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Chiricahua (also Chiricahua Apaches, Chiricagui, Apaches de Chiricahui, Chiricahues, Chilicague, Chilecagez, Chiricagua) refers to a group of bands of Apache that formerly lived in the general areas of southwestern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, and in northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico (it is not possible to precisely define the exact boundaries of their territory). Group of Apaches Apache is the collective name given to several culturally related tribes of Native Americans, aboriginal inhabitants of North America, who speak an Southern Athabaskan language. ... State nickname: Land of Enchantment Other U.S. States Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Governor Bill Richardson Official languages English and Spanish Area 315,194 km² (5th)  - Land 314,590 km²  - Water 607 km² (0. ... State nickname: The Grand Canyon State, The Copper State Other U.S. States Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Governor Janet Napolitano Official languages English Only State Area 295,254 km² (6th)  - Land 294,312 km²  - Water 942 km² (0. ...

History

Ba-keitz-ogie (Yellow Coyote), scout

official seal of Ft. Sill Apache

Led by Goyaałé (a.k.a. Geronimo) and Cochise they were among the last to resist U.S. government control of the southwest. They finally surrendered in 1886 and were exiled to Florida, Alabama, and Oklahoma. Eventually most were moved to the Fort Sill military reservation in Oklahoma until 1913, when they were allowed to return to what is now Arizona. Many still live in Oklahoma or on the Mescalero reservation in New Mexico. Their last stronghold was the Chiricahua Mountains, in southeastern Arizona, part of which is now inside Chiricahua National Monument. Download high resolution version (410x640, 30 KB)Apaches Ba-keitz-ogie, (The Yellow Coyote), called Dutchy: Chiricahua scout American Memory from the Library of Congress CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1890 and 1920]. SUMMARY Studio portrait (standing) of Dutchy (Bakeitzogie [Yellow Coyote]), a Native American (Chiricahua Apache) man. ... Download high resolution version (410x640, 30 KB)Apaches Ba-keitz-ogie, (The Yellow Coyote), called Dutchy: Chiricahua scout American Memory from the Library of Congress CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1890 and 1920]. SUMMARY Studio portrait (standing) of Dutchy (Bakeitzogie [Yellow Coyote]), a Native American (Chiricahua Apache) man. ... the official seal of the Fort Sill Chiricahua Apache Picture of seal obtained from Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma website. ... the official seal of the Fort Sill Chiricahua Apache Picture of seal obtained from Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma website. ... Geronimo Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaałé One Who Yawns; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache who long warred against the encroachment of settlers of European descent on tribal lands. ... Cochise Cochise (c. ... ... 1886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... State nickname: Sunshine State, Everglade State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush Official languages English Area 170,451 km² (22nd)  - Land 137,374 km²  - Water 30,486 km² (17. ... Alabama is a Southern state state located in the southern United States. ... Oklahoma is a South Central state of the United States (with strong western and even Midwestern influences) and its U.S. postal abbreviation is OK; others abbreviate the states name Okla. ... Fort Sill is a base of the United States Army near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. ... 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... State nickname: The Grand Canyon State, The Copper State Other U.S. States Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Governor Janet Napolitano Official languages English Only State Area 295,254 km² (6th)  - Land 294,312 km²  - Water 942 km² (0. ... Categories: Stub | Na-Dené languages | Native American tribes | Native American languages | Apachean languages | Apache tribe | Languages of North America | Athabaskan languages ... State nickname: Land of Enchantment Other U.S. States Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Governor Bill Richardson Official languages English and Spanish Area 315,194 km² (5th)  - Land 314,590 km²  - Water 607 km² (0. ... The Chiricahua Mountains are a mountain range in western North America. ... State nickname: The Grand Canyon State, The Copper State Other U.S. States Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Governor Janet Napolitano Official languages English Only State Area 295,254 km² (6th)  - Land 294,312 km²  - Water 942 km² (0. ... Chiricahua National Monument is a unit of the National Park Service located in Willcox, Arizona. ...

Bands

Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle

Goyaałé (Geronimo), in native garb

Since the band was much more important than tribe in Chiricahua culture, there is no native word for a Chiricahua tribe in the Chiricahua language. Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle from Fort Marion, Florida American Memory from the Library of Congress Choate, J. N. 1848-1902 (John N.) CREATED/PUBLISHED 1886 November 4th. ... Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle from Fort Marion, Florida American Memory from the Library of Congress Choate, J. N. 1848-1902 (John N.) CREATED/PUBLISHED 1886 November 4th. ... Download high resolution version (399x640, 35 KB) Geronimo, in native garb, at Slaughters ranch, where he made his famous escape American Memory from the Library of Congress Geronimo, in native garb, at Slaughters ranch, where he made his famous escape / N. H. Rose Photographer P. O. Box 463... Download high resolution version (399x640, 35 KB) Geronimo, in native garb, at Slaughters ranch, where he made his famous escape American Memory from the Library of Congress Geronimo, in native garb, at Slaughters ranch, where he made his famous escape / N. H. Rose Photographer P. O. Box 463...

