Professor Noam Chomsky
Born	December 7, 1928 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is Institute Professor Emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Chomsky has single-handed redefined the field of theoretical linguistics with his work on the theory of generative grammar, while sparking the cognitive revolution in psychology through his landmark review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior basically discrediting a behaviorist approach to the study of mind and language dominant in the fifties. His naturalistic approach to the study of language has also had a significant impact on the philosophy of language and mind (see Harman, Fodor). He is also credited with the establishment of the so-called Chomsky hierarchy, a classification of formal languages in terms of their generative power. Apart from his influential linguistic work, Chomsky is also widely known for his political activism, and for his criticism of the foreign policy of the United States and other governments. Chomsky describes himself as a libertarian socialist and a sympathizer of anarcho-syndicalism. According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, between 1980 and 1992 Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any living scholar, and the eighth most cited source overall. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Independence Hall Philadelphia (sometimes referred to as Philly or the City of Brotherly Love) is the fifth most populous city in the United States and the most populous city in the state of Pennsylvania, occupying all of Philadelphia County. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology the title of Institute Professor is given to a small number of members of the faculty with extraordinary records of achievement. ... A professor is a senior teacher and researcher, usually in a college or university. ... Broadly conceived, linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, is a leading research and educational institution -essentially a university- located in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts along the Charles River and across from Bostons Back Bay district. ... In linguistics, and especially the study of syntax, generative grammar is the study of linguistic syntax using formal grammars that can in some sense generate the well-formed expressions of a natural language. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The name Fodor can refer to. ... The Chomsky hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. ... In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is a set of finite-length words (i. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change. ... A critic (derived from the ancient Greek word krites meaning a judge) is a person who offers a value judgement or an interpretation. ... President of the United States, George W. Bush (right) at Camp David in March 2003, hosting the British Prime Minister Tony Blair. ... Libertarian socialism is any one of a group of political philosophies dedicated to opposing coercive forms of authority and social hierarchy, in particular the institutions of capitalism and the state. ... Anarcho-syndicalist flag. ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Biography

Noam as a small child

Young, with parents

Chomsky was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Hebrew scholar William Chomsky, who was from a town in Ukraine later wiped out by the Nazis. His mother, Elsie Chomsky née Simonofky, came from what is now called Belarus, but unlike her husband she grew up in America and normally spoke “ordinary New York English”. Their first language was Yiddish, but Chomsky says it was “taboo” in his family to speak it. He describes his family as living in a sort of “Jewish ghetto”, split into a “Yiddish side” and “Hebrew side”, with his family aligning with the latter and bringing him up “immersed in Hebrew culture and literature.” This is a screenshot from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. ... This is a screenshot from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. ... This is a screenshot from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. ... This is a screenshot from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. ... Independence Hall Philadelphia (sometimes referred to as Philly or the City of Brotherly Love) is the fifth most populous city in the United States and the most populous city in the state of Pennsylvania, occupying all of Philadelphia County. ... The Modern Hebrew language is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None (English is de facto) Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ...

At the age of eight or nine, Chomsky spent every Friday night reading Hebrew literature. [1] Later in life he would teach Hebrew classes. In spite of this, and of all the linguistic work carried out during his career, Chomsky claims “the only language I speak and write proficiently is English.”

Chomsky remembers the first article he wrote was at the age of ten, and was about the threat of the spread of fascism, following the fall of Barcelona. From the age of twelve or thirteen he identified more fully with anarchist politics.

Starting in 1945, he studied philosophy and linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, learning from Zellig Harris, a professor of linguistics with whose political views he identified. 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The term philosophy derives from a combination of the Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom. ... Broadly conceived, linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ... The University of Pennsylvania (commonly referred to as Penn or UPenn, although the former is the preferred and recognized nickname of the University) is a private university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and a member of the Ivy League. ... Zellig Harris (October 23, 1909 - May 22, 1992) was an American linguist. ...

Chomsky received his Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1955. He conducted much of his doctoral research during four years at Harvard University as a Harvard Junior Fellow. In his doctoral thesis, he began to develop some of his linguistic ideas, elaborating on them in his 1957 book Syntactic Structures, perhaps his best-known work in the field of linguistics. A doctorate is an academic degree of the highest level. ... The University of Pennsylvania (commonly referred to as Penn or UPenn, although the former is the preferred and recognized nickname of the University) is a private university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and a member of the Ivy League. ... 1955 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... The Harvard Society of Fellows is a collection of luminaries selected by Harvard University to be held close to its bosom, given special honors, thrown elegant dinners, and upon whom various privileges are bestowed. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Syntactic Structures is the name of an influential book by Noam Chomsky first published in 1957. ...

Chomsky joined the staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1955 and in 1961 was appointed full professor in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics (now the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.) From 1966 to 1976 he held the Ferrari P. Ward Professorship of Modern Languages and Linguistics. In 1976 he was appointed Institute Professor. He has been teaching at MIT continuously for the last 50 years.

