100 Renminbi Yuan issued in 1999

The renminbi (Simplified Chinese: 人民币; Traditional Chinese: 人民幣; Hanyu Pinyin: rénmínbì; literally "people's currency") is the official currency in the mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of the PRC. The official ISO 4217 abbreviation is CNY, although also commonly abbreviated against ISO standard as "RMB." see also: http://legal. ... see also: http://legal. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiÇŽntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiÇŽnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... In this map of China, the light-coloured areas represent Mainland China, while yellow coloured area refers to Taiwan. ... The Peoples Bank of China (中国人民银行, pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Yínháng ) (not to be confused with the Bank of China or the Central Bank of China) is the central bank of the Peoples Republic of China with the power to control monetary policy and regulate... ISO 4217 is an international standard describing three letter codes to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ...

Exchange rate

Mainland China's currency, which for the previous decade had been tightly pegged at 8.28 renminbi to the U.S. dollar, was revalued on July 21, 2005 to 8.11 per U.S. dollar, following the removal of the peg to the US dollar and pressure from the United States. The People's Bank of China also announced that the renminbi would be pegged to a basket of foreign currencies, rather than being strictly tied to the U.S. dollar, and would trade within a narrow 0.3 percent band against this basket of currencies. The PRC has stated that the basket is dominated by the U.S. dollar, euro, Japanese yen and South Korean won, with a smaller proportion made up of the British pound, Thai baht, Russian ruble, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar and Singapore dollar. This article is about general United States currency. ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A basket is an economic term for a group of several securities created for the purpose of simultaneous buying or selling. ... This article is about general United States currency. ... The euro (symbol: €; banking code: EUR) is the currency of twelve European Union member states: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, collectively known as the Eurozone. ... Japanese 10 yen coin (obverse) showing Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Yen is the currency used in Japan. ... The won is the currency of South Korea, introduced on June 9, 1962, and the sole legal tender since March 22, 1975. ... The pound sterling is the official currency of the United Kingdom (UK). ... Thai banknotes and coins. ... 1997 Russian Federation one rouble coin, obverse and reverse 1898 Russian Empire one rouble bill, obverse 1898 Russian Empire one rouble bill, reverse The ruble or rouble (Russian рубль; see note on spelling below) is the name of the currencies of the Russian Federation and Belarus (and formerly, of the Soviet... The Australian dollar, AUD or A$, is the official currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including the Australian Antarctic Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific island states of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu. ... The Canadian dollar, CAD or C$, is the unit of currency of Canada. ... The Singapore dollar, divided into 100 cents, is the monetary unit of Singapore (currency code SGD). ...

Renminbi units

The base unit of the renminbi is the yuan. As with Chinese numerals, this character has two forms — a common simplified form (元) and a formal form (圆/圓) used to prevent alterations and accounting mistakes. One yuan is divided into 10 jiao (角). One jiao is divided into 10 fen (分). In colloquial usage, other names are frequently employed; see yuan for details. Yuan (Traditional: å…ƒ or 圓; Simplified: å…ƒ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: yüan) is, in Chinese, the base unit of a currency, for example, US dollar is Mei yuan (美元). However, in international context, Yuan as an English word refers to the Renminbi (RMBÂ¥, CN$). The English pronunciation is /ju:æn/, although in Chinese the... Today, speakers of Chinese use three numeral systems: the ubiquitous system of Arabic numerals, along with two ancient Chinese numeral systems. ... Yuan (Traditional: å…ƒ or 圓; Simplified: å…ƒ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: yüan) is, in Chinese, the base unit of a currency, for example, US dollar is Mei yuan (美元). However, in international context, Yuan as an English word refers to the Renminbi (RMBÂ¥, CN$). The English pronunciation is /ju:æn/, although in Chinese the...

The largest denomination of the renminbi is the 100 yuan note. The smallest is the 1 fen coin or note. One of the more interesting things to note is that all denominations are available as banknotes. The fen notes are now rather insignificant, and the design has not changed since 1953. A coin is usually a piece of hard material, generally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is issued by a government to be used as a form of money. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

The word yuan is the usual translation for the word dollar, and the abbreviation RMB¥ is sometimes written as CN$.

