Apachean tribes ca. 18th century (Ch - Chiricahua, WA - Western Apache, N - Navajo, M - Mescalero, J - Jicarilla, L - Lipan, Pl - Plains Apache

Chiricahua (also Chiricahua Apaches, Chiricagui, Apaches de Chiricahui, Chiricahues, Chilicague, Chilecagez, Chiricagua) (pron. IPA: [tʃɪ.rɪ.ˈkɑ.wə]; AHD: [chĭ-rĭ-kä´-wə]) refers to a group of bands of Apache that formerly lived in the general areas of southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona in the United States, and in northern Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico (it is not possible to precisely define the exact boundaries of their territory). Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Chiricahua can refer to: Chiricahua, group of Apache bands Chiricahua language, their language Chiricahua National Monument Chiricahua Mountains Category: ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (858x726, 73 KB) // Apachean tribes ca. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (858x726, 73 KB) // Apachean tribes ca. ... This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language. ... The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is an American dictionary of the English language published by Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969. ... // It has been suggested that Traditional Apache scout be merged into this article or section. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ... For other uses, see Chihuahua (disambiguation). ...

History

Ba-keitz-ogie (Yellow Coyote), US Army Scout

Led by Cochise and later by Goyaałé (more famously known as Geronimo), this Apache band was the last to resist U.S. government control of the southwest. They finally surrendered in 1886 and were exiled to Florida, Alabama, and Oklahoma. Eventually most were moved to the Fort Sill military reservation in Oklahoma until 1913, when they were allowed to return to what is now Arizona. Many still live in Oklahoma or on the Mescalero reservation in New Mexico. Their last stronghold was the Chiricahua Mountains, in southeastern Arizona, part of which is now inside Chiricahua National Monument. Download high resolution version (410x640, 30 KB)Apaches Ba-keitz-ogie, (The Yellow Coyote), called Dutchy: Chiricahua scout American Memory from the Library of Congress CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1890 and 1920]. SUMMARY Studio portrait (standing) of Dutchy (Bakeitzogie [Yellow Coyote]), a Native American (Chiricahua Apache) man. ... Download high resolution version (410x640, 30 KB)Apaches Ba-keitz-ogie, (The Yellow Coyote), called Dutchy: Chiricahua scout American Memory from the Library of Congress CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1890 and 1920]. SUMMARY Studio portrait (standing) of Dutchy (Bakeitzogie [Yellow Coyote]), a Native American (Chiricahua Apache) man. ... Dragoon Mountains where Cochise hid with his warriors Cochise (Kuu-chish = firewood) (c. ... Geronimo Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaałé One Who Yawns; often spelled Goyathlay in English) (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache who warred against the encroachment of the United States on his tribal lands and people for over 25 years. ... ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Area  Ranked 20th  - Total 69,898 sq mi (181,196 km²)  - Width 230 miles (370 km)  - Length 298 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ... Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma; about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... Gorgonia, Mescalero Medicine Man This article is about the Native American tribe; for other uses of the word see Mescalero (disambiguation). ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... The Chiricahua Mountains are a mountain range in western North America. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... Chiricahua National Monument is a unit of the National Park Service located in Willcox, Arizona. ...

Seal of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma

Mangas Coloradas (Eastern) and Victorio (Eastern or Mimbres) were also famous (to non-Apaches at least) Chiricahua leaders between 1850 and 1890. Not to mention Juh (Southern). Then there is Nana, who was with both Victorio and Geronimo, whom Crook in 1885 thought was "the brains of the hostile bands". the official seal of the Fort Sill Chiricahua Apache Picture of seal obtained from Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma website. ... the official seal of the Fort Sill Chiricahua Apache Picture of seal obtained from Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma website. ... Mangas Coloradas Mangas Coloradas or Dasoda-hae (Red Sleeves), 1793?-1863 was a famous Apache chief, a member of the Eastern Chiricahuas, whose homeland stretched west from the Rio Grande to include most of what is present-day southwestern New Mexico. ... Victorio. ...