It was during this time that Chomsky became more publicly engaged in politics: he became one of the leading opponents of the Vietnam War with the publication of his essay “The Responsibility of Intellectuals” [2] in The New York Review of Books in 1967. Since that time, Chomsky has become well known for his political views, speaking on politics all over the world, and writing numerous books. His far-reaching criticism of US foreign policy and the legitimacy of US power has made him a controversial figure. He has a devoted following among the left, but he has also come under increasing criticism from liberals as well as from the right, particularly because of his response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. The Vietnam War was fought from 1957 to 1975 between Soviet and Chinese-supported Vietnamese nationalist and Communist forces and an array of Western and pro-Western forces, most notably the United States. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms that refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially but not exclusively in the American sense of the word... Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the Right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated Islamist terrorist attacks carried out in the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. ...

Chomsky's name

Avram (אברם) is a Hebrew name meaning “high father” (English: “Abram”) taken from the biblical forefather figure (see Genesis 12:1) later known as Avraham meaning “father of many” (English: “Abraham”) (see Genesis 17:5). Noam (נועם) is a Hebrew name which means “pleasantness” (male version of the female No'omi — English: “Naomi” or “Noemi”). Chomsky is the Russian name Хомский. The original pronunciation is IPA: /avram noam 'xomskij/. This is normally Anglicized to IPA: /'ævɹæm 'nəʊm 'tʃɒm^pski/ (  listen), or IPA: /'ævɻæm 'noʊm 'tʃam^pski/ in an American accent, which is how Chomsky himself pronounces it (  listen). Noam (נועם) is a Hebrew name which means pleasantness (male version of the female Noomi — English: Naomi or Noemi). Notable Noams include: Noam Chomsky, linguist and left-wing political activist Noam D. Elkies, mathematician Noam Federman, right-wing political activist Noam Pitlik, television director and character actor This is... The International Phonetic Alphabet is a system of phonetic notation used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) the human vocal apparatus can produce. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet is a system of phonetic notation used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) the human vocal apparatus can produce. ... To play the audio file do not click on the -image. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet is a system of phonetic notation used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) the human vocal apparatus can produce. ... To play the audio file do not click on the -image. ...

The eponymous adjective Chomskyan has come to be used to refer to his ideas; however, Chomsky has disparaged the term as making “no sense” and belonging “to the history of organized religion.” The term is generally used in reference to his linguistic, rather than political, ideas. An eponymous adjective is an adjective which has been derived from a the name of a person, real or fictional. ...

Contributions to linguistics

Syntactic Structures was a distillation of his book Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1955,75) in which he introduces transformational grammars. The theory takes utterances (sequences of words) to have a syntax which can be (largely) characterised by a formal grammar; in particular, a Context-free grammar extended with transformational rules. Children are hypothesised to have an innate knowledge of the basic grammatical structure common to all human languages (i.e. they assume that any language which they encounter is of a certain restricted kind). This innate knowledge is often referred to as universal grammar. It is argued that modelling knowledge of language using a formal grammar accounts for the “productivity” of language: with a limited set of grammar rules and a finite set of terms, humans are able to produce an infinite number of sentences, including sentences no one has previously said. Transformational grammar is a broad term describing grammars (almost exclusively those of natural languages) which have been developed in a Chomskyan tradition. ... In linguistics and computer science, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a formal grammar in which every production rule is of the form V → w where V is a non-terminal symbol and w is a string consisting of terminals and/or non-terminals. ... Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans. ...

The Principles and Parameters approach (P&P)--developed in his Pisa 1978 Lectures, later published as Lectures on Government and Binding](LGB) make strong claims regarding universal grammar — that the grammatical principles underlying languages are innate and fixed, and the differences among the world's languages can be characterized in terms of parameter settings in the brain (such as the pro-drop parameter, which indicates whether an explicit subject is always required, as in English, or can be optionally dropped, as in Spanish), which are often likened to switches. (Hence the term principles and parameters, often given to this approach.) In this view, a child learning a language need only acquire the necessary lexical items (words, grammatical morphemes, and idioms), and determine the appropriate parameter settings, which can be done based on a few key examples. A null subject language, in linguistic typology, is a language whose grammar permits the omission of an explicit subject. ... Government and binding is a theory of syntax in the tradition of transformational grammar developed by Noam Chomsky (1981, 1982, 1986). ... A lexicon is a list of words together with additional word-specific information, i. ... In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest language unit that carries a semantic interpretation. ...

Proponents of this view argue that the pace at which at which children learn languages is inexplicably rapid, unless children have an innate ability to learn languages. The similar steps followed by children all across the world when learning languages, and the fact that children make certain characteristic errors as they learn their first language, whereas other seemingly logical kinds of errors never occur (and, according to Chomsky, should be attested if a purely general, rather than language-specific, learning mechanism were being employed), are also pointed to as motivation for innateness.

More recently, in his Minimalist Program (1995), while retaining the core concept of "principles and parameters" , Chomsky attempts a major overhaul of the linguistic machinery involved in the LGB model, stripping it from all but the barest necessary elements, while advocating a general approach to the architecture of the human language faculty that emphasises principles of economy and optimal design , reverting to a derivational approach to generation, in contrast with the largely representational approach of classic P&P. Transformational grammar is a broad term describing grammars (almost exclusively those of natural languages) which have been developed in a Chomskyan tradition. ...

