NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Chinese reunification (1928)

Chinese reunification (1928), better known in Chinese history as the Northeast Flag Replacement (Simplified Chinese: 东北易帜; Traditional Chinese: 東北易幟; pinyin: Dongbêi Yìźhi), is a historical term that refers to Zhang Xueliang's announcement in December 29, 1928 on replacing all banners of Beiyang Government in Manchuria to the flag of the Nationalist Government, thus nominally united China under one state. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_1912-1928. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_1912-1928. ... After the death of Yuan Shikai,the warlords of Beiyang Army took control of Republic of China. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... National flag. ... China is the worlds oldest continuous major civilization, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: ç®€ä½“å—; Traditional Chinese: ç°¡é«”å—; pinyin: jiÇŽntÇzÃ¬; also Simplified Chinese: ç®€åŒ–å—; Traditional Chinese: ç°¡åŒ–å—; pinyin: jiÇŽnhuÃ zÃ¬) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets. ... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell(ing) and yin means sound(s)). This article describes the most common variant called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: æ±‰è¯æ‹¼éŸ³; Traditional Chinese: æ¼¢èªžæ‹¼éŸ³; pinyin: HÃ nyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n), also known as scheme... Zhang Xueliang or Chang HsÃ¼eh-liang (å¼µå¸è‰¯, pinyin: ZhÄng XuÃ©liÃ¡ng, English: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (June 3, 1901 â€“ October 15, 2001), nicknamed the Young Marshal (å°‘å¸¥), became the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of Northeast China after the assassination of his father Chang Tso-lin on June... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Manchuria (Manchu: Manju; Traditional Chinese: æ»¿æ´²; Simplified Chinese: æ»¡æ´²; pinyin: MÇŽnzhÅu, Russian: ) is a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... The Chinese Nationalist Party (Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹åœ‹æ°‘é»¨; Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å›½æ°‘å…š; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: JhÅngguÃ³ GuÃ³mÃndÇŽng), commonly known as the Kuomintang (KMT), is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ...

Origin

In April 1928, Chiang Kai-shek was restored from previous resignation where he held responsiblity for the failure in Xuzhou during the First Northern Expedition. He proceeds with the Second Northern Expedition and was approaching Peking near the end of May. The Beiyang Government in Peking was forced to dissolve as a result, in which Zhang Zuolin abandoned Peking to return to Manchuria, and was assassinated in Huanggutun by Japanese Kantogun. Manchuria remained to be held by Fengtian clique however, still hanging the banner of Beiyang Government. The ultimate objective of the Northern Expedition was not fully accomplished. 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887â€“April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... Xuzhou (Chinese: å¾å·ž; Hanyu Pinyin: ), known as Pengcheng (Chinese: å½åŸŽ; Hanyu Pinyin: ) in ancient times, is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu province, Peoples Republic of China. ... The Northern Expedition (åŒ—ä¼) was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China from 1926 to 1927. ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking), is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Chang Tso-Lin (WG) (Chinese: 張作霖, pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín) (1873 – June 4, 1928), nicknamed the Old Marshall or Mukden Tiger, was a Chinese warlord in Manchuria in the early 20th century. ... The Kantogun (Kanji: é–¢æ±è»; Nihon-shiki: KantÅgun; Postal System Pinyin: Kwantungchun; Pinyin: Guandongjun), more commonly known as the Kwantung Army or Guandong Army, was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). ...

Process

Immediately after the death of Zhang Zuolin, Zhang Xueliang returned to Shenyang to success his father's position. On July 1, Zhang Xueliang announced armistice with the National Revolutionary Army and proclaimed that he will not interfere with the re-unification.^[1] The Japanese was dissatisfied with the move and demanded Zhang to carry out the independence of Manchuria. Zhang Xueliang denied the Japanese demand and proceeded on the unification matters. On July 3, Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Peking and met the representative from Fengtian clique to discuss for an peaceful settlement. This negotiation reflected the scramble between United States and Japan on her sphere of influence in China because United States supported Chiang Kai-shek to unify Manchuria. With the pressure from the United States and Britain, Japan was diplomatically isolated on this issue. On December 29, Zhang Xueliang announced the replacement of all flags in Manchuria and accepted the jurisdiction from the Nationalist Government. Two days later, the Nationalist Government appointed Zhang as the commander of the Northeast Army. China was reunified at this point in formality. Zhang Xueliang or Chang HsÃ¼eh-liang (å¼µå¸è‰¯, pinyin: ZhÄng XuÃ©liÃ¡ng, English: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (June 3, 1901 â€“ October 15, 2001), nicknamed the Young Marshal (å°‘å¸¥), became the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of Northeast China after the assassination of his father Chang Tso-lin on June... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ...