Yuan in Chinese literally means a "round object" or "round coin". The Korean and Japanese currency names, Won and Yen respectively, have the same Chinese character (hanja/kanji) representation, but in different forms (respectively, 원/圓 and 円), also meaning round in Korean and Japanese. However, they do not share the same names for the aforementioned subdivisions. World Opponent Network or WON was an online gaming service, created by Sierra Games as the Sierra Internet Gaming System (SIGS). ... Japanese 10 yen coin (obverse) showing Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Yen is the currency used in Japan. ... 漢字 hànzì, hanja, kanji… in Traditional Chinese and other languages. ... Hanja, or hanmun, sometimes translated as Sino-Korean characters, are what Chinese characters (hanzi) are called in Korean. ... Japanese writing Kanji 漢字 Kana 仮名 Hiragana 平仮名 Katakana 片仮名 Uses Furigana 振り仮名 Okurigana 送り仮名 Romaji ローマ字 Kanji ( (help· info), literally Han characters), is a Japanese writing system which is derived from Chinese characters (Hanzi). ...

Although shop prices in the PRC are usually marked with 元 after the digits, a Y with one crossbar (Ұ) (before the digits) is also common. The Y with one crossbar is represented by the same Unicode code point (¥) as the Japanese yen although the Japanese symbol tends to have two crossbars. Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Japanese 10 yen coin (obverse) showing Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Yen is the currency used in Japan. ...

RMB Series

The denomination of each banknote is given in Chinese. The numbers themselves are given in financial Chinese numeral characters, as well as Hindu-Arabic numerals. The denomination and the words 'China People's Bank' are also given in Mongol, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang on the back of each banknote. On the front of the note is also the representation of the denomination in Chinese Braille starting from the 4th series. Today, speakers of Chinese use three numeral systems: There is the ubiquitous system of Arabic digits and two ancient Chinese numeral systems. ... Hindu-Arabic numerals also known as Arabic Numerals, Hindu numerals, European numerals, and Western numerals are the most common set of symbols used to represent numbers around the world. ... The Mongolic languages are a group of languages spoken in Central Asia. ... The Tibetan language is typically classified as member of the Tibeto-Burman which in turn is thought by some to be a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. ... Uyghur (in Uyghur: ئۇيغۇرچه, new spelling: Uyƣurqə or ئۇيغۇر تىلى, Uyƣur tili; in Chinese: 维吾尔语 Wéiwúěryǔ) is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghuristan), China. ... The Zhuang language (autonym: Cuengh or Cueŋь; Chinese: 壮语; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is used by the Zhuang people in the Peoples Republic of China. ... PREMIER - first The braille system, named after Louis Braille, is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write. ...

The use of coins varies from places to places. For example, coins are more often used for values less or equal to ¥1 in Shanghai, but banknotes of the lower value are more often used than coins in Beijing. Shanghai (Chinese: 上海 pinyin: (help· info); Shanghainese: Zanhe ) , situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ... (help· info), a city in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

3rd series

In 2000, the People's Bank of China recalled the 3rd series, which were dated from the 1960s and the 1970s. This article is about the year 2000. ... The Peoples Bank of China (中国人民银行, pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Yínháng ) (not to be confused with the Bank of China or the Central Bank of China) is the central bank of the Peoples Republic of China with the power to control monetary policy and regulate... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...

4th Series

The 4th series was introduced between 1987 and 1996, although the banknotes were dated 1980, 1990, or 1996. Unlike the 3rd series, they are still valid. Banknotes are available in ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥1, ¥2, ¥5, ¥10, ¥50, and ¥100, and coins in ¥0.1, ¥0.5, and ¥1. 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... This article is about the year. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...