Chomsky's ideas have had a strong and continued influence on researchers investigating the acquisition of language in children, though some researchers who work in this area today deviate from Chomsky's approach, often advocating emergentist or connectionist theories reducing language to an instance of general processing mechanisms in the brain. Language acquisition is the acquisition of language in general. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ... Emergence is the process of complex pattern formation from simpler rules. ... Connectionism today generally refers to an approach in the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science and philosophy of mind which models mental or behavioral phenomena with neural networks, and is associated with a certain set of arguments for why this is a good idea. ...

Generative grammar

Noam Chomsky using a speech recognition application.

The Chomskyan approach towards syntax, often termed generative grammar, though quite popular, has been challenged by many, especially those working outside the United States. Chomskyan syntactic analyses are often highly abstract, and are based heavily on careful investigation of the border between grammatical and ungrammatical constructs in a language. (Compare this to the so-called pathological cases that play a similarly important role in mathematics.) Such grammaticality judgments can only be made accurately by a native speaker, however, and thus for pragmatic reasons such linguists often focus on their own native languages or languages in which they are fluent, usually English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, Japanese or one of the Chinese languages. However, as Chomsky has said: Noam Chomsky and Tony Scarlatos using iSign, a speech recognition application. ... Noam Chomsky and Tony Scarlatos using iSign, a speech recognition application. ... Speech recognition technologies allow computers equipped with a source of sound input, such as a microphone, to interpret human speech, e. ... Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... In linguistics, syntax is the study of the rules, or patterned relations, that govern the way the words in a sentence are arranged. ... In linguistics, and especially the study of syntax, generative grammar is the study of linguistic syntax using formal grammars that can in some sense generate the well-formed expressions of a natural language. ... In mathematics, a pathological example is one whose properties are (or should be considered) untypically bad. ... First language (native language, mother tongue) is the language a person learns first. ...

The first application of the approach was to Modern Hebrew, a fairly detailed effort in 1949–50. The second was to the native American language Hidatsa (the first full-scale generative grammar), mid-50s. The third was to Turkish, our first Ph.D. dissertation, early 60s. After that research on a wide variety of languages took off. MIT in fact became the international center of work on Australian aboriginal languages within a generative framework [...] thanks to the work of Ken Hale, who also initiated some of the most far-reaching work on Native American languages, also within our program; in fact the first program that brought native speakers to the university to become trained professional linguists, so that they could do work on their own languages, in far greater depth than had ever been done before. That has continued. Since that time, particularly since the 1980s, it constitutes the vast bulk of work on the widest typological variety of languages.

Sometimes generative grammar analyses break down when applied to languages which have not previously been studied, and many changes in generative grammar have occurred due to an increase in the number of languages analyzed. However, the claims made about linguistic universals have become stronger rather than weaker over time; for example, Richard Kayne's suggestion in the 1990s that all languages have an underlying Subject-Verb-Object word order would have seemed implausible in the 1960s. One of the prime motivations behind an alternative approach, the functional-typological approach or linguistic typology (often associated with Joseph Greenberg), is to base hypotheses of linguistic universals on the study of as wide a variety of the world's languages as possible, to classify the variation seen, and to form theories based on the results of this classification. The Chomskyan approach is too in-depth and reliant on native speaker knowledge to follow this method, though it has over time been applied to a broad range of languages. The Modern Hebrew language is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ... Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, also known as the Three Affiliated Tribes, are a Native American group comprised of a union of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples, whose native lands ranged across the Missouri River basin in the Dakotas. ... Australian Aborigines are the indigenous peoples of Australia. ... Kenneth Locke Hale (1934--2001) was a linguist at MIT, who studied the syntax, lexicon and phonology of a huge variety of unstudied and often endangered languages -- especially indigenous languages of North America, Central America and Australia. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... A linguistic universal is a statement that is true for all languages. ... The linguistic typology is the typology that classifies languages by their features. ... Joseph Greenberg may refer to one of The linguist Joseph H. Greenberg The director of Yiddish-language films, better known as Joseph Green This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Chomsky hierarchy

Chomsky is famous for investigating various kinds of formal languages and whether or not they might be capable of capturing key properties of human language. His Chomsky hierarchy partitions formal grammars into classes, or groups, with increasing expressive power, i.e., each successive class can generate a broader set of formal languages than the one before. Interestingly, Chomsky argues that modelling some aspects of human language requires a more complex formal grammar (as measured by the Chomsky hierarchy) than modeling others. For example, while a regular language is powerful enough to model English morphology, it is not powerful enough to model English syntax. In addition to being relevant in linguistics, the Chomsky hierarchy has also become important in computer science (especially in compiler construction and automata theory). In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is a set of finite-length words (i. ... The Chomsky hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. ... In computer science a formal grammar is an abstract structure that describes a formal language precisely, i. ... A regular language is a formal language (i. ... Morphology is a subdiscipline of linguistics that studies word structure. ... In linguistics, syntax is the study of the rules, or patterned relations, that govern the way the words in a sentence are arranged. ... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Computer Science Open Directory Project: Computer Science Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies Belief that title science in computer science is inappropriate Categories: Computer science | Academic disciplines ... A diagram of the operation of an ideal compiler. ... Automata theory is a field of computer science which studies finite state machines, by means of mathematical representations of them (automata, Turing machines). ...

