Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Hetman of Ukraine
In office January 30, 1648 – August 6, 1657
Preceded by	Dmytro Hunia
Succeeded by	Ivan Vyhovsky
Born	1595 Subotiv, near Chyhyryn, Ukraine
Died	August 6, 1657 Chyhyryn, Ukraine
Spouse	Hanna Somkivna, Motrona Czaplińska, Hanna Zolotarenko,
Religion	Greek Orthodox
Signature

Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Ukrainian: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Богда́н Хмельни́цкий (Bogdan Khmelnitsky)) (c. 1595 — August 6, 1657) was hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate of Ukraine. He led the uprising against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth magnates (1648 – 1654) with the goal of creating an independent Cossack state. In 1654 he concluded the Treaty of Pereyaslav with the Tsardom of Russia, which led to the eventual loss of Ukrainian independence first in the Russian Empire and later in the Soviet Union. Image File history File links BChmielnicki. ... Hetman of Ukraine, the title of the head of the Ukrainian state known as the Cossack Hetmanate. ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... Dmytro Hunia (Ukrainian: ; Polish: ) was elected hetman of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1638. ... Ivan Vyhovsky (Іван Виговський)(reigned 1657-1659) was a hetman (or otoman) of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and the successor to the famous hetman and rebel leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky (see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks). ... Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time. ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... Greek Orthodox Church can refer to any of several hierarchical churches within the larger group of mutually recognizing Eastern Orthodox churches: the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is also the first among equals of the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ... Image File history File links Xm_avt2. ... Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Zaporizhia (Ukrainian: Запоріжжя, Zaporizhzhia; Russian: Запоро́жье, Zaporozhye) is a historical region of Ukraine. ... The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. ... Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky/Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a rebellion in the lands of in present-day Ukraine which raged from 1648-1654. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For a wealthy or powerful business baron, executive, or tycoon, see Business magnate. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Pereyaslav Rada The Treaty of Pereyaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereyaslav during the meeting known as Pereyaslavska Uhoda (Pereyaslav Treaty). ... The Tsardom of Russia (Russian: Московское царство or Царство Русское) was the official name for the Russian state between Ivan IVs assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 and Peter the Greats foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721. ... Anthem: God Save the Tsar! Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Saint Petersburg Language(s) Russian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1721-1725 Peter the Great  - 1894-1917 Nicholas II History  - Established 22 October, 1721  - February Revolution 2 March, 1917 Area  - 1897 22,400,000 km2 8,648,688 sq mi Population  - 1897...

Biography

Early life

Subotiv, Ukraine.

Coat of arms of Abdank, used by Khmelnytsky as a Polish noble.

Although there is no definite proof of the date of his birth, it has been suggested by Ukrainian historian Mykhaylo Maksymovych that his date of birth was likely 27 December 1595 (St. Theodurus day). As it was the custom in the Orthodox Church, he was baptised with one of his middle names - Theodor, transformed into Ukrainian as Bohdan. Image File history File links Subotiv_Ukraine. ... Image File history File links Subotiv_Ukraine. ... Abdank Clan This work is copyrighted. ... Abdank Clan This work is copyrighted. ... Abdank - is a Polish Coat of Arms. ... Mykhaylo Maksymovych(1804-1873) was a famous Ukrainian naturalist, historian, and writer. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Eastern Christianity. ...