Banknotes less or equal to ¥10 feature different ethnics of China on obverse and Geography of China on reverse. ¥50 features an Intellectual, a farm girl, and an industrial male, a typical communist theme, on the obverse, and ¥100 features "the 4 great men": Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, and Zhu De. Both the higher value notes feature Geography of China on reverse. The Peoples Republic of China officially describes itself as a multi-ethnic unitary state and as such officially recognizes 56 nationalities or mínzú (民族), within China: the Han being the majority (>92%), and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities. ... China stretches some 5,000 kilometers across the East Asian landmass in an erratically changing configuration of broad plains, expansive deserts, and lofty mountain ranges, including vast areas of inhospitable terrain. ... (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Zhou Enlai (Simplified Chinese: 周恩来; Traditional Chinese: 周恩來; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou En-lai) (March 5, 1898 – January 8, 1976), a prominent Chinese Communist leader, was Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from 1949 until his death. ... Liu Shaoqi Liu Shaoqi (Simplified Chinese: 刘少奇 Traditional Chinese: 劉少奇 pinyin: Liú Shàoqí; Wade-Giles: Liu Shao-chi) (November 24, 1898 – November 12, 1969) was a leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Peoples Republic of China. ... Zhu De ZhÅ« Dé (朱德, Wade-Giles: Chu Teh, zi: YùjiÄ“ 玉阶) (December 1, 1886 - July 6, 1976) was a Chinese Communist military leader and statesman. ... China stretches some 5,000 kilometers across the East Asian landmass in an erratically changing configuration of broad plains, expansive deserts, and lofty mountain ranges, including vast areas of inhospitable terrain. ...

Coins carry the Emblem of the People's Republic of China, the full title of the state in Chinese and pinyin on obverse, and the value and a flower on reverse. The National Emblem of the Peoples Republic of China (中华人民共和国国徽) contains a representation of Tiananmen Gate, the entrance gate of the Forbidden City from the Tiananmen Square in Beijing, in a red circle. ... Hanyu pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; Hanyu Pinyin: , lit. ...

5th Series

Collection of Chinese Yuan (Renminbi) paper currency.

In 1999, a new series of Renminbi banknotes and coins were progressively introduced.

First (1999) Edition

Coins of the first edition replaces all 3 values from the previous series, namely ¥0.1, ¥0.5, and ¥1. It should be noted that the Emblem of the People's Republic of China of the previous series has been removed and the title of the state has been replaced "People's Bank of China". 1 jiao (¥0.1) also shrunk in size. The National Emblem of the Peoples Republic of China (中华人民共和国国徽) contains a representation of Tiananmen Gate, the entrance gate of the Forbidden City from the Tiananmen Square in Beijing, in a red circle. ... The Peoples Bank of China (中国人民银行, pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Yínháng ) (not to be confused with the Bank of China or the Central Bank of China) is the central bank of the Peoples Republic of China with the power to control monetary policy and regulate...