His best-known work in phonology is The Sound Pattern of English, written with Morris Halle. This work is considered outdated (though it has recently been reprinted), and Chomsky does not publish on phonology anymore. Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), or phonemics, is a subfield of grammar (see also linguistics). ... The Sound Pattern of English is a work on phonology (a branch of linguistics) by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle. ... Morris Halle, né Pinkowitz, is an American linguist. ...

Criticisms of Chomsky's linguistics

While Chomsky's is the best known position in linguistics, his views have been criticized. Current linguistics literature boasts many important alternatives to Chomsky's specific models of syntax, though most owe much to Chomsky's work. Prominent among these are Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar and Lexical Functional Grammar. These proposals differ from Chomsky's principally in the types of structures assumed, and in the search for “representational” alternatives to step-by-step computation (called “derivation” in Chomskyan work). Another more radical alternative to Chomsky's position is that proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Their cognitive linguistics was developed out of Chomskyan linguistics but differs from it in significant ways. Specifically, they argue against the neo-Cartesian aspects of Chomsky's theories, and state that Chomsky fails to take account of the extent to which cognition is embodied. The Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) is a non-derivational generative grammar theory developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag (1985). ... Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a reaction to the direction research in the area of transformational grammar began to take in the 1970s. ... George P. Lakoff is a professor of linguistics (in particular, cognitive linguistics) at the University of California, Berkeley where he has taught since 1972. ... Mark L. Johnson is Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oregon. ... Cognitive linguistics is a school of linguistics and cognitive science, which aims to provide accounts of language that mesh well with current understandings of the human mind, and is generally opposed to the more syntactocentric approaches to meaning in generative linguistics. ... Cartesian means of or relating to the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. ... Embodiment is the way in which human (or any other animals) psychology arises from the brains and bodys physiology. ...

Another strong source of criticism of Chomsky's linguistics comes from some researchers who study language acquisition. Many researchers in this field do not take a Chomskyan approach, and some, such as Michael Tomasello and Elizabeth Bates, have been very critical of the Chomskyan approach to language learning. Most of this criticism surrounds Chomskyan concepts of innateness. Controversy surrounds the extent and nature of evidence for the principles and parameters approach to language acquisition (which suggests that a significant portion of language learning involves setting a finite and predetermined set of parameters). Tomasello has argued that children's early utterances lack syntactic structure, and Bates suggests that early linguistic behavior is far more compatible with connectionist or emergentist views of learning, which do not need to posit any preexisting structure. In reply, researchers such as Kenneth Wexler and Lila Gleitman disagree with the assertion that children's early utterances have no syntactic structure and argue that there is in fact evidence for the acquisition of syntactic parameters in early speech — for example, acquisition of the “verb second” property of German in the second year of life. Language acquisition is the acquisition of language in general. ... Michael Tomasello, who is the co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutional Anthropology in Leipzig, is an influential cognitive psychologist. ... Elizabeth Bates (1947 -- December 13, 2003) was professor of cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego. ... Government and binding is a theory of syntax in the tradition of transformational grammar developed by Noam Chomsky (1981, 1982, 1986). ... Connectionism today generally refers to an approach in the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science and philosophy of mind which models mental or behavioral phenomena with neural networks, and is associated with a certain set of arguments for why this is a good idea. ... Emergence is the process of complex pattern formation from simpler rules. ...

Some researchers in computational linguistics are also critical of Chomsky's approach to language learning. Chomskyan theories of syntax (since they are concerned with modelling linguistic competence) have very little to say about the actual process of language acquisition, and most research in language acquisition has had to rely on statistical modelling to produce working models of syntactic comprehension. Some have argued that such models are hard to integrate with Chomskyan theories of linguistic competence (in particular, theories in the principles and parameters framework). Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the logical modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. ...

In a much more radical way, philosophers in the tradition of Wittgenstein (such as Saul Kripke) argue that Chomskyans are fundamentally wrong about the role of rule following in human cognition. In a similar way philosophers in the phenomenological/existential/hermeneutic traditions oppose the abstract neo-rationalist aspects of Chomsky's thought. The contemporary philosopher who best represents this view is, perhaps, Hubert Dreyfus, also famous (or notorious) for his attacks on artificial intelligence. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), pictured here in 1930, made influential contributions to Logic and the philosophy of language, critically examining the task of conventional philosophy and its relation to the nature of language. ... Saul Kripke in 1983 Saul Aaron Kripke (b. ... Use of the word phenomenology in modern science is described in the separate article phenomenology (science). ... Existentialism is a philosophical movement emphasizing individualism, individual freedom, and subjectivity. ... Hermeneutics (Hermeneutic means interpretive), is a branch of philosophy concerned with human understanding and the interpretation of texts. ... This article is not about continental rationalism. ... Hubert Dreyfus, Ph. ... Artificial intelligence (also known as machine intelligence and often abbreviated as AI) is intelligence exhibited by any manufactured (i. ...