Khmelnytsky was probably^[1] born in the village of Subotiv 49°7′N 32°44′E, near Chyhyryn Ukraine at the estate of his father Mykhailo Khmelnytsky. Even though his father, Mykhailo Khmelnytsky, a courtier of Great Crown Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, was of noble birth himself, and belonged to the Massalski and the Abdank noble clans (szlachta) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, there was and is still controversy as to whether Bohdan belonged to the szlachta himself^[2]. This however didn't prevent Khmelnytsky from considering himself a noble and his father's status as a deputy Starosta (elder) of Chyhyryn helped him to be considered as such by others. Later on, however, during the Uprising he would stress his mother's Cossack roots and his father's exploits with the Cossacks of the Sich. Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... A courtier is a person who attends upon, and thus receives a privileged position from, a powerful person, usually a head of state. ... Hetmans coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Noble Family Żółkiewski Coat of Arms Lubicz Parents  ? Consorts  ? Children  ? Date of Birth 1547 Place of Birth Turynka near Lwów Date of Death October 7, 1620 Place of Death near Mohylowo, Podole StanisÅ‚aw Żółkiewski, (1547 – 7 October 1620) was a Polish noble (szlachcic) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... Abdank - is a Polish Coat of Arms. ... Polish szlachcic. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Republic of the Two Nations, Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów in Polish; Belarusian: Рэч Паспалі́тая) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569... The term Elder (or its equivalent in another language) is used in several different countries and organizations to indicate a position of authority. ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky/Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a rebellion in the lands of in present-day Ukraine which raged from 1648-1654. ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Zaporizhian Sich or Zaporozhian Sech (Ukrainian: ,Zaporozka Sich) original Slavonic name Zaporizhska Sich was the center of the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia. ...

There is also no concrete evidence in regards to Khmelnytsky's early education. Several historians believe he received his elementary schooling from a church clerk until he was sent to one of Kyiv's Orthodox fraternity schools. He continued his education in Polish at a Jesuit college, possibly in Jaroslaw, but more likely in Lviv, in the school founded by hetman Żółkiewski. He completed his schooling by 1620 and acquired a broad knowledge of world history and learned Polish and Latin. Later in addition to these languages he acquired a knowledge of Turkish, Tatar, and French languages. Unlike many of the other Jesuit students, he did not embrace Roman Catholicism but remained Greek Orthodox. Kiev (Київ, Kyiv, in Ukrainian; Киев, Kiev, in Russian) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper river. ... Separate articles treat Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Judaism. ... Look up fraternity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... Jarosław is a town in south-eastern Poland with 41,800 inhabitants (1995). ... Motto: Semper fidelis Location Map of Ukraine with Lviv. ... Year 1620 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili, Qırımtatarca), also known as Crimean (Qırım tili, Qırımca) and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus and the Twelve Apostles, preserving the traditions of the early church unchanged, accepting the canonicity of the first seven ecumenical councils held between the 4th and the...

Service with the Cossacks

Upon completion of his studies in 1617 Bohdan enters into service with the Cossacks and as early as 1619 he is sent along with his father to Moldavia as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth enters into war with the Ottoman Empire. His first military engagement was a tragic one too. During the battle of Cecora (Ţuţora) on 17 September 1620 his father, was killed and young Khmelnytsky among with many others, including future hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, was captured by the Turks. Next two years he spends in captivity in Constantinople, as a prisoner of a Turkish Pasha^[3]. Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... Combatants Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Ottoman Empire Commanders StanisÅ‚aw Żółkiewski Iskander Pasha Strength ~10. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... Year 1620 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Noble Family Koniecpolski Coat of Arms Pobóg Parents Aleksander Koniecpolski Anna Sroczycka Consorts Katarzyna Żółkiewska (1615) Krystyna Lubomirska (1619) Zofia OpaliÅ„ska (1656) Children Aleksander Koniecpolski Date of Birth 1590/1594 Place of Birth Koniecpol Date of Death March 11, 1646 Place of Death Brody StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski, (1590... Map of Constantinople. ... Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paÅŸa; originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king or from Turkish bash head, chief [1]) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ...