The first edition includes the following banknotes

The new banknotes incorporate several measures to foil counterfeiting, including watermarks and inks that fluoresce under ultraviolet light. All but the CNY 1 banknote have a metallic strip, and the CNY 50 and CNY 100 banknotes also feature numbers which change colour when viewed from different angles. The portrayals of different nationalities of China, represented by a couple in ethnic dress on the front of previous banknotes, have also been uniformly replaced with the image of Mao Zedong. (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Species several The Narcissi (plural of Narcissus) are a group of hardy spring-flowering bulbs, including the daffodil. ... Mount Tai (Chinese: æ³°å±±; pinyin: ) is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Taian, in Shandong Province, China. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... November 18 is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years), with 43 remaining. ... 2002 (MMII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Species several The Narcissi (plural of Narcissus) are a group of hardy spring-flowering bulbs, including the daffodil. ... (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Species About 100, see text A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. ... The Three Gorges (三峡) area is a scenic area along the Yangtze river in China with a total length of 193 km. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Species About 100, see text A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. ... (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Lotus berthelotii, Trailing Lotus Nelumbo lutea, the American Lotus The term lotus has a variety of uses. ... Lijiang River Guilin (Chinese: æ¡‚æž—; pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Kweilin; Zhuang: Gveilinz) is one of Chinas most picturesque cities, situated in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China on the west bank of the Lijiang River (also called the Li River). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in Leap years). ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Lotus berthelotii, Trailing Lotus Nelumbo lutea, the American Lotus The term lotus has a variety of uses. ... (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Species - tricolor daisy - pyrethrum - pyrethum daisy - crown daisy - marguerite - daisy - florists           chrysanthemum C. segetum - corndaisy Ref: ITIS 35791 See also Daisy (disambiguation) The chrysanthemum, also known as the mum, is a flowering perennial plant of the genus Chrysanthemum in the daisy family (Asteraceae). ... Potala Palace The Potala Palace (Tibetan: པོ་ཏ་ལ, Mandarin: 布达拉宫), located in Lhasa, Tibet, China, was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India after a failed uprising in 1959. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Species See text The peony (Paeonia) is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Paeoniaceae. ... Great Hall of the People by Day. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... A counterfeit is an imitation that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. ... This Crown & CA (for Crown Agent) watermark was standard for postage stamps of the British colonies from the 1880s to the 1920s. ... Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. ... Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength shorter than that of the visible region, but longer than that of soft X-rays. ... The Peoples Republic of China officially describes itself as a multi-ethnic unitary state and as such officially recognizes 56 nationalities or mínzú (民族), within China: the Han being the majority (>92%), and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities. ... (help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ...

The ¥1 note, introduced on July 30, 2004, could be argued as either a member of the first edition or the second edition. July 30 is the 211th day (212th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 154 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Reasons for the first edition:

• Dated 1999
• Same legal basis as the first edition
• It is the only one edition of the ¥1 note

Reasons for the second edition: 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

• Shared many new anti-counterfeit devices with the second edition (see below)

(help· info) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Orchid re-directs here; for alternate uses see Orchid (disambiguation) Genera Over 800 See List of Orchidaceae genera. ... West Lake (Chinese: 西湖; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a famous place of interest located in the middle of the downtown of Hangzhou, in Zhejiang province of eastern China. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... July 30 is the 211th day (212th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 154 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Orchid re-directs here; for alternate uses see Orchid (disambiguation) Genera Over 800 See List of Orchidaceae genera. ...

Second (2005) Edition

The 2005 Edition was introduced since August 31, 2005 with the following banknotes and coin affected: August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

• banknotes: ¥100, ¥50, ¥20, ¥10 and ¥ 5
• coins: ¥0.1

The style of those new banknotes and coins follows generally, with increased counterfeiting features. The differences in banknotes with the 1999 edition are

• Dated 2005
• The currency number at the bottom of the reverse is added with “YUAN” indicating the pinyin of “dollar”(圓) in Chinese language.
• Added EURion constellation to avoid computer-aided counterfeit
• Revomal of fiber threads
• Revomal of the second serial number on ¥50 and ¥100
• More raised ink printing (on the right side of obverse)
• Move of registration

The material of the new CNY 0.1 coin is stainless steel, switching from duralumin, a kind of metal alloy. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hanyu pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; Hanyu Pinyin: , lit. ... Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... The small circles or dots constituting the EURion constellation are clearly visible on the centre-left of 10 euro banknotes. ... A counterfeit is an imitation that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. ... In metallurgy, stainless steel (inox) is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10. ... Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium or dural) is an alloy of aluminium (about 95%), copper (about 4%), and small amounts of magnesium (0. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, which has a combin you are fagit ha u spaz go to scholation of at least one metal, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ...