Another common criticism of Chomskyan analyses of specific languages is that they force languages into an English-like mold. There might once have been justice to this criticism. English (Chomsky's native language) was the first language whose syntax was subjected to serious investigation from a Chomskyan perspective. English-specific results were thus the natural starting point for the investigation of other languages. Since the late 1970s, however, as the field assimilated data from a wide variety of languages (and the field itself was increasingly internationalized), this criticism has been heard with decreasing frequency — especially as it has become clear that in many respects, English is a typological outlier among languages.

The “autonomy” of syntax has received much criticism. In particular the work of Anna Wierzbicka argues that syntax is semantically motivated. Anna Wierzbicka (b. ...

Contributions to psychology

Chomsky's work in linguistics has had major implications for psychology and its fundamental direction in the 20th century. His theory of a universal grammar was a direct challenge to the established behaviorist theories of the time and had major consequences for understanding how language is learned by children and what, exactly, is the ability to interpret language. Many of the more basic principles of this theory (though not necessarily the stronger claims made by the principles and parameters approach described above) are now generally accepted. Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the controversial study of behaviour, mind and thought. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans. ... Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior is interesting and worthy of scientific research. ... Government and binding is a theory of syntax in the tradition of transformational grammar developed by Noam Chomsky (1981, 1982, 1986). ...

In 1959, Chomsky published a long-circulated critique of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, a book in which the leader of the behaviorist psychologists that had dominated psychology in the first half of the 20th century argued that language was merely a “behavior.” Skinner argued that language, like any other behavior — from a dog's salivation in anticipation of dinner, to a master pianist's performance — could be attributed to “training by reward and penalty over time.” Language, according to Skinner, was completely learned by cues and conditioning from the world around the language-learner. 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 _ August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist and author. ... Verbal Behavior (1957) is a book written by B.F. Skinner in which the author presents his ideas on language. ... Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior is interesting and worthy of scientific research. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The Dog is a canine carnivorous mammal that has been domesticated for at least 14,000 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent evidence. ... A pianist is a person who plays the piano. ... Conditioning is a psychological term for what Ivan Pavlov described as the learning of conditional behavior. ...

Chomsky's critique of Skinner's methodology and basic assumptions paved the way for a revolution against the behaviorist doctrine that had governed psychology. In his 1966 Cartesian Linguistics and subsequent works, Chomsky laid out an explanation of human language faculties that has become the model for investigation in other areas of psychology. Much of the present conception of how the mind works draws directly from ideas that found their first persuasive author of modern times in Chomsky. 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ...

There are three key ideas. First is that the mind is “cognitive,” or that the mind actually contains mental states, beliefs, doubts, and so on. The former view had denied even this, arguing that there were only “stimulus-response” relationships like “If you ask me if I want X, I will say yes.” By contrast, Chomsky argued that the common way of understanding the mind, as having things like beliefs and even unconscious mental states, had to be right. Second, he argued that large parts of what the adult mind can do are “innate.” While no child is born automatically able to speak a language, all are born with a powerful language-learning ability which allows them to soak up several languages very quickly in their early years. Subsequent psychologists have extended this thesis far beyond language; the mind is usually no longer considered a “blank slate” at birth. The manner in which a child acquires language is a matter long debated by linguists and child psychologists alike. ... Tabula rasa (Latin: scraped tablet, though often translated blank slate) is the notion that individual human beings are born blank (with no built-in mental content), and that their identity is defined entirely by events after birth. ...

Finally, Chomsky made the concept of “modularity” a critical feature of the mind's cognitive architecture. The mind is composed of an array of interacting, specialized subsystems with limited flows of inter-communication. This model contrasts sharply with the old idea that any piece of information in the mind could be accessed by any other cognitive process (optical illusions, for example, cannot be “turned off” even when they are known to be illusions). Modularity of Mind is the notion that a mind may be composed of modules, at least in part. ...

Opinion on criticism of science culture

Chomsky strongly disagrees with deconstructionist and postmodern criticisms of science: This article needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Post-modernist architecture rejects the rigid geometricity of modernist design in favour of radical, often asymmetrical, forms Postmodernism is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or...

I have spent a lot of my life working on questions such as these, using the only methods I know of; those condemned here as “science,” “rationality,” “logic,” and so on. I therefore read the papers with some hope that they would help me “transcend” these limitations, or perhaps suggest an entirely different course. I'm afraid I was disappointed. Admittedly, that may be my own limitation. Quite regularly, “my eyes glaze over” when I read polysyllabic discourse on the themes of poststructuralism and postmodernism; what I understand is largely truism or error, but that is only a fraction of the total word count. True, there are lots of other things I don't understand: the articles in the current issues of math and physics journals, for example. But there is a difference. In the latter case, I know how to get to understand them, and have done so, in cases of particular interest to me; and I also know that people in these fields can explain the contents to me at my level, so that I can gain what (partial) understanding I may want. In contrast, no one seems to be able to explain to me why the latest post-this-and-that is (for the most part) other than truism, error, or gibberish, and I do not know how to proceed.

Chomsky notes that critiques of “white male science” are much like the anti-Semitic and politically motivated attacks against “Jewish physics” used by the Nazis to denigrate research done by Jewish scientists during the Deutsche Physik movement: The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... Deutsche Physik or Aryan Physics (literally: German Physics) was the name given to a reactionary movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s against the work of Albert Einstein, labeled Jewish Physics. ...