While there is no concrete evidence as to how he returned to Ukraine, most historians believe he either escaped or his ransom was paid (sources vary as to by whom - his mother, friends, the Polish king) but perhaps by Krzysztof Zbaraski ambasador Rzeczpospolitej to Otoman, who paid in 1962 ransom 30000 tlars for all POW captured at battle of Cecora. Upon return to Subotiv Khmelnytsky takes over the running of his father's estate and becomes a registered Cossack in the Chyhyryn Regiment. In the meantime, his widowed mother marries again to a Belarusian noble Vasyl Stavetsky and moves to his estate leaving Bohdan in charge of Subotiv. In a year she has another son, Hryhoriy, who curiously enough later preferred to take his mother's name and was known as Hryhoriy Khmelnytsky. For a short time he also served as a koniuszy to hetman Mikołaj Potocki, but relativly quickly they parted their ways after a personal conflict. Bohdan Khmelnytsky later marries to Hanna Somkivna, a daughter of a rich Pereyaslavl Cossack and they settle in Subotiv. In the second half of 1620s they already have three daughters: Stepanida, Olena and Kateryna. His first son Tymish (Tymofiy) is born in 1632 and another son Yuriy is born in 1640. Noble Family Zbaraski Coat of Arms Korybut Parents Janusz Zbaraski Anna Czetwertyńska Consorts  ?. likely none Children  ?, likely none Date of Birth 1580 Place of Birth  ? Date of Death March 3, 1627 Place of Death  ? Krzysztof Zbaraski (1580 - 6 March 1627, sometimes mistakenly written as Krzysztof Zbarski) was a... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Registered Cossacks (Polish: Kozacy rejestrowi) is the term used for Cossacks (mostly from the Zaporizhian Sich) who were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth armies. ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... Koniuszy (corresponds to the Master of the Horse) was a office of nobility (szlachta) in Poland since the 11th Century. ... Noble Family Potocki Coat of Arms PiÅ‚awa Parents Jakub Potocki Jadwiga Prusinowska Consorts Zofia Firlej Elżbieta Kazanowska Children with Zofia Firlej Piotr Potocki Stefan Potocki MikoÅ‚aj Potocki Marianna Potocka Wiktoria Potocka Henryk Potocki with Elżbieta Kazanowska Jakub Potocki Joanna Potocka Dominik Potocki Date of Birth 1595... Pereyaslavl can refer to: Pereyaslavl-Zalessky - a town in the Yaroslavl Oblast in Russia (was Pereyaslavl until the 15th century). ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... Tymofiy Bohdanovych Khmelnytsky or Tymish Khmelnytsky (Тимофій, Тиміш, Тимош Хмельницький; 1632 - September 15, 1653) was the eldest son of Cossack hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. ... See also: 1632 (novel) Events February 22 - Galileos Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300 colonists for New France depart Dieppe November 8 - Wladyslaw IV Waza elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Zygmunt III Waza death November 16 - Battle of Lützen... Yurii Khmelnytsky Yurii Khmelnytsky (Ukrainian: Юрій Хмельницький) (1641–1685), son of the famous Bohdan Khmelnytsky, was a Cossack political and military leader. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. ...

During this time Bohdan Khmelnytsky was running his estate and advanced in his service in the Regiment. He first became a sotnyk and later advanced to the rank of a regiment scribe. He certainly had singnificant negitiation skills and commanded respect of his fellow Cossacks as on 30 August 1637 he was included into a delegation to Warsaw to plead the Cossack's case before the Polish King Władysław IV. Serving in the army of a Polish magnate and great commander, hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski he participated in a rather successful campaign as the Commonwealth army, part of which was Bohdan's regiment, scored a decisive victory over Tatars in 1644. During this time, as some archival documents show, he also had a meeting in Warsaw with the French ambassador Count De Bregie, during which he discussed the possibility of Cossacks' participation in war in France. Sources vary whether in April of 1645 he travels to France, namely to Fontainebleau to discuss further details of Cossacks' engagement in France; this claim is supported by Ukrainian historiography but disputed by the Polish one ^[4]. In October of that year around two thousand Cossacks depart to France by sea via Gdansk and Calais, where they participated in the siege and capture of Dunkerque. However, no records show that Bohdan Khmelnytsky was among them. Sotnyk (Ukrainian: ), was a military rank among the Ukrainian Cossack starshyna (officers) and Ukrainian Insurgent Army. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats last theorem. ... Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland, its largest city, and a gamma world city. ... Reign in Poland From November 8, 1632 until May 20, 1648 Reign in Russia From 1610 until 16351 Coronation On February 6, 1633 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Anna Austriaczka Consorts Cecylia Renata Ludwika Maria Gonzaga Children with Cecylia Renata Zygmunt... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland, its largest city, and a gamma world city. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... Location within France Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. ... This article needs cleanup. ... For alternative meanings of Gdańsk and Danzig, see Gdansk (disambiguation) and Danzig (disambiguation) Motto: Nec temere, nec timide (Neither rashly nor timidly) Voivodship Pomeranian Municipal government Rada miasta Gdańska Mayor Paweł Adamowicz Area 262 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 461 400 (2003) Ranked 6th 1... Calais is a town in northern France, located at 50°57N 1°52E. It is in the département of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Location within France Dunkirk ( French: Dunkerque; Dutch: Duinkerke) is a harbour city and a commune in the northernmost part of France, in the département of Nord, 10 km from the Belgian border. ...