Footnotes

Warlord era in early Republic of China (1916-1930)

Main events (1916–1930)

Northern Factions

Southern Factions

Other figures

Twenty-One Demands
Empire of China (1915-1916)
National Protection War
Death of Yuan Shikai in 1916
Manchu Restoration
The Constitutional Protection War
Paris Peace Conference
May Fourth Movement (1919)
Zhili-Anhui War
Establishment of:
- Kuomintang (1919)
- Communist Party of China (1921)
- Whampoa Military Academy (1924)
Beijing coup
First Zhili-Fengtian War
Second Zhili-Fengtian War
First Cooperation between KMT and CCP
May Thirtieth Movement (1925)
Ship Zhongshan Incident
Northern Expedition
April 12 Incident
Nanchang Uprising
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Guangzhou Uprising
Huanggutun Incident
Chinese reunification (1928)
Central Plains War (1930)

Yuan Shikai The warlord era represents the period in the history of the Republic of China from 1916 to 1928 when the country was divided by various military cliques. ... The Republic of China (Traditional Chinese: ä¸è¯æ°‘åœ‹; Pinyin: ZhÅng huÃ¡ mÃn guÃ³) succeeded the Qing Dynasty in 1912, ending 2,000 years of imperial rule. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... The Twenty-One Demands were a set of demands which the Japanese government of Okuma Shigenobu sent to the Chinese government on January 18th, 1915, which China gave into and signed two treaties with Japan on May 25th. ... The National Protection War (Chinese: ), also known as the anti-Monarchy War, was a civil war that took place in China between 1915 and 1916. ... Yuan Shikai in military uniform Yuan Shikai (Courtesy Weiting æ…°äº; Pseudonym: Rongan å®¹åºµ Traditional Chinese: è¢ä¸–å‡±; Simplified Chinese: è¢ä¸–å‡¯; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: YÃ¼an Shih-kai) (September 16, 1859 â€“ June 5, 1916) was a Chinese military official and politician during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was a conference, organized by the victors of World War I to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and Associated Powers and the defeated Central Powers. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Chinese Nationalist Party (Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹åœ‹æ°‘é»¨; Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å›½æ°‘å…š; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: JhÅngguÃ³ GuÃ³mÃndÇŽng), commonly known as the Kuomintang (KMT), is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name) also known as Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…š; Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹å…±ç”£é»¨; Pinyin: ZhÅngguÃ³ GÃ²ngchÇŽndÇŽng) is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy (Chinese: ä¸åœ‹åœ‹æ°‘é»¨é™¸è»è»å®˜å¸æ ¡; pinyin: ), commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy (Chinese: é»ƒåŸ”è»æ ¡; pinyin: ), was a military academy in China that produced many prestigious commanders who fought in the Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. ... The First United Front of the Kuomintang, Nationalist Party of China was formed in 1926 to enable the implementation of the Northern Expedition. ... The Northern Expedition (åŒ—ä¼) was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China from 1926 to 1927. ... The Nanchang Uprising (Chinese: ; pinyin: NÃ¡nchÄng QÇyÃ¬) (August 1, 1927) was the first major Kuomintang-Communist engagement of the Chinese Civil War. ... The Autumn Harvest Uprising was an insurrection that took place in Hunan province in China in 1927, led by Mao Zedong (later known as Chairman Mao). ... The Guangzhou Uprising of 1927 is a failed communist uprising in the city of Guangzhou. ... Yuan Shikai in military uniform Yuan Shikai (Courtesy Weiting æ…°äº; Pseudonym: Rongan å®¹åºµ Traditional Chinese: è¢ä¸–å‡±; Simplified Chinese: è¢ä¸–å‡¯; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: YÃ¼an Shih-kai) (September 16, 1859 â€“ June 5, 1916) was a Chinese military official and politician during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. ...