In fact, the entire idea of “white male science” reminds me, I'm afraid, of “Jewish physics.” Perhaps it is another inadequacy of mine, but when I read a scientific paper, I can't tell whether the author is white or is male. The same is true of discussion of work in class, the office, or somewhere else. I rather doubt that the non-white, non-male students, friends, and colleagues with whom I work would be much impressed with the doctrine that their thinking and understanding differ from “white male science” because of their “culture or gender and race.” I suspect that “surprise” would not be quite the proper word for their reaction. [3]

Chomsky's influence in other fields

Chomskyan models have been used as a theoretical basis in several other fields. The Chomsky hierarchy is often taught in fundamental Computer Science courses as it confers insight into the various types of formal languages. This hierarchy can also be discussed in mathematical terms [4], and has generated interest among mathematicians, particularly combinatorialists. A number of arguments in evolutionary psychology are derived from his research results. The Chomsky hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. ... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Computer Science Open Directory Project: Computer Science Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies Belief that title science in computer science is inappropriate Categories: Computer science | Academic disciplines ... In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is a set of finite-length words (i. ... Combinatorics is a branch of mathematics that studies finite collections of objects that satisfy specified criteria. ... Evolutionary psychology (or EP) proposes that human and primate cognition and behavior could be better understood by examining them in light of human and primate evolutionary history. ...

The 1984 Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine and Physiology, Niels K. Jerne, used Chomsky's generative model to explain the human immune system, equating “components of a generative grammar ... with various features of protein structures”. The title of Jerne's Stockholm Nobel lecture was “The Generative Grammar of the Immune System.” Niels Kaj Jerne (December 23, 1911 - October 7, 1994) was a British-Danish-Swedish (English-born) immunologist. ...

Nim Chimpsky, a chimpanzee who according to some researchers learned 125 signs in ASL, was named after Noam Chomsky. Nim Chimpsky (1973-2000) was a chimpanzee named in mock honor of linguist Noam Chomsky. ... American Sign Language is the dominant sign language in the United States, anglophone Canada and parts of Mexico. ...

Political views

Chomsky being interviewed
by Francine Stock for BBC4.

Chomsky is one of the best known figures of radical American politics. He defines himself as being in the tradition of anarchism, a political philosophy he summarizes as challenging all forms of hierarchy and attempting to eliminate them if they are unjustified. He especially identifies with the labor-oriented anarcho-syndicalist current of anarchism. Unlike many anarchists, Chomsky does not totally object to electoral politics; his stance on U.S. elections is that citizens should vote for their local Democrat where this will keep the Republicans out, and support more radical candidates such as the Greens in areas where there is no risk of letting the Republicans win (he even went so far as to officially endorse Green candidate Paul Lachelier). He has described himself as a “fellow traveller” to the anarchist tradition as opposed to a pure anarchist to explain why he is sometimes willing to engage with the state. Download high resolution version (597x614, 37 KB) This is a screenshot of a copyrighted movie or television program. ... Download high resolution version (597x614, 37 KB) This is a screenshot of a copyrighted movie or television program. ... BBC Four is a BBC television channel available to digital TV (Freeview, satellite and UK. Contents // Categories: Stub | BBC television channels | British TV channels ... Radical is derived from the Latin word radix, which means root. In various fields of endeavor, it can mean: Sciences in chemistry, either an atom or molecule with at least one unpaired electron, or a group of atoms, charged or uncharged, that act as a single entity in reaction. ... The Federal Government of the United States was established by the United States Constitution. ... This article covers the commonly understood usage of anarchism: to denote a social movement and political philosophy that is opposed to all forms and causes of social, economic, and political hierarchy, including the modern state and capitalism. ... Anarcho-syndicalist flag. ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... This article covers the commonly understood usage of anarchism: to denote a social movement and political philosophy that is opposed to all forms and causes of social, economic, and political hierarchy, including the modern state and capitalism. ...

Chomsky has also stated that he considers himself to be a conservative (Chomsky's Politics, pp. 188) of the classical liberal variety. He has further defined himself as a Zionist; although, he notes that his definition of Zionism is considered by most to be anti-Zionism these days, the result of what he perceives to have been a shift (since the 1940s) in the meaning of Zionism (Chomsky Reader). Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. ... For other meanings, please see Zionism (disambiguation) Zionism is a political movement among Jews, although supported by some non-Jews and not supported by some Jews, which maintains that the Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland. ... Anti-Zionism is a term that has been used to describe several very different political and religious points of view, both historically and in current debates. ... Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ...

Overall, Chomsky is not fond of traditional political titles and categories and prefers to let his views speak for themselves. His main modes of actions include writing magazine articles and books and making speaking engagements. Chomsky is also a Senior Scholar with the Institute for Policy Studies. A collection of magazines A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles on various subjects. ... Look up Book in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A book is a collection of leaves of paper, parchment or other material, bound together along one edge within covers. ... Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) is an American think tank for progressive politics. ...