The Czapliński Affair

In the meantime another trouble was brewing at home. Upon the death of magnate Stanisław Koncepolski, advocate of fair treatment of Cossacks, his successor Aleksander redrew the maps of his possessions and laid claim to Khmelnytsky's estate, which he claimed was his. In his attempt to find protection from the powerful magnate Khmelnytsky wrote numerous appeals and letters to different representatives of the Polish crown - but to no avail. At the end of 1645 the Chyhyryn starost (elder) Daniel Czapliński officially received an order from the magnate to acquire the Subotiv estate. In summer of 1646 Khmelnytsky, using his favourable standing at the Polish court even arranged an audience with the King Władysław IV to plead his case. Władysław, who wanted Cossacks on his side in the wars he planned, gave him a royal charter, which protected his rights to the estate. However, such was the structure of the Commonwealth at that time, and the lawlessness of its eastern realsm, that even the King was not able to avert the confrontation with the local magnates. In the beginning of 1647 Daniel Czapliński openly started to harass Khmelnytsky in an attempt to force him off the land. On two occasions raids were made to Subotiv, during which considerable property damage was done and his son Yuriy was badly beaten. Finally in April Czapliński completely forced Khmelnytsky off the land and made him move with a large family to a relative's house in Chyhyryn. For a wealthy or powerful business baron, executive, or tycoon, see Business magnate. ... For other people with the name of Aleksander Koniecpolski, see Aleksander Koniecpolski Noble Family Koniecpolski Coat of Arms Pobóg Parents Stanisław Koniecpolski Krystyna Lubomirska Consorts Joanna Barbara Zamoyska Children with Joanna Barbara Zamoyska Stanisław Koniecpolski Date of Birth 1620 Place of Birth Podhorce Date of... For a wealthy or powerful business baron, executive, or tycoon, see Business magnate. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Republic of the Two Nations, Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów in Polish; Belarusian: Рэч Паспалі́тая) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Reign in Poland From November 8, 1632 until May 20, 1648 Reign in Russia From 1610 until 16351 Coronation On February 6, 1633 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Anna Austriaczka Consorts Cecylia Renata Ludwika Maria Gonzaga Children with Cecylia Renata Zygmunt... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ...

In May of 1647 Khmelnytsky arranged a second audience with the King to plead his case, but finds the King unwilling to go into an open confrontation with a powerful magnate. In addition to the loss of the estate, his first wife Hanna dies, leaving him alone with the children. While he promptly remarried to Motrona, his second wife, he was still unsuccessful in all of his attempts to find justice in regards to his estate. During this time, he met several higher Polish officials to discuss the Cossack's issue of the war with the Tatars and used this occasion again to unsuccessfully plead his case with Czapliński. 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

When he found no support from the Polish officials, he found it in his Cossack friends and subordinates. The case of a Cossack being unfairly treated by the Poles found a lot of support not only in his Chyhyryn regiment, but also in the throughout the Sich. All through the autumn of 1647 Khmelnytsky traveled from one regiment to the other and has numerous consultations with different Cossack leaders throughout Ukraine. His activity raised suspicion of the Polish authorities already used to Cossack revolts and he was promptly arrested. Koniecpolski even issued an order for his execution but a Chyhyryn Cossack polkovnyk that held Khmelnytsky was persuaded to release him. Not willing to tempt his fate again, Bohdan Khmelnytsky with a group of his supporters headed for the Zaporozhian Sich. Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... Sich can mean one of several things: Zaporizhian Sich, the fortified capital of Zaporizhian Cossacks in 16th to 18th century Ukraine. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... This article is actively undergoing a major edit. ... Zaporizhian Sich or Zaporozhian Sech (Ukrainian: ,Zaporozka Sich) original Slavonic name Zaporizhska Sich was the center of the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia. ...