Fengtian clique
- Zhang Zuolin
- Zhang Xueliang
- Wu Junsheng
- Tang Yulin
- Zhang Zongchang
- Zhang Haipeng
- Zhang Jinghui
- Guo Songling
- Yang Yuting
Anhui clique
- Duan Qirui
- Xu Shuzheng
- Lu Yongxiang
- Jin Yunpeng
- Duan Zhigui
- Zhang Jingyao
Zhili clique
Shanxi clique
- Yan Xishan
Guominjun
- Feng Yuxiang
Shandong
- Han Fuqu
Ma clique
- Ma Bufang
- Ma Hongbin
- Ma Hongkui
- Ma Zhongying
Xinjiang
- Sheng Shicai

Yunnan clique
- Tang Jiyao
- Long Yun
- Hu Ruoyu
Old Guangxi clique
- Lu Rongting
- Shen Chunxuan
- Shen Hongying
- Chen Binghun
New Guangxi clique
- Li Zongren
- Huang Shaoxiong
- Bai Chongxi
Guangdong clique
- Chen Jiongming
Kuomintang
- Sun Yat-sen
- Soong Ching-ling
- Chiang Kai-shek
- He Yingqin
- Hu Hanmin
- Liao Zhongkai
- Wang Jingwei
Sichuan
Guizhou
- Wang Jialie

Other figures
- Zhang Xun
- Li Yuanhong
- Xu Shichang
- Gao Lingwei
- Zhou Ziqi
- Zhou Fohai
- Gu Weijun
- Tang Shaoyi
- Wu Tingfang
- Huang Fu
- Yan Huiqing
- Yang Zengxin
- Du Xigui
- Sun Dianying
- Hu Shih
- Chen Duxiu
- Li Dazhao
- Qu Qiubai
- Mikhail Borodin
- Adolph Joffe