History

The renminbi was first issued shortly before the takeover of the mainland by the Communists in 1949. One of the first tasks of the new communist government was to end the hyperinflation that had plagued China near the end of the Kuomintang era. A revaluation occurred in 1955 at the rate of 1 new yuan = 10,000 old yuan. The Chinese Civil War (Traditional: 國共内戰; Simplified: 国共内战; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in China between the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party; KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CCP). ... In economics, hyperinflation is inflation which is out of control, a condition in which prices increase rapidly as a currency loses its value. ... The Chinese Nationalist Party (Traditional Chinese: 中國國民黨; Simplified Chinese: 中国国民党; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhōngguó Guómíndǎng), commonly known as the Kuomintang (KMT), is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

During the era of the command economy, the value of the RMB was set to unrealistic values in exchange with western currency and severe currency exchange rules were put in place. With the opening of the mainland Chinese economy in 1978, a dual track currency system was instituted, with renminbi usable only domestically, and with foreigners forced to use foreign exchange certificates. The unrealistic levels at which exchange rates were pegged led to a strong black market in currency transactions. A planned economy is an economic system in which economic decisions are made by centralized planners, who determine what sorts of goods and services to produce, and how they are to be priced and allocated. ... The underground market is the part of economic activity involving illegal dealings, typically the buying and selling of merchandise illegally. ...

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the PRC worked to make the RMB more convertible. Through the use of swap centers, the exchange rate was brought to realistic levels and the dual track currency system was abolished.

The RMB is convertible on current accounts, but not capital accounts. The ultimate goal has been to make the RMB fully convertible. However, partly in response to the Asian financial crisis in 1998, the PRC has been concerned that the mainland Chinese financial system would not be able to handle the potential rapid cross border movements of hot money, and as a result, as of 2003, full convertibility remains a distant goal. The term current account usually refers to the current account of the balance of payments (BOP) and contains the import and export items of goods and services as well as transfer payments including net investment income. ... The capital account is one of two primary components of the balance of payments. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Hot money is used in economics to refer to funds which flow into a country to take advantage of a favourable interest rate, and therefore obtain higher returns. ...

Exchange rate of the U.S. dollar vs. the renminbi

From 1994 until July 2005, the policy on currency has been to peg informally the value of the renminbi against the value of the United States dollar. This policy was praised during the Asian financial crisis of 1998 as it prevented a round of competitive devaluations. This article is about general United States currency. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ...

In 2003, this policy came under criticism by the United States. The fall in the value of the dollar caused the value of the renminbi to fall also, making mainland Chinese exports more competitive. This led to some pressure on the PRC from the United States to increase the value of the RMB in order to encourage imports and decrease exports. This is a policy that some feel would preserve manufacturing jobs in the United States and a smaller trade deficit with mainland China. The G7 and European Union are also in favour of a re-evaluation of the exchange rate. 1983 G-7 Economic Summit in Williamsburg, Virginia (left to right) Pierre Trudeau, Gaston Thorn, Helmut Kohl, François Mitterrand, Ronald Reagan, Yasuhiro Nakasone, Margaret Thatcher, Amintore Fanfani. ...

The PRC government has resisted pressure to increase the value of the RMB, out of concern that it would cause mainland Chinese jobs to disappear and would also expose domestic banks to currency risks that they are not prepared to handle. Many economists believe that only fixed exchange rates or floating exchange rates are stable over the long term, because a one-time change in exchange rates might cause speculators in the future to take positions on possible exchange rate fluctuations which would lead to pressure to completely float the currency. A fixed exchange rate, sometimes (less commonly) called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of exchange rate regime wherein a currencys value is matched to the value of another single currency (most often the US dollar), to a basket of other currencies, or to another measure of value... A floating exchange rate is a type of exchange rate regime wherein a currencys value is allowed to fluctuate according to the foreign exchange market. ... Speculation involves the buying, holding, and selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable thing to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income ( via dividends, interest etc). ...

The PRC government has also claimed that, while mainland China runs a large surplus with respect to the United States, its overall balance of payments is not out of balance. The balance of payments is a measure of the payments that flow from one exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital, as well financial transfers. ...

Some independent analysts conclude that mainland Chinese currency is undervalued, because the People's Republic forbids citizens from moving more than 10,000 RMB abroad. If this sort of financial diversification were allowed, the massive outflow of yuan could have a substantial effect on the currency. Diversification is a risk-management technique that mixes a wide variety of investments within a portfolio in order to minimize the impact that any one security will have on the overall performance of the portfolio. ...