Bands

Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle

Goyaałé (Geronimo), in native garb

Since the band was much more important than tribe in Chiricahua culture, there is no native word for a Chiricahua tribe in the Chiricahua language. Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle from Fort Marion, Florida American Memory from the Library of Congress Choate, J. N. 1848-1902 (John N.) CREATED/PUBLISHED 1886 November 4th. ... Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle from Fort Marion, Florida American Memory from the Library of Congress Choate, J. N. 1848-1902 (John N.) CREATED/PUBLISHED 1886 November 4th. ... Download high resolution version (399x640, 35 KB) Geronimo, in native garb, at Slaughters ranch, where he made his famous escape American Memory from the Library of Congress Geronimo, in native garb, at Slaughters ranch, where he made his famous escape / N. H. Rose Photographer P. O. Box 463... Download high resolution version (399x640, 35 KB) Geronimo, in native garb, at Slaughters ranch, where he made his famous escape American Memory from the Library of Congress Geronimo, in native garb, at Slaughters ranch, where he made his famous escape / N. H. Rose Photographer P. O. Box 463... Chiricahua is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Chiricahua tribe in Oklahoma and New Mexico. ...

According to Opler (1941) the Chiricahuas consisted of three bands:

• Chíhéne or Chííhénee’ 'Red Paint People' (also known as the Eastern Chiricahua, Warm Springs Apache, Gileños, Ojo Caliente Apache, Coppermine Apache, Copper Mine, Mimbreños, Mimbres, Mogollones, Tcihende),
• Ch’úk’ánéń or Ch’uuk’anén (also known as the Central Chiricahua, Ch’ók’ánéń, Cochise Apache, Chiricahua proper, Chiricaguis, Tcokanene),
• Ndé’indaaí or Nédnaa’í 'Enemy People' (also known as the Southern Chiricahua, Southern Chiricahua, Chiricahua proper, Pinery Apache, Ne’na’i).

Schroeder (1947) disagrees with Opler and list five bands:

• Mogollon
• Copper Mine
• Mimbres
• Warm Spring
• Chiricahua proper

According to the Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache tribe in Oklahoma there are four bands in Fort Sill:

• Chíhéne (also known as the Warm Springs band, Chinde (?)),
• Chukunen (also known as the Chiricahua band, Chokonende),
• Bidánku (also known as Bidanku, Bedonkohe (?)),
• Ndéndai (also known as Ndénai, Nednai).

Additionally there is the word Chidikáágu (derived from the Spanish word Chiricahua) which refers to Chiricahuas in general, and the word Indé, which refers to Apaches in general.

Chiricahuas are called Ha’i’ą́há (meaning 'Eastern sunrise") by the White Mountain, Cibecue, and Bylas groups of the Western Apaches. Links Western Apache-English Dictionary (White Mountain) White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) Yavapai-Apache Nation Official Website Yavapai-Apache Nation (Arizona Intertribal Council) White Mountain Apache Tribe White Mountain Apache photographs map of Fort Apache...

They are called Hák’ą́yé by the San Carlos group of the Western Apaches.

The Navajos call Chiricahuas Chíshí. Map of the Navajo Nation The Navajo Nation (Dineé in Navajo language) is a Native American sovereignty. ...

Time Line

Abt 1823 Geronimo born along headwaters of Gila River in New Mexico or Arizona.

1848 U.S. moves into Apache Territory.

1851 Geronimo’s wife and children killed by Mexicans.

1852 Treaty between U.S. and Chiricahuas.

1850-1860 Miners and settlers move into Chiricahua Territory, Apache population diminishes due to starvation, disease, and attacks.

1861 Chiricahuas begin fighting U.S. after Mangas Coloradas is whipped by miners and Cochise’s relatives are killed by army.

1862 Battle of Apache Pass.

1863 Mangas Coloradas murdered by army while seeking peace.

1860-1870 Battles between U.S. and many different tribes.

1871 Reservations made for several Apache Tribes.

1872 Chiricahua Apache Reservation established.

1874 Cochise dies.

1876 Chiricahua Reservation closed, Taza dies September 26, 1876 in Washington, D.C.

1877 Apaches concentrated on one reservation and others closed.

1877-1880 Victorio wars against U.S. Victorio is killed in October of 1880.

1878 Warm Springs Reservation vacated..

1881 Geronimo and others leave reservation.

1882 Loco’s group of Apaches on reservation forced to join Geronimo and many are killed.

1883 Campaign in Mexico.

1884 Return from Mexico. Chiricahuas settle on reservation again.

1885 Chihuahua, Naiche, Mangus, Geronimo and about 120 men, women, and children leave White Mountain Reservation.

1886 Surrender and imprisonment of Chihuahua’s group (77 people), Naiche and Geronimo group (30 people), and Mangas’ group (10-12 people). Peaceful Chiricahuas on reservation and Washington delegation imprisoned. Almost all Chiricahua Apaches are shipped to Florida as prisoners of war (502 people). Most moved to St. Augustine, some to Fort Pickens.