Chomsky on terrorism

In response to US declarations of a War on Terrorism in 1981 and 2001, Chomsky has argued that the major sources of international terrorism are the world's major powers, led by the United States. He uses a definition of terrorism from a U.S. Army manual, which describes it as “the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” Thus he posits that terrorism is an objective description of certain actions, whether the agents are state or non-state. In relation to the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan he stated: The war on terrorism or war on terror (abbreviated in U.S. policy circles as GWOT for Global War on Terrorism[1][2]) is an effort by the governments of the United States and its principal allies, the aim of which, they have declared, is to destroy groups deemed to... The word terrorism has been defined in many different ways by many different sources, and is therefore a controversial term without a simple agreed meaning. ... The United States, with support from the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the Northern Alliance, invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 as part of its War on Terrorism campaign. ...

"Wanton killing of innocent civilians is terrorism, not a war against terrorism." (9-11, p. 76)

On the efficiency of terrorism:

"One is the fact that terrorism works. It doesn't fail. It works. Violence usually works. That's world history. Secondly, it's a very serious analytic error to say, as is commonly done, that terrorism is the weapon of the weak. Like other means of violence, it's primarily a weapon of the strong, overwhelmingly, in fact. It is held to be a weapon of the weak because the strong also control the doctrinal systems and their terror doesn't count as terror. Now that's close to universal. I can't think of a historical exception, even the worst mass murderers view the world that way. So take the Nazis. They weren't carrying out terror in occupied Europe. They were protecting the local population from the terrorisms of the partisans. And like other resistance movements, there was terrorism. The Nazis were carrying out counter terror."

As regards support for or condemnation of terrorism, Chomsky opines that terrorism (and violence/authority in general) are generally bad and can only be justified in those cases where it is clear that greater terrorism (or violence, or abuse of authority) is thus avoided. In a debate on the legitimacy of political violence in 1967, Chomsky argued that the "terror" of the Vietnamese National Liberation Front was not justified, but conceded that terror could in theory be justified under certain circumstances: National Liberation Front is a common name for guerrilla organisations fighting to free their country from foreign rule, or at least claiming to be such an organisation. ...

"I don’t accept the view that we can just condemn the NLF terror, period, because it was so horrible. I think we really have to ask questions of comparative costs, ugly as that may sound. And if we are going to take a moral position on this—and I think we should—we have to ask both what the consequences were of using terror and not using terror. If it were true that the consequences of not using terror would be that the peasantry in Vietnam would continue to live in the state of the peasantry of the Philippines, then I think the use of terror would be justified. But, as I said before, I don't think it was the use of terror that led to the successes that were achieved."[5]

Chomsky believes that acts he considers terrorism carried out by the U.S. government do not pass this test, and condemnation of U.S. policy is one of the main thrusts of his writings.

Chomsky's reaction to the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington DC were widely criticized from people on different sides of the political spectrum, who believed he was attempting to rationalize the actions. One critic was leftist author and journalist Christopher Hitchens, who had previously been a supporter of Chomsky's work. In an exchange between the two, Hitchens also said that Chomsky's opposition to military action in Afghanistan coupled with his portrayal of the NATO military action in the Balkans as naked aggression and persecution of the Serbs as evidence that Chomsky was in fact soft on terrorism and fascism. He also characterized Chomsky's comparison between al-Qaeda's attacks and the 1998 bombing of a Sudanese pharmaceutical facility as a form of “moral equivalence”. [6] Chomsky argued that the consequences, rather than the moral intent, might be comparable. According to Chomsky, “Hitchens condemns the claim of 'facile “moral equivalence” between the two crimes.' Fair enough, but since he fabricated the claim out of thin air, I feel no need to comment.” [7] Chomsky's suggestion that 10,000 people died as a direct result of the attack on the pharmaceutical plant, though, has been disputed. In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms that refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially but not exclusively in the American sense of the word... Christopher Hitchens Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949, England) is a journalist, author, and critic. ...

Criticism of United States government

Noam Chomsky, attending a Latin American social sciences conference, pictured with Carlos Marti and Fidel Castro in Havana in 2003. AP/Cristobal Herrera

Chomsky has been a consistent and outspoken critic of the United States government, and criticism of the foreign policy of the United States has formed the basis of much of Chomsky's political writing. Chomsky gives two reasons for this. First, he believes that his work can have more impact when directed at his own government, and second, the United States is the world's sole remaining superpower and so, Chomsky believes, it acts in the same offensive ways as all superpowers. However, Chomsky will sometimes criticize other governments such as that of the Soviet Union in passing. Noam Chomsky, Carlos Marti, Fidel Castro in Havana on October 28, 2003. ... Noam Chomsky, Carlos Marti, Fidel Castro in Havana on October 28, 2003. ... Fidel Castro Fidel Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926), has led Cuba since 1959, when, leading the 26th of July Movement, he overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, and transformed Cuba into the first Communist-led state in the Western Hemisphere. ... Havana (Spanish: San Cristóbal de La Habana) is the capital of Cuba and, with a population of 2. ... Associated Press logo This article concerns the news service. ... Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P. Huntington and Warren Demian Manshel. ...