Category: History of the Republic of China Chang Tso-Lin (WG) (Chinese: 張作霖, pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín) (1873 – June 4, 1928), nicknamed the Old Marshall or Mukden Tiger, was a Chinese warlord in Manchuria in the early 20th century. ... Zhang Xueliang or Chang HsÃ¼eh-liang (å¼µå¸è‰¯, pinyin: ZhÄng XuÃ©liÃ¡ng, English: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (June 3, 1901 â€“ October 15, 2001), nicknamed the Young Marshal (å°‘å¸¥), became the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of Northeast China after the assassination of his father Chang Tso-lin on June... Zhang Zongchang (pinyin) (Chinese: å¼µå®—æ˜Œ, WG: Chang Tsung-chang) (1881 â€“ 1932), nicknamed the Dogmeat General, was a Chinese warlord in Shandong in the early 20th century. ... Duan Qirui. ... Lu Yongxiang, Dean of the Academy of Science of China, was the last president of Zhejiang University. ... The Zhili clique (Chinese: ; pinyin: ZhÃ XÃ¬) was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang clique during the Republic of Chinas warlord era. ... Categories: 1858 births | 1919 deaths | Stub ... Tsao Kun (曹錕 Pinyin: Cáo Kūn) (1862-1938) was a commander in the Beiyang Army and through bribery became president of the Republic of China (on Beijing) from October 1, 1923 to November 2, 1924. ... Wu Peifu (å³ä½©åš) (1874â€“1939), was a major figure in the struggles between the warlords (è»é–¥) who dominated China during the years 1916 to 1927. ... Sun Chuan-fang or Sun Chuanfang was a Zhili clique warlord and protege of Wu Peifu. ... Yen Hsi-shan (閻錫山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān) (1883 - 1960) was a Chinese politician who served in the Republic of China government. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Sheng Shicai (Chinese: ç››ä¸–æ‰; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Sheng Shih-tsai) (1897 - 1970) was a Chinese warlord who ruled Xinjiang from 1933 to 1944. ... Long Yun was governor and warlord of the Chinese province of Yunnan from 1927 to near the end of the Chinese Civil War. ... Li Tsung-jen (李宗仁 Pinyin: Lǐ Zōngrén) (August 13, 1890 - January 13, 1969), courtesy name Delin (德鄰), was vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China and adversary of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Pai Chung-hsi (Chinese: 白崇禧, pinyin: Bái Chóngxǐ) (March 18, 1893 - December 1, 1966) was a general of the Republic of China (ROC) and former warlord. ... The Chinese Nationalist Party (Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹åœ‹æ°‘é»¨; Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å›½æ°‘å…š; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: JhÅngguÃ³ GuÃ³mÃndÇŽng), commonly known as the Kuomintang (KMT), is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ... Sun Yat-sen (November 12, 1866â€“March 12, 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader who had a significant role in the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. ... Soong Ching-ling, or Madame Sun Yat-sen, the one who loved China Soong Ching-ling (Simplified Chinese: å®‹åº†é¾„; Traditional Chinese: å®‹æ…¶é½¡; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Sung Ching-ling) (January 27, 1893 - May 29, 1981) was one of the Soong sistersâ€”three sisters whose husbands were amongst Chinas most... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887â€“April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... He Yingqin He Yingqin (ä½•åº”é’¦ in Chinese) (April 2, 1890 - October 21, 1987), was one of the senior generals of Kuomintang in early stage, and a close ally of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Hu Hanmin (Chinese:èƒ¡æ¼¢æ°‘(trad. ... Wang Jingwei * Courtesy name: Jixin (å£æ–°) * Alternate name: Zhaoming (å…†éŠ˜). Wang Jingwei (Traditional Chinese: æ±ªç²¾è¡›; Simplified Chinese: æ±ªç²¾å«; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei) (May 4, 1883 â€“ November 10, 1944), was a Chinese politician. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Li YÃ¼an-hung Li Yuanhong Sun Yat-sen and Li Yuanhong at Wuchang, China in April 1912 Li Yuanhong (é»Žå…ƒæ´ª Pinyin: LÃ YuÃ¡nhÃ³ng, courtesy Songqing å®‹å¿, 1864 - June 3, 1928) was a Chinese general and political figure during the Qing dynasty and the republican era. ... Xú Shìchāng (Pinyin) (Chinese: 徐世昌,Courtesy name Ju-ren 菊人) or Hsü Shih-chang (Wade-Giles) (1855-1939) was a prominent figure of the Beiyang Army warlords and President of the Republic of China (Beijing government) from October 10, 1918 to June 2, 1922. ... Gao Lingwei é«˜å‡Œéœ¨ 1868-1943(Wade-Giles Kao Ling-wei) was a Chinese politician during the late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China. ... Zhou Ziqi Zhou Ziqi å‘¨è‡ªé½Š (1871-1923), was a general and politician in the late Qing dynasty and early republican period. ... Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo (é¡¾ç»´é’§, Gu Weijun in Chinese) (January 29, 1887 - 1985) was a Chinese diplomat, educated at Columbia University. ... Tang Shaoyi (Chinese:å”ç»ä»ª, changed to å”ç»æ€¡ to avoid taboo of Puyis name, later restored; Wade-Giles: Tang Shao-i; Courtesy Shaochuan å°‘å·) (1859â€”1938) was a staunch supporter of Yuan Shikai, and Prime Minister of the ROC Government in 1912. ... Wu Tingfang Wu Tingfang (Chinese: ä¼å»·èŠ³; Pinyin: WÅ TÃngfÄng; Wade-Giles: Wu Ting-fang) (1842-1922) was a Chinese diplomat and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and briefly as Acting Premier during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Huang Fu é»ƒéƒ› (1880-1936) was a general and politician in early republican China. ... Yan Huiqing (Wade-Giles: Yen Hui-Ching, (also known as W.W. Yen) é¡æƒ æ…¶ (1877-1950)) was a Chinese writer, politician, and diplomat from Shanghai. ... Du Xigui æœéŒ«çª (Wade-Giles Tu Hsi-Kuei) 1875-1933 was a Chinese admiral during the warlord era. ... Hu Shih (Simplified: èƒ¡é€‚, Traditional: èƒ¡é©, Pinyin: HÃº ShÃ¬), (December 17, 1891-February 24, 1962) was a Chinese philosopher and essayist. ... Chen Duxiu (October 8, 1879 â€“ May 27, 1942) played many different roles in Chinese history. ... Li Dazhao (æŽå¤§é‡—, Wades-Giles: Li Ta-chao) (October 29, 1888 - April 28, 1927) was a Chinese intellectual who cofounded the Communist Party of China with Chen Duxiu in 1921. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Mikhail Markovich Borodin (Михаи́л Бороди́н) (July 9, 1884, - May 29, 1951) was the alias of Mikhail Gruzenberg. ... Adolph Joffe Adolph Abramovich Joffe (Russian: ÐÐ´Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÑ„ ÐÐ±Ñ€Ð°Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð˜Ð¾Ñ„Ñ„Ðµ, alternative transliterations Adolf Ioffe or, rarely, Yoffe) (October 10, 1883 (Simferopol) â€“ November 16, 1927, Moscow) was a Russian Communist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat. ...

Origin GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Process

Footnotes

Origin