Soldiers Casualties 39,518 killed; 158,600 wounded; 74,000 POW [1]; unknown Chinese civilians 47,387 killed; 173,425 woundedï¼› unknown Chinese civilians...

Varieties

Bok choy's yellow flowers

There are two distinctly different groups of Brassica rapa, and a wide range of varieties within these two groups. The binomial name B. campestris is also used. In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Binomial name Brassica rapa L. Brassica rapa is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable, a root vegetable, and an oilseed. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the digestive system, absorbing water. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... For other uses, see Vitamin C (disambiguation). ... Mounds of salt, Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. ... Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the digestive system, absorbing water. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... For other uses, see Vitamin C (disambiguation). ... Mounds of salt, Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. ... Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 804 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Picture taken by me. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 804 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Picture taken by me. ...

The Pekinensis group is the more common of the two, especially outside Asia; names such as da baicai (lit. "large white vegetable"); petsay/pechay (Tagalog); Chinese white cabbage; nappa, or napa, cabbage; and hakusai (Japanese: 白菜) usually refer to members of this group. Pekinensis cabbages have broad green leaves with white petioles, tightly wrapped in a cylindrical formation and usually, but not necessarily, forming a compact head. As the group name indicates, this is particularly popular in northern China around Beijing (Peking). Tagalog (pronunciation: ) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ... Leaf of Dog Rose (Rosa canina), showing the petiole and two leafy stipules In botany, the petiole is the small stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem. ...   (Chinese:  ; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

The Chinensis group was originally classified as its own species under the name B. chinensis by Linnaeus. When used in English, the name bok choy typically refers to Chinensis. Smaller in size, the Mandarin term xiao baicai ("small white vegetable") as well as the descriptive English names Chinese chard, Chinese mustard, celery mustard and spoon cabbage are also employed. Chinensis varieties do not form heads; instead, they have smooth, dark green leaf blades forming a cluster reminiscent of mustard or celery. Chinensis varieties are popular in southern China and South-East Asia. Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Species See text The mustards are several plant species in the genus Brassica whose proverbially tiny mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into a condiment also known as mustard. ... Binomial name Apium graveolens L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

Commercial variants of Chinensis include:

• choy sum (Chinese: 菜心; pinyin: càixīn; literally "vegetable heart"; also baby bok choy), can refer to either a small, delicate version of bok choy or simply the flowering heart of any Chinese cabbage. It might also refer to the heart of Shanghai bok choy.
• Shanghai bok choy (Chinese: 上海白菜; pinyin: Shànghǎi báicài; Japanese: ちんげん菜, chingensai) refers to dark green varieties where the varioles are also green. It's probably the most common vegetable in Shanghai, where it's simply called qingcai ("green vegetable").

Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...

Nomenclature

In Mandarin Chinese bai cai (白菜, or "white vegetable") refers to both groups of B. rapa. However, the English word bok choy and its variations bok choi and pak choi are derived from the Cantonese cognate, which instead denotes one specific variety of cabbage, namely those with white stems and dark green leaves. The other varieties all have different names which entered the English language as you choy, choy sum, napa (from 黃芽白, Cantonese name for 天津白菜 or 肇菜) and baby bok choy, etc. Hence the English word bok choy (and its Cantonese source) is not equivalent to the Mandarin word bai cai, though the Chinese characters are the same. This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ... Cantonese is a major dialect group or language of the Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

See also

• Kai-lan (Chinese broccoli)
• Kimchi (Korean dish found commonly around the world)

Cultivar Group Brassica oleracea Alboglabra Group Kai-lan (Simplified Chinese: 芥兰; Traditional Chinese: 芥蘭; Hanyu Pinyin: , lit. ... Kimchi, also spelled gimchi or kimchee, is a traditional Korean fermented dish made of seasoned vegetables. ...

External links

Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on

Bok Choy

• Nutritional information on bok choy (with photo of chinensis variety)
• Multilingual taxonomical information from the University of Melbourne
• How to choose, store and use pak choi from Veg Box Recipes