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Chiune Sugihara (Japanese: 杉原千畝, Sugihara Chiune; January 1, 1900 – July 31, 1986) was a Japanese diplomat who helped thousands of Jews leave the Soviet Union while serving as the consul of the Empire of Japan to Lithuania. Image File history File links Sugihara_b. ...
January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ...
Year 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ...
Yaotsu (八百津町; -chou) is a town located in Kamo District, Gifu, Japan. ...
July 31 is the 212th day (213th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 153 days remaining. ...
1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Fujisawa (藤沢市 Fujisawa-shi) is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan. ...
January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ...
Year 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ...
July 31 is the 212th day (213th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 153 days remaining. ...
1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ...
Anthem Kimi ga Yo Imperial Reign Slogan: Fukoku Kyohei Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military (a. ...
Early life Chiune Sugihara was born January 1, 1900 in Yaotsu, a rural area in Gifu Prefecture of the Chubu region in Japan to a middle-class father, Yoshimizu Sugihara, and Yatsu Sugihara, a samurai-class mother. He was the second son among five boys and one girl. January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ...
Year 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ...
Yaotsu (八百津町; -chou) is a town located in Kamo District, Gifu, Japan. ...
Gifu Prefecture (å²é˜œçœŒ Gifu-ken), is located in the Chubu region of central Japan. ...
Chubu region, Japan Mount Fuji is the Chūbu regions most famous landmark. ...
Japanese samurai in armour, 1860s. ...
In 1912, he graduated with top honors from Furuwatari School, and entered Nagoya Daigo Chugaku (now Zuiryo high school), a combined junior and senior high school. His father wanted him to follow in his footsteps as a physician but he deliberately failed the entrance exam by writing only his name on the exam papers. Instead, he entered Waseda University in 1918 and majored in English literature. In 1919, he passed the Foreign Ministry Scholarship exam. The Japanese Foreign Ministry recruited him and assigned him to Harbin, China, where he also studied the Russian and German languages and later become an expert in Russian affairs. Nagoya ) is the fourth largest city in Japan. ...
Waseda University ), often abbreviated to Sodai ) is the top private university in Japan, known for the liberal culture symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. Apart from University of Tokyo, it is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in Japan. ...
The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S...
Harbin on a map of China For other meanings of Harbin, see Harbin (disambiguation). ...
Manchurian Foreign Office When Sugihara served in the Manchurian Foreign Office, he took part in the negotiations with the Soviet Union about the Northern Manchurian Railroad. He quit his post as Deputy Foreign Minister in Manchuria in protest over Japanese mistreatment of the local Chinese. While in Harbin he converted to Orthodox Christianity and married a White Russian woman named Klaudia. They divorced in 1935, before he returned to Japan, where he married Yukiko Kikuchi, who became Yukiko Sugihara (杉原幸子 Sugihara Yukiko) after the marriage; they had four sons. When their third son, Haruki, died, their fourth son was born four years later. Chiune Sugihara also served in the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and as a translator for the Japanese legation in Helsinki, Finland. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as: the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus Christ and the Twelve Apostles, having maintained unbroken the link between its clergy and the Apostles by means of Apostolic Succession. ...
The term White Russian may refer to: A member of the White movement, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. ...
Founded 1550 Country Finland Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Area[1] - Of which land - Rank 185. ...
Lithuania In 1939 he become a vice-consul of the Japanese Consulate in Kaunas, Lithuania. His other duty was to report on Soviet and German troop movements. Location Ethnographic region Aukštaitija County Kaunas County Municipality Kaunas city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 11 General Information Capital of Kaunas County Kaunas city municipality Kaunas district municipality Population 361,274 in 2005 (2nd) First mentioned 1361 Granted city rights 1408 Kaunas ( (help· info), approximate English transcription [ˈkəʊ.n...
According to Dr. Ewa Palasz-Rutkowska [1], Sugihara cooperated with Polish intelligence, as a part of bigger Japanese-Polish cooperation. This article covers the history of Polish Intelligence Services. ...
After the Soviet Union takeover of Lithuania in 1940, many Jewish refugees from Poland (Polish Jews) as well as Lithuanian Jews tried to acquire exit visas. Without the visas, it was dangerous to travel and impossible to find countries willing to issue them. Hundreds of refugees came to the Japanese consulate in Kaunas, trying to get a visa to Japan. The Dutch consul Jan Zwartendijk had provided some of them with an official third destination to Curaçao, a Caribbean island and Dutch colony that required no entry visa, or Dutch Guiana (which, upon independence, became Suriname). At the time, the Japanese government followed an officially neutral policy towards the Jews, but demanded that visas be issued only to those who had gone through appropriate immigration procedures and had enough funds. Most of the refugees did not fulfill these criteria. Sugihara dutifully contacted the Japanese Foreign Ministry three times for instructions. Each time, the Ministry responded that anybody granted a visa should have a visa to a third destination to exit Japan, with no exceptions. In the course of history, Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Anti-Semitism numerous times. ...