According to Opler (1941) the Chiricahuas consisted of three bands:

• Chíhéne or Chííhénee’ 'Red Paint People' (a.k.a. the Eastern Chiricahua, Warm Springs Apache, Gileños, Ojo Caliente Apache, Coppermine Apache, Copper Mine, Mimbreños, Mimbres, Mogollones, Tcihende),
• Ch’úk’ánéń or Ch’uuk’anén (a.k.a. the Central Chiricahua, Ch’ók’ánéń, Cochise Apache, Chiricahua proper, Chiricaguis, Tcokanene),
• Ndé’indaaí or Nédnaa’í 'Enemy People' (a.k.a. the Southern Chiricahua, Southern Chiricahua, Chiricahua proper, Pinery Apache, Ne’na’i).

Schroeder (1947) disagrees with Opler and list five bands:

• Mogollon
• Copper Mine
• Mimbres
• Warm Spring
• Chiricahua proper

According to the Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache tribe in Oklahoma there are four bands in Fort Sill:

• Chíhéne (a.k.a. the Warm Springs band, Chinde (?)),
• Chukunen (a.k.a. the Chiricahua band, Chokonende),
• Bidánku (a.k.a. Bidanku, Bedonkohe (?)),
• Ndéndai (a.k.a. Ndénai, Nednai).

Additionally there is the word Chidikáágu (derived from the Spanish word Chiricahua) which refers to Chiricahuas in general, and the word Indé, which refers to Apaches in general.

Chiricahuas are called Ha’i’ą́há (meaning 'Eastern sunrise") by the White Mountain, Cibecue, and Bylas groups of the Western Apaches. Links Western Apache-English Dictionary (White Mountain) White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) Yavapai-Apache Nation Official Website Yavapai-Apache Nation (Arizona Intertribal Council) White Mountain Apache Tribe White Mountain Apache photographs map of Fort Apache...

They are called Hák’ą́yé by the San Carlos group of the Western Apaches.

The Navajos call Chiricahuas Chíshí. The term Navajo (occasionally spelled Navaho) or Diné refers to the Navajo Nation and its people, and to the Navajo language. ...

Links

See also: Chiricahua language, Southern Athabaskan languages, Apache. Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) refers to members of the Athabaskan language family (including Navajo) spoken in the Northern American Southwest. ... Group of Apaches Apache is the collective name given to several culturally related tribes of Native Americans, aboriginal inhabitants of North America, who speak an Southern Athabaskan language. ...

Chiricahua Apache, Hattie Tom

• Chiricahua-Warm Springs-Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma website
  • History of Chiricahua-Warm Springs-Fort Sill Apache
  • Fort Sill Apache seal
• Indian Nations Indian Territory Archives - Ft. Sill Apache
• Fort Sill Apache Tribe website (unofficial)
  • Fort Sill Apache history
  • Apachean nations genealogy chart
  • Chiricahua language
  • Map of Chiricahua homelands
  • Traditional Chiricahua recipes
• A Chiricahua Apache's Account of the Geronimo Campaign of 1886
• Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts

Download high resolution version (502x640, 34 KB) Chiricahua Apache, Hattie Tom American Memory from the Library of Congress Hattie Tom, Apache / copyright F. A. Rinehart, Omaha. ... Download high resolution version (502x640, 34 KB) Chiricahua Apache, Hattie Tom American Memory from the Library of Congress Hattie Tom, Apache / copyright F. A. Rinehart, Omaha. ...

Bibliography

• Castetter, Edward F.; & Opler, Morris E. (1936). The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole, (No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
• Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-40415783-1).
• Opler, Morris E. (1933). An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
• Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. American Anthropologist, 37 (1), 65-70.
• Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620-633.
• Opler, Morris E. (1937). An outline of Chiricahua Apache social organization. In F. Egan (Ed.), Social anthropology of North American tribes (pp. 171-239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Opler, Morris E. (1938). A Chiricahua Apache's account of the Geronimo campaign of 1886. New Mexico Historical Review, 13 (4), 360-386.
• Opler, Morris E. (1941). An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1965 by New York: Cooper Square Publishers; in 1965 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1994 by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-80328610-4).
• Opler, Morris E. (1942). The identity of the Apache Mansos. American Anthropologist, 44 (1), 725.
• Opler, Morris E. (1946). Chiricahua Apache material relating to sorcery. Primitive Man, 19 (3-4), 81-92.
• Opler, Morris E. (1946). Mountain spirits of the Chiricahua Apache. Masterkey, 20 (4), 125-131.
• Opler, Morris E. (1947). Notes on Chiricahua Apache culture, I: Supernatural power and the shaman. Primitive Man, 20 (1-2), 1-14.
• Opler, Morris E. (1983). Chiricahua Apache. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), Southwest (pp. 401-418). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• Opler, Morris E.; & French, David H. (1941). Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians. Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co.; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.; & in 1994 under M. E. Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-80328602-3).
• Opler, Morris E.; & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
• Schroeder, Albert H. (1974). A study of the Apache Indians: Parts IV and V. Apache Indians (No. 4), American Indian ethnohistory, Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.