The Uprising

Main article: Khmelnytsky Uprising

While it might appear that the Czapliński Affair caused the Uprising, it was only an impetus that brought a successful and talented Cossack to the forefront of popular discontent among the people of Ukraine. While the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth remained a union of two nations: of Poland and Lithuania, a sizeable population of Orthodox Ruthenians remained ignored. That left them oppressed by the Polish magnates and the Jewish traders, who often ran their estates for them. The advent of the Counter-Reformation further worsened the relationship between the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Many of the Orthodox Ukrainians saw the Uniate church as a threat to their Orthodox faith, and coupled with the frequent abuse of the Orthodox clergy this added the religious dimension to the conflict. While this might have been one of the many other frequent Cossack revolts that had been put down by the authorities, the stature, the skill and the respect of a seasoned 50-year-old negotiator and a warrior Khmelnytsky made all the difference. Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky/Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a rebellion in the lands of in present-day Ukraine which raged from 1648-1654. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Union of Lublin, painted by Jan Matejko The Union of Lublin (Lithuanian: Liublino unija; Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія; Polish: Unia lubelska) - signed on July 1, 1569 in Lublin, united the Kingdom of Poland and the... Separate articles treat Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Judaism. ... Ruthenians is a name that has been applied to different ethnic groups at different times; for an explanation of the reasons for this, see Ruthenia. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ...

Initial successes

At the end of the year Khmelnytsky finally made his way to the south, to the estuary of the Dnieper river, and on 25 January 1648 his small (300–500-man) detachment with the help of registered Cossacks, who went to his side disarmed the small Polish detachment guarding the area and took over the Zaporozhian Sich - much to the jubilation of many of the Cossacks. An attempt to retake the Sich by the Poles was decisively fought off as more registered Cossacks joined his forces. At the end of January 1648 a Cossack Rada was called and he is unanimously elected a hetman. A feverish activity followed - Cossacks were sent with hetman's letters in many regions of Ukraine calling on Cossacks and Orthodox peasants to join the rebellion, defence of Khortytsia was improved, arrangements were made to acquire and make weapons and amunitions, and emissaries were sent to the Khan of Crimea İslâm III Giray. Estuaries and coastal waters are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing ecological, economic, cultural, and aesthetic benefits. ... This article is about the river. ... January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Zaporizhian Sich or Zaporozhian Sech (Ukrainian: ,Zaporozka Sich) original Slavonic name Zaporizhska Sich was the center of the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Cossack Rada (Ukrainian: , Kozatska Rada) was a general cossack meeting often military in nature. ... Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Khortytsya view from space. ... The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: ; Russian: - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: - Krymske khanstvo; Turkish: ) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783. ... Ä°slâm III Giray (Crimean Tatar: ) (1604–1654) — a khan of the Crimean Khanate in 1644–1654. ...