Within the United States, the issue of appreciating the RMB is also controversial. Manufacturers and textile producers are in favor of appreciating the RMB. However, many American companies that depend on mainland Chinese factories to supply inexpensive products and components, such as aerospace companies, computer manufacturers, discount retailers, and other companies are against appreciating the RMB. Furthermore, many economists have pointed out that manufacturing jobs have been declining in the United States for decades. Some people have suggested that blaming the lack of job growth on the value of the RMB is merely a convenient misdirection on the part of the vested interests, including the George W. Bush administration, inefficient businesses, and labor unions fearful of competition. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... It has been suggested that Textile manufacturing be merged into this article or section. ... Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that concerns aircraft, spacecraft and related topics. ... The Bush administration is a group of people that includes President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard Cheney, Bushs Cabinet, and other select officials and advisors. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

However, the potential risk to global balances from mainland China’s inflexible exchange rate would be more critical if the PRC relaxed its controls on short-term investment flows without first introducing exchange rate flexibility. This is because shifting exchange rates nullify expected profits from investment flows seeking to take advantage of higher interest rates in another country. Without flexibility, speculative flows could quickly become large, as they did during the Asian financial crisis, and threaten economic stability and orderly world trade.

See also

• Hong Kong dollar
• Pataca (the currency of Macau)
• New Taiwan dollar

The Hong Kong Dollar (ISO 4217: HKD) is the official currency of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Pataca is the monetary unit of Macau (currency code MOP). ... The New Taiwan Dollar (新臺幣 or 新台幣; ISO 4217 code TWD; common abbreviation NT$), or simply Taiwan Dollar, is the currency of the Republic of China (Taiwan). ...

External links

• Banknotes of China
• SinoBanknote
• Photographs of all Chinese currency and sound of pronunciation in Chinese
• What is the new Chinese currency regime?
• Economist article on Chinese currency valuation
• Discussion on how the basket peg works
• Buy Chinese Yuan?
• China Severs Its Currency's Link to Dollar, Washington Post, 21 July 2005
• China lifts currency basket lid, BBC, 10 August 2005

... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also: Asian and Eurasian World map showing Asia. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ... The Afghani is the currency used in Afghanistan. ... The 200 tenge note Tenge is the monetary unit of Kazakhstan. ... Five Kyrgyzstani Som Note (1997) 100 Kyrgystani Som Notes (2002) The Kyrgyzstani Som (sometimes transliterated Sum or Soum) is the currency of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. ... The Tugrug (төгрөк in Mongolian) (MNT, Tugrik) is the official currency of Mongolia. ... The ruble or rouble (Russian рубль, plural рубля (for numbers ending in 2, 3 or 4) or рублей; see note on spelling below) is the name of the currencies of the Russian Federation and Belarus (and formerly, of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire). ... Somoni is the currency of Tajikistan. ... The manat is the currency unit of Turkmenistan. ... The currency of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Central Asia. ... The Hong Kong Dollar (ISO 4217: HKD) is the official currency of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Japanese 10 yen coin (obverse) showing Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Yen is the currency used in Japan. ... The pataca is the monetary unit of Macau (currency code MOP; Chinese: 澳門圓), made up of 100 avos. ... 5000 KPW issued in 2002 The won is the currency of North Korea. ... The won is the currency of South Korea, introduced on June 9, 1962, and the sole legal tender since March 22, 1975. ... The New Taiwan Dollar (新臺幣 or 新台幣; ISO 4217 code TWD; common abbreviation NT$), or simply Taiwan Dollar, is the currency of the Republic of China (Taiwan). ... The Brunei dollar (ISO 4217: BND) is pegged to the Singapore dollar at a 1:1 trade ratio. ... Riel (Khmer: រៀល, Symbol ៛) is the national currency of Cambodia. ... Sample of Rupiah banknote The rupiah is the monetary unit of Indonesia (currency code IDR). ... Kip is the currency of Laos. ... The Malaysian ringgit (unofficially known as the Malaysian dollar), is the official monetary unit of Malaysia. ... The kyat (ISO 4217 code MMK) is the official currency of Myanmar. ... The Philippine peso (Filipino: piso) is the official currency of the Philippines. ... The Singapore dollar, divided into 100 cents, is the monetary unit of Singapore (currency code SGD). ... Thai banknotes and coins. ... This article is about general United States currency. ... National motto: Honra, Pátria e Povo (Portuguese: Honor, Homeland, and People) Official languages Tetum, Portuguese Capital Dili Largest city Dili President Xanana Gusmão Prime Minister Marí Alkatiri Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 154th 15,007 km² Negligible Population  - Total (2005)  - Density Ranked 153rd 1,040,880 69/km² HDI... The front of a 500,000â‚« bill. ... The Taka is the official currency of Bangladesh. ... The ngultrum (BTN) is the currency of Bhutan, subdivided into 100 chertrums. ... The one Rupee banknote. ... 100 rufiya currently in use now. ... The Nepalese Rupee (ISO 4217 code NPR) is the currency used in Nepal. ... The Pakistani Rupee (PKR) is the official currency of Pakistan. ... The rupee is the official currency of Sri Lanka, divided into 100 cents. ... Symbol: None 1/100th unit: luma USD exchange: 493 (Jan 2005) GBP exchange: 929 (Jan 2005) The Dram (AMD) is the monetary unit of Armenia. ... The manat is the currency unit of Azerbaijan. ... The Bahraini Dinar is the official currency of Bahrain. ... The Egyptian pound (Arabic: الجنيه المصرى Al-Junieh Al-Misri) is the current legal currency of the Arab Republic of Egypt. ... The lari (Georgian: ლარი ; ISO 4217:GEL) is the national currency of the Republic of Georgia. ... Rial (ریال in Persian; ISO 4217 code IRR) is the official currency of Iran. ... The new Iraqi dinar (25,000 note) The Iraqi dinar (ISO 4217: IQD, pronounced: di-när) is the legal currency of Iraq. ... 1 sheqel coin (1994–5). ... The Jordanian dinar (ISO 4217 code JOD) is the official currency of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the first official one in the State of Palestine. ... The Kuwaiti Dinar (ISO 4217 code KWD) is Kuwaits official currency. ... The Lebanese Pound (ISO 4217: LBP) is the currency unit of Lebanon. ... The Omani rial (ISO 4217 code OMR) is the official currency of Oman. ... 500 riyal note front 500 riyal note back The Qatari riyal (currency code QAR) is the official currency of Qatar. ... Categories: Stub | Currencies ... The Syrian pound or Syrian Lira as it is called in Arabic, is the form of currency used in Syria. ... TRY banknotes and coins The Turkish new lira is the current currency of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ... The Dirham is the currency of the United Arab Emirates. ... The Yemeni rial or Yemeni riyal is the currency of the Middle Eastern nation of Yemen. ... The Australian dollar, AUD or A$, is the official currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including the Australian Antarctic Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific island states of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu. ... The CFP franc (in French: franc Pacifique or franc CFP ; CFP stood for Colonies françaises du Pacifique (i. ... The Fijian dollar is the currency of Fiji. ... A New Zealand $100 polymer banknote, replacement of the old paper notes. ... Kina (currency code PGK) is the currency of Papua New Guinea. ... The tala is the currency of Samoa. ... The Solomon Islands Dollar was introduced in 1975 to replace the Australian Dollar after independence. ... The paanga (or Tongan dollar) is the currency of the Kingdom of Tonga. ... This article is about general United States currency. ... Official language(s) Hawaiian and English Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 43rd 28,337 km² n/a km 2,450 km 41. ... 200 Vatu Commemorative Note The Vatu (ISO 4217: VUV, sometimes Vt) is the official currency of Vanuatu. ...