From the Middle Ages until the Holocaust, Jews were a significant part of the Polish population. ...
Lithuanian Jews (known in Yiddish and Haredi English as Litvish (adjective) or Litvaks (noun)) are Ashkenazi Jews with roots in Lita, a region including not only present-day Lithuania but also Latvia, much of Belarus and the northeastern Suwałki region of Poland. ...
An entry visa valid in all Schengen treaty countries A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit. ...
The rule of Napoleon Bonaparte after his coup detat in France had conducted the manners of French governmant under dictatorship and in a consulate. ...
Jan Zwartendijk (1899-1979) was a Dutch businessman and diplomat who helped Jews to escape Lithuania during World War Two. ...
Anthem: Himno di Kòrsou Capital (and largest city) Willemstad Official languages Dutch Government See Politics of the Netherlands Antilles - Prime Minister of N.A. Emily de Jongh-Elhage - Governor of N.A. Frits Goedgedrag Constitutional monarchy part of the Netherlands Antilles Area - Total 444 km² 171. ...
West Indian redirects here. ...
The Republic of Suriname, more commonly known as Suriname or Surinam, (formerly known as Netherlands Guiana and Dutch Guiana) is a country in northern South America, in between French Guiana to the east and Guyana to the west. ...
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) is a Japanese government ministry. ...
From July 31-August 28 1940 Sugihara began to grant visas on his own initiative, after consulting with his wife. Many times he ignored the requirements and arranged the Jews with a 10-day visa to transit through Japan, in direct violation of his orders. Given his post and the culture of the Japanese Foreign Service, this was an extraordinary action without precedent. He spoke to Soviet officials who agreed to let the Jews travel through the country via the Trans-Siberian railway at five times the standard ticket price. Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in green. ...
Sugihara continued to hand-write visas (reportedly spending 18–20 hours a day on them, producing a normal month's worth of visas each day) until September 4, when he had to leave his post before the consulate was closed. By that time he had granted thousands of visas to Jews, many of them heads of household who could take their families with them. According to witnesses, he was still writing visas while in transit in hotel and after boarding the train, throwing visas into the crowd of desperate refugees out the train's window even as the train pulled out.
The total number is in dispute, ranging from 2,139 to 10,000; most likely it was on the lower scale, although family visas, allowing several people to travel on one visa, were also issued, which would account for the much higher figure. Polish intelligence produced some false visas. A group of 30 "Jakub Goldberg" arrived one day to Tsuruga and was returned to Russian Nakhodka. Tsuruga (敦賀市; -shi) is a city located in Fukui, Japan. ...
Nakhodka is a port city in Primorsky Krai (Maritime Region) in the Far Eastern part of Russia, at 42°49′ N 132°53′ E The city has approximately 200,000 inhabitants. ...
Many refugees used their visas to travel across the Soviet Union to Vladivostok and then by boat to Kobe, Japan, where there was a Russian Jewish community. From there 1,000 departed to other destinations such as the United States and the British Mandate of Palestine. The remaining number of Sugihara/Zwartendijk survivors stayed in Japan until they were deported to Japanese-held Shanghai, where there was already a large Jewish community. Most of about 20,000 Jews survived the Holocaust in the Shanghai ghetto until the Japanese surrender in 1945. Vladivostok (Russian: ) is the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated close to the Russo-Sino border and North Korea. ...
Kobe ) is the capital city of HyÅgo Prefecture and a prominent port city in Japan with a population of about 1. ...
The vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest Jewish population in the world. ...
Flag Britain unilaterally closed the territory east of the Jordan River (Transjordan) to Jewish settlement and organized Transjordan as an autonomous state in 1923. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
“Shoah†redirects here. ...
The Shanghai ghetto was an area of approximately one square mile in the Hongkou District of Japanese-occupied Shanghai, where about 20,000 Jewish refugees[1] lived during World War II, having fled from Nazi Germany, Austria, Poland and Lithuania. ...