1887-1888 Apache prisoners of war are moved to Alabama. Very high death rate due to disease, climate, and conditions. Children are sent off to Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, PN.

1894 Apache prisoners of war are moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma and told that Fort Sill was to be their permanent home. Apache Prisoners Of War build homes, raise crops and cattle, and try to gain freedom by continued cooperation. Population continues to decline.

1909 Geronimo dies of pneumonia.

1913 Apache prisoners of war released but Military keeps Fort Sill for artillery training. 261 Chiricahua Apaches must choose between joining Mescalero Apache Tribe on reservation in New Mexico or remaining in Oklahoma on allotments of farmland. 82 remain in Oklahoma as the Fort Sill Apache Tribe.

1914 Leave Fort Sill for Oklahoma allotments.

1924 American Indians allowed to vote in U.S.

1932 Fort Sill Apaches sue U.S. for land taken away in 1886 and 1913.

1940’s Fort Sill Apache quit farming as unprofitable and leave area for other jobs.

1950’s Attempt by B.I.A. to terminate Fort Sill Apache Tribe fails.

1970 Land claim settled. Tribe approves a constitution and buys land (2 ½ acres) to build a tribal office.

1986 Centennial year of surrender and imprisonment of Chiricahua Apaches.

See also

• Chiricahua language
• Apache
• Southern Athabaskan languages
• Allan Houser

Chiricahua is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Chiricahua tribe in Oklahoma and New Mexico. ... // It has been suggested that Traditional Apache scout be merged into this article or section. ... Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) refers to members of the Athabaskan language family (including Navajo) spoken in the Northern American Southwest. ... Allan Houser receives the National Medal of Arts Allan Houser (1914 - 1994) was one of the most renowned Native American painters and Modernist sculptors of the 20th century. ...

External links

Chiricahua Apache, Hattie Tom

• Indian Nations Indian Territory Archives - Ft. Sill Apache
• Return of the Chiricahua Apache Nde Nation, Chiriahua Organization
• Fort Sill Apache Tribal Chairman Jeff Housers Website
• Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts
• Allan Houser, Chiricahua Apache artist
• List of some Chiricaua warriors, probably from Thrapp's Biography

Download high resolution version (502x640, 34 KB) Chiricahua Apache, Hattie Tom American Memory from the Library of Congress Hattie Tom, Apache / copyright F. A. Rinehart, Omaha. ... Download high resolution version (502x640, 34 KB) Chiricahua Apache, Hattie Tom American Memory from the Library of Congress Hattie Tom, Apache / copyright F. A. Rinehart, Omaha. ...

Bibliography

• Castetter, Edward F.; & Opler, Morris E. (1936). The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole, (No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
• Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-404-15783-1).
• Opler, Morris E. (1933). An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
• Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. American Anthropologist, 37 (1), 65-70.
• Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620-633.
• Opler, Morris E. (1937). An outline of Chiricahua Apache social organization. In F. Egan (Ed.), Social anthropology of North American tribes (pp. 171-239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Opler, Morris E. (1938). A Chiricahua Apache's account of the Geronimo campaign of 1886. New Mexico Historical Review, 13 (4), 360-386.
• Opler, Morris E. (1941). An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1965 by New York: Cooper Square Publishers; in 1965 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1994 by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-8610-4).
• Opler, Morris E. (1942). The identity of the Apache Mansos. American Anthropologist, 44 (1), 725.
• Opler, Morris E. (1946). Chiricahua Apache material relating to sorcery. Primitive Man, 19 (3-4), 81-92.
• Opler, Morris E. (1946). Mountain spirits of the Chiricahua Apache. Masterkey, 20 (4), 125-131.
• Opler, Morris E. (1947). Notes on Chiricahua Apache culture, I: Supernatural power and the shaman. Primitive Man, 20 (1-2), 1-14.
• Opler, Morris E. (1983). Chiricahua Apache. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), Southwest (pp. 401-418). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• Opler, Morris E.; & French, David H. (1941). Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians. Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co.; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.; & in 1994 under M. E. Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8602-3).
• Opler, Morris E.; & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
• Schroeder, Albert H. (1974). A study of the Apache Indians: Parts IV and V. Apache Indians (No. 4), American Indian ethnohistory, Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.