Initially Polish authorities took the news of Khmelnytsky's arrival to the Sich and of talks about the rebellion quite lightly - the two sides exchaned the lists of demands: the Poles asked for Cossacks to surrender the mutinous leader and disband, while Khmelnytsky and the Rada demanded from the Commonwealth to restore Cossacks ancient rights, to stop the spread of Uniate Church, to have the right to appoint Orthodox leaders of the Sich and of the Registered Cossack regiments, to remove the Commonwealth troops from Ukraine^[5]. These demands of Khmelnytsky were taken as an affront by the Polish magnates and an army headed by Stefan Potocki moved in the direction of the Sich. Had the Cossacks stayed at Khortytsia they might have been defeated like numerous other rebellions - but this time instead of waiting for the Poles, Khmelnytsky marched against them. The two armies met on 16 May 1648 at Zhovti Vody, where aided by the Tatars of Tugay Bey the Cossacks inflicted their first crushing defeat on the Commonwealth, repeated soon after, with the same success at the Battle of Kursun 26 May 1648. What made these Cossack successess different was the diplomatic and military skill of Khmelnytsky: under his leadership the Cossack army moved to battle positions under his conditions, Cossacks were proactive and decisive in their manouver and attacks, and most importantly, he not only managed to persuade large contingents of registered Cossacks to switch to his side, but also got the support of the Krimean Khan - his crucial ally for many battles to come. Sich can mean one of several things: Zaporizhian Sich, the fortified capital of Zaporizhian Cossacks in 16th to 18th century Ukraine. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ... Registered Cossacks - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... For a wealthy or powerful business baron, executive, or tycoon, see business magnate Magnate is a title of nobility commonly used in Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and some other medieval empires. ... Sich can mean one of several things: Zaporizhian Sich, the fortified capital of Zaporizhian Cossacks in 16th to 18th century Ukraine. ... Khortytsya view from space. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky Tuhaj Bej Stefan Potocki Stefan Czarniecki Strength 3 000 - 1 500 (half forces changed sides) [1] 8 000 - 15 000 (growing throughout the battle)[1] Casualties heavy unknown Battle of Zhovti Vody (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: ; literally yellow waters... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ... Tugay Bey, part of Bohdan Chmielnicki with Tugay Bey at Lwów, oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1885, National Museum in Warsaw (see full picture here). ... This article needs cleanup. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate

By Christmas of 1648 Khmelnytsky made a triumphant entry into Kyiv, where he was hailed as "the Moses, savior, redeemer, and liberator of the people from Polish captivity ... the illustrious ruler of Rus". In February 1649 during negotiations with a Polish delegation headed by senator Adam Kysil in Pereiaslav, Khmelnytsky declared that he was "the sole autocrat of Rus" and that he had "enough power in Ukraine, Podilia, and Volhynia ... in his land and principality stretching as far as Lviv, Chelm, and Halych"^[6]. It became clear to the Polish envoys that Khmelnytsky had positioned himself no more as a leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks but of Ukraine and stated his claims to the heritage of the Rus. A Vilnius panegyric in Khmelnytsky's honor (1650–1651) explained it this way: "While in Poland it is King Jan II Casimir Vasa, in Rus it is Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky"^[7]. 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Pereyaslav is the former name of towns in Ukraine and Russia: Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi in Ukraine. ... Historical arms of Podolia The region of Podolia (Polish: Podole, Ukrainian: Podillya) lies in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine that correspond to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. ... Pochayiv Lavra, the spiritual heart of Volhynia Volhynia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: ; also called Volynia) comprises the historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Pripyat and Western Bug -- to the north of Galicia and of Podolia. ... Chełm is a town in eastern Poland with 68,595 inhabitants (2004). ... Jackdaw on the coat-of-arms of Galicia alludes to the name of Halych Halych (Russian and Ukrainian: ) is a historic town in Western Ukraine on the Dniester River. ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population 540,318 in 2005 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Not to be confused with Vilnius city... A Panegyric is a formal public speech delivered in high praise of a person or thing, a generally high studied and undiscriminating eulogy. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... For other monarchs with similar names, please see John of Poland. ...

After the period of initial military successes a state-building process began. His leadership was demonstrated in all areas of state-building—in the military, administration, finance, economics, and culture. With political acumen he made the Zaporozhian Host under the leadership of its hetman the supreme power in the new Ukrainian state, and unified all the spheres of Ukrainian society under his authority. Khmelnytsky built a new government system and developed military and civilian administration. The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey. ...