Despite German pressure for the Japanese government to either hand over or kill the Jewish refugees, the government protected the group. In The Fugu Plan (a book about the 1930s Fugu Plot), Rabbi Marvin Tokayer offered one hypothesis: it was in gratitude for a $196 million loan that a Jewish banker from New York, Jacob Schiff, had given Japan; the funds helped them to victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. A broader hypothesis, which also motivated the 1930s scheme, involved the benefit of the supposed economic prowess to Jews (partly as some Japanese leaders had read anti-Semitic tracts attributing uncanny wealth and power to Jews), which was desirable to the Japanese empire. Finally, Jewish leaders pointed out that the Nazi ideal excluded "the yellow", and asserted that like the Japanese, the Jews were from Asia too. This article or section cites its sources but does not provide page references. ...
NY redirects here. ...
Jacob Henry Schiff, born Jacob Hirsch Schiff (January 10, 1847 – September 25, 1920) was a German-born New York City banker and philanthropist, who financed, among many other things, the Japanese military efforts against Tsarist Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. ...
Combatants Russian Empire Montenegro Empire of Japan Commanders Emperor Nicholas II Aleksey Kuropatkin Stepan Makarov†Emperor Meiji Oyama Iwao Heihachiro Togo Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in lighter Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The Russo–Japanese War (February 10...
The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ...
Resignation Sugihara served as a Consulate General in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1941 in Königsberg and in legation in Bucharest, Romania. When Russian troops entered Romania, Soviet troops imprisoned Sugihara and his family in a POW camp for 18 months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian railroad and Nakhodka port. Nickname: City of a Hundred Spires Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government - Mayor Pavel Bém Area - City 496 km² (191. ...
Former German name of the city of Kaliningrad. ...
Bucharest (population 2. ...
Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...
In 1947 the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, nominally due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of "that incident" in Lithuania.
When asked why he risked his career to save other people, he quoted an old samurai saying, "Even a hunter cannot kill a bird which flies to him for refuge."
In October 1991, the ministry told Sugihara's family that Sugihara's resignation was part of the ministry's shakeup in personnel shortly after the end of the war. The Foreign Ministry issued a position paper on March 24, 2006 that there was no evidence the Ministry imposed disciplinary action on Sugihara. The ministry said that Sugihara was one of many diplomats to voluntarily resign, but that it was "difficult to confirm" the details of his individual resignation. The ministry praised Sugihara's conduct in the report, calling it a "courageous and humanitarian decision."
Later life Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture. He began to work for an export company as General Manager of U.S. Military Post Exchange. Utilizing his command of Russian language, Sugihara went on to work and live a low-key existence in the Soviet Union for 16 years, while his family stayed in Japan. Fujisawa (藤沢市 Fujisawa-shi) is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan. ...
Kanagawa Prefecture ) is a prefecture located in the southern KantŠregion of Honshū, Japan. ...
In 1968, Jehoshua Nishri, economic attache to the Israeli Embassy in Tokyo and one of the Sugihara beneficiaries finally located and contacted Sugihara. Nishri had been a Polish teen in 1940. The next year Sugihara visited Israel and was greeted by the Israeli government. Sugihara beneficiaries began to lobby for inclusion in the Yad Vashem memorial. 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ...
An exterior view of the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial museum in Jerusalem. ...
In 1985 Chiune Sugihara was granted the honor of the Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי אומות העולם , translit. Khasidei Umot ha-Olam) by the Government of Israel. Sugihara was too ill to travel to Israel so his wife and son accepted the honor on his behalf. Sugihara and his descendants were given perpetual Israeli citizenship. 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי ×ומות העול×, Hasidei Umot HaOlam), in contemporary usage, is a term often used to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust in order to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis. ...
“Hebrew†redirects here. ...
Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ...
Israels governmental system is based on several basic laws enacted by its unicameral parliament, the Knesset. ...
That year, 45 years after the Soviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked why he did it. Sugihara liked to give two reasons: one, that these refugees were human beings, and the other, that they simply needed help.
Sugihara died the following year, on July 31, 1986. In spite of the publicity given him in Israel and other nations, he remained a virtual unknown in his home country. Only when a large Jewish delegation from around the world, including the Israeli ambassador to Japan, showed up at his funeral did his neighbors find out what he did. July 31 is the 212th day (213th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 153 days remaining. ...
1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Legacy and honors Sugihara Street in Kaunas and Vilnius, Lithuania and the asteroid 25893 Sugihara are named after him. The Chiune Sugihara Memorial in the town of Yaotsu (his birthplace) was built by the people of the town in his honor. It has been suggested that minor planet be merged into this article or section. ...
25893 Sugihara is an asteroid (also known as a minor planetary body) discovered by W.K.Y. Yeung at the Desert Beaver observatory. ...