During this time a new generation of statesmen and military leaders came to the forefront: Ivan Vyhovsky, Pavlo Teteria, Danylo Nechai and Ivan Nechai, Ivan Bohun, Hryhoriy Hulyanytsky, and of Cossack polkovnyks, officers and military commanders a new elite within the Cossack Hetman state was born. Throughout the years, this elite preserved and maintained the autonomy of the Hetmanate in the face of Muscovy's attempt to curb it but was instrumental in the onset of the period of Ruin that followed and eventually detroyed most of the achievements of the Khmelnytsky era. Ivan Vyhovsky (Іван Виговський)(reigned 1657-1659) was a hetman (or otoman) of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and the successor to the famous hetman and rebel leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky (see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks). ... Ivan Bohun Ivan Bohun fighting Poles in Berestechko battle Ivan Bohun or Ivan Bogun (Ukrainian: ) (died in 1664), was a Ukrainian Cossack military leader. ... Hryhoriy Hulyanytsky (Ukrainian: ) (died in 1679), was a Ukrainian Cossack, polkovnyk, a skilled warrior and a shrewd politician. ... The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. ...

Union with Muscovy

Ukraine was still perilously weak, and in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, which eventually led to the incorporation of the Left-bank Ukraine into Russia. Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Pereyaslav Rada The Treaty of Pereyaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereyaslav during the meeting known as Pereyaslavska Uhoda (Pereyaslav Treaty). ... Left-bank Ukraine (Ukrainian: Лівобережна Україна Russian: Левобережная Украина, Polish: Lewobrzeżna Ukraina ): historic name of...

In 1655 he was defeated by Piotr Potocki at the battle of Jezierna; after which the Commonwealth regained control over the Right-bank Ukraine. Right-bank Ukraine (Ukrainian: Правобережна Україна Russian: Правобережная Украина; Polish: Prawobrzeżna Ukraina), a...

Khmelnytsky died in 1657 of a heart attack after learning that his ally, George II Rákóczi, was defeated by the Commonwealth. A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ... George II Rákóczi (January 30, 1621–June 7, 1660), was the eldest son of George I and Susannah Lorantffy. ...

His son Yuri Khmelnytsky later became an ally of Poland and sought to unite Ukraine with Poland.

Controversies

Khmelnytsky told the people that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews". With this as their battle-cry, the Cossacks killed a large number of Jews during the years 1648-9. The precise number of dead may never be known, but the decrease of the Jewish population during that period is estimated at 100,000 to 200,000, which also includes deaths from diseases and Tatar imprisonment. For this reason in Jewish historical memory, Khmelnytsky remained a controversial figure. Characteristically, Sholem Asch wrote about Khmelnytsky's Cossack war in his book Al Kiddush Hashem: A Novel of 1648 which describes the massacres of the Jews in horrific detail. This tragedy was etched in Jewish collective memory as the greatest calamity since the days of Simon bar Kokhba and led the way to the Shabtai Zvi movement which started not long afterwards. Sholem Asch (1880 - 1957), also known as Shalom Asch, was a Polish-born American Jewish novelist, dramatist, and essayist in the Yiddish language. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Sabbatai Zevi, also transliterated Shabbethai, Shabbetai, Sabbetai, or Shabtai; Zvi or Tzvi (July 23, 1626–possibly September 30, 1676) was a famous claimed Messiah and Kabbalist. ...

Mikhail Mikeshin's Khmelnytsky Monument in central Kiev (from a 19th-century postcard)

In Poland, Khmelnytsky's war was described in the 19th century by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his famous novel, With Fire and Sword (Polish: Ogniem i mieczem). This book was written with a clearly stated intent of raising the national spirit in partitioned Poland, and shows the story of Khmelnytsky and the Cossacks from the point of view of the Polish nobles (szlachta), thus glorifying the Polish side while vilifying the rebels. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (938x694, 167 KB) 19th-century postcard of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Monument in Kiev. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (938x694, 167 KB) 19th-century postcard of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Monument in Kiev. ... Mikeshins monument to the Millennium of Russia, in Veliky Novgorod. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Henryk Sienkiewicz. ... Movie poster With Fire and Sword (Polish Ogniem i mieczem) is a historical novel by the Polish author Henryk Sienkiewicz, published in 1884, and made into a movie (With Fire and Sword - the movie) in 1999. ... The Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas, Belarusian: Падзелы Рэчы Паспалітай) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Polish szlachcic. ...