Aliases Sugihara is also known as Sempo Sugiwara and Chiune Sempo Sugihara. Sugiwara Sempo (to use the Japanese order with family name first) was a pseudonym that he adopted when he worked in the Soviet Union from 1960 to 1975 to prevent the Soviets from identifying him as the Japanese diplomat who in 1932 outsmarted them and obtained a very good deal for Japan when it purchased the Northern Manchurian Railroad. Sempo is not a distinct name but another way of reading the Chinese characters 千畝 for Chiune. Similarly, sugiwara is an alternative pronunciation of 杉原 his family name. Sempo was not his middle name, as Japanese names do not have middle names. Japanese writing Kanji Kana Hiragana Katakana Hentaigana ManyÅgana Uses Furigana Okurigana RÅmaji ) are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with hiragana (平仮å), katakana (片仮å), and the Arabic numerals. ...
Partial list of people helped by Sugihara Not to be confused with Mir yeshiva (Brooklyn). ...
This article is about the Jewish educational system. ...
John G. Stoessinger, Ph. ...
The University of San Diego, frequently referred to as USD, is a Catholic university in San Diego, California. ...
Robert Lewin (1918-2004), was born in Warsaw the son of a Polish-Jewish banker. ...
Leo Melamed is one of the elder statesmen of the global derivatives market. ...
References
See also This is a list of people who helped victims to escape from the Nazi Holocaust during World War II, often called rescuers. The list is not exhaustive, concentrating on famous cases, or people who saved the lives of many potential victims. ...
Ho Feng Shan (Traditional Chinese: 何鳳山; Simplified Chinese: 何凤山; Pinyin: Hé FèngshÄn), born in Yiyang, Hunan September 10, 1901 (some sources give 1904), died in San Francisco, September 28, 1997, was a Chinese diplomat who saved hundreds, probably thousands of Jews during the early years of WWII. Known as “China...
Resources
Films and other media - A Japanese TV station in Japan made a documentary film about Chiune Sugihara. This film was shot in Kaunas, at the place of the former embassy of Japan.
- Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness from PBS shares details of Sugihara and his family and the fascinating relationship between the Jews and the Japanese in the 1930s and 1940s. The website includes a timeline of Sugihara's life, video previews, exclusive interviews, and lesson plans for teachers.
- On 11th, Oct. 2005, Yomiuri TV (Osaka) aired a two-hour-long drama entitled, 'Visas for Life' about Sugihara, based on his wife's book. The web page of the drama is very comprehensive, but only available in Japanese. It aired on Hawaii station KIKU-TV titled as 6,000 Visas for Life as part of special New Years programming on January 13, 2007. [2]
- Japan's largest film company, Nippon Animation, is producing an animated film on Chiune Sugihara. The film was specially animated for television stations in Japan and around the world. The plan is to market the film in 2008, marking 60 years since diplomatic relations were established between Israel and Japan. The Japanese company asked Israel's ambassador to Japan, Eli Cohen, company to help in making the film.[3]
Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ...
Progressive metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music which shares traits with progressive rock including use of complex compositional structures, odd time signatures, and intricate instrumental playing. ...
Savatage is a heavy metal/progressive metal band founded by the brothers Jon and Criss Oliva in 1979. ...
Handful of Rain is a heavy metal album by Savatage. ...
In music, a canon is a contrapuntal composition that employs a melody with one or more imitations of the melody played after a given duration (e. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
KIKU-TV is an independent television station based in Honolulu, Hawaii. ...
The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next year. ...
January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ...
Chris Tashima is an American actor and director. ...
Visas and Virtue is a narrative short film inspired by the true story of Holocaust rescuer Chiune Sempo Sugihara, who is known as The Japanese Schindler. ...
This name for the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film was introduced in 1974. ...
Nippon Animation (日本アニメーション) is a Japanese animation studio. ...
Books - Yukiko Sugihara: Visas for Life (1995) (translation of Rokusennin no inochi no biza, 1990) ISBN 0-9649674-0-5
- Hillel Levine: In Search of Sugihara (1996) ISBN 0-684-83251-8
- Ken Mochizuki: Passage To Freedom: The Sugihara Story (1997) ISBN 1-58430-157-0 (children's book)
- Alison Leslie Gold: A Special Fate (2000) ISBN 0-439-25968-1 (children's book)
- Rabbi Marvin Tokayer: The Fugu Plan"
Papers - Ewa Palasz-Rutkowska, Andrzej T. Romer: "Polish-Japanese Co-operation during World War II." Japan Forum, 7, no. 2 (Autumn 1995): 285-316.
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