After Poland was subsumed within the Russian empire, attempts were made to recast Khmelnytsky as an archetype of the freedom loving Pole. Similar efforts to claim Khmelnytsky's heritage were made under the Soviet Union, where Khmelnytsky was recast as a historical leader of proletarian revolution.

In 1999, a Polish film adaptation was made of With Fire and Sword (Ogniem i mieczem), which portrayed a more realistic image of Khmelnytsky, as a complex man and Ukrainian leader with a deep personality who sought justice for the wrongs committed against him. Thus the movie tried to overcome somewhat negative views presented in the original book. It was well received by both Polish and Ukrainian audiences. 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... With Fire and Sword is the English title of the Polish film Ogniem i Mieczem, a historical drama directed by Jerzy Hoffman, released in 1999. ...

Khmelnytsky remembered

Five hryvnia Ukrainian banknote depicting Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Polish, Ukrainian and Russian historiography agree that he was one of the most important 'Great Men' in 17th century Eastern Europe. They however differ in their interpretations of his actions . Ukrainian historiography views him as a great leader, one of the first and most successful of those who fought for independent Ukraine. In Russian and Soviet historiography, he was usually praised for fighting for reunifying Ukraine with Russia (as it was put). Hryvnia with Bohdan Chmielnicki File links The following pages link to this file: Bohdan Khmelnytsky Hryvnia Categories: Currency images ... Hryvnia with Bohdan Chmielnicki File links The following pages link to this file: Bohdan Khmelnytsky Hryvnia Categories: Currency images ... The hryvnia (Ukrainian гривня) has been the national currency of Ukraine since 1996 when it replaced the coupon (or karbovanets), the temporary currency used after Ukraine left the Soviet Union and the ruble zone. ... A £20 Bank of England banknote. ... Historiography is the study of the practice of history. ... HIS MAJESTY KING_Abdulrehman I Abdulrehman Jeylani Mohammed al-osmani -ARABIC(عبدالرحمن جيلاني محمدالعثماني)known as the great man is th somali nation leader was born in 1407(Dec_1986) in somalia he was a medical student in sudan between(2004--2009) he has a national somali ideology wich is based on the cruel fighting...

See also

• Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, a military decoration in Soviet Union and Ukraine
• Bogdan Khmelnitsky Bridge in Moscow
• With Fire and Sword

Modern Ukrainian Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 3rd class The Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Ukrainian: Орден Богдана Хмельницького Russian: Орден Богдана Хмельницкого) is a Soviet and later Ukrainian award, named after Bogdan Khmelnitsky, first established on October 10, 1943 (during World War II) by a Decision of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the USSR and re... A military decoration is a decoration given to military personnel or units for heroism in battle or distinguished service. ... Night view of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Bridge Krasnoluzhsky Bridge used to carry the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway across the Moskva River between Luzhniki District and Berezhkovskaya Embankment. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2007)    - Density 10,469,000   8537. ... Movie poster With Fire and Sword (Polish Ogniem i mieczem) is a historical novel by the Polish author Henryk Sienkiewicz, published in 1884, and made into a movie (With Fire and Sword - the movie) in 1999. ...

Notes

References

Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... Zhovkva (Ukrainian: Жовква, Polish: Żółkiew) is a city in the Lviv Oblast in Ukraine with a population of approximately 36,000. ... Abdank - is a Polish Coat of Arms. ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ...

Further reading

• Orest Subtelny. Ukraine. A history. University of Toronto press. 1994. ISBN 0-8020-0591-0.
• V. A. Smoliy, V. S. Stepankov. Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Sotsialno-politychnyi portret. Second Edition. Lebid, Kyiv. 1995. ISBN 5-325-00721-1.

Orest Subtelny - Ukrainian historian, professor at Department of History and Political Science, York University. ...

External links

• Cossack State after 1649 (map)
• Biography of Bohdan Khmelnytsky