One of the key things superpowers do, Chomsky argues, is try to organize the world around themselves using military and economic means. Thus, he proposes that the U.S. government involved itself in the Vietnam War and the larger Indochina conflict because the socialist aspirations of North Vietnam, the Pathet Lao, and the Khmer Rouge ran contrary to U.S. economic interests. He has also criticized U.S. policy with regards to Central and South American countries and military support of Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. The Vietnam War was fought from 1957 to 1975 between Soviet and Chinese-supported Vietnamese nationalist and Communist forces and an array of Western and pro-Western forces, most notably the United States. ... The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1957 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (See Secret War) and in bombing runs (Rolling Thunder) over North Vietnam. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN) (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa), also known as North Vietnam, was founded by Ho Chi Minh and was recognized by China and the USSR in 1950. ... Pathet Lao was the name of the Laotian Communist movement from the 1950s to the 1970s and the Laotian equivalent of the Khmer Rouge, Viet Minh and Viet Cong. ... Some of the Khmer Rouge leadership during their period in power. ... Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Chomsky has repeatedly emphasized his theory that much of the United States' foreign policy is based on the “threat of a good example” (which he says is another name for the domino theory). The “threat of a good example” is that a country could successfully develop outside the U.S. sphere of influence, thus presenting a model for other countries, including countries in which the United States has strong economic interests. This, Chomsky says, has prompted the United States to repeatedly intervene to quell “independent development, regardless of ideology” in regions of the world where it has no inherent economic or safety interests. In one of his most well-known works, What Uncle Sam Really Wants, Chomsky uses this particular theory as an explanation for the United States' interventions in Guatemala, Laos, Nicaragua, and Grenada. The domino theory was the idea that if one key nation in a region came under the control of communists, others would follow like toppling dominoes. ...

Chomsky believes the U.S. government's Cold War policies were not entirely shaped by anti-Soviet paranoia, but rather toward preserving the United States' ideological and economic dominance in the world. As he wrote in Uncle Sam: “What the U.S. wants is 'stability,' meaning security for the upper classes and large foreign enterprises.” The Cold War was the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies. ...

While he is almost uniformly critical of the United States government's foreign policy, Chomsky expresses his admiration for the freedom of expression enjoyed by U.S. citizens in a number of interviews and books. According to Chomsky, other Western democracies such as France and Canada are less liberal in their defense of controversial speech than the US. However, he does not credit the American government for these freedoms but rather mass movements in the United States that fought for them. He is also sharply critical of any government suppression of free speech.

Views on globalization

Noam Chomsky at World Social Forum – 2003.
Source: Marcello Casal Jr/ABr, January/2003

Chomsky made early efforts to critically analyze globalization. He summarized the process with the phrase “old wine, new bottles,” maintaining that the motive of what he terms the "élites" is the same as always: they seek to isolate the general population from important decision-making processes, the difference being that the centers of power are now transnational corporations and supranational banks. Chomsky argues that transnational corporate power is “developing its own governing institutions” reflective of their global reach. [8] Noam Chomsky at World Social Forum - 2003. ... Noam Chomsky at World Social Forum - 2003. ... Globalization (or globalisation) is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. ...

According to Chomsky, a primary ploy has been the co-optation of the global economic institutions established after World War II. The key Bretton Woods institutions, the IMF and World Bank, have increasingly adhered to the “Washington Consensus”, which requires developing countries to adhere to limits on spending and make structural adjustments that often involve cutbacks in social and welfare programs. IMF aid and loans are normally contingent upon such reforms. Chomsky claims that the construction of global institutions and agreements such as the World Trade Organization, GATT, NAFTA, and the Multilateral Agreement on Investment constitute new ways of securing élite privileges while undermining democracy. [9] Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air, August 9, 1945. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Washington Consensus is a set of policies believed to be the formula for promoting economic growth in Latin America (although not for all countries). ... The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization which oversees a large number of agreements defining the rules of trade between its member states (WTO, 2004a). ... General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (usually abbreviated GATT) functions as the foundation of the WTO trading system, and remains in force, although the 1995 Agreement contains an updated version of it to replace the original 1947 one. ... The North American Free Trade Agreement, known usually as NAFTA, links Canada, the United States, and Mexico in a free trade sphere. ...

Chomsky believes that these austerity and neoliberal measures ensure that poorer countries merely fulfill a service role by providing cheap labour, raw materials, and investment opportunities for the first world. Additionally, this means that corporations can threaten to relocate to poorer countries, and Chomsky sees this as a powerful weapon to keep workers in richer countries in line.

Chomsky takes issue with the terms used in discourse on globalization, beginning with the term “globalization” itself, which he maintains refers to a corporate-sponsored economic integration rather than being a general term for things becoming international. He dislikes the term anti-globalization being used to describe what he regards as a movement for globalization of social and environmental justice. Chomsky understands what is popularly called “Free trade” as a “mixture of liberalization and protection designed by the principal architects of policy in the service of their interests, which happen to be whatever they are in any particular period.” [10]

In his writings Chomsky has drawn attention to globalization resistance movements. He described Zapatista defiance of NAFTA in his essay “The Zapatista Uprising.” He also criticized the Multinational Agreement on Investment, and reported on the activist efforts that led to its defeat. Chomsky's voice was an important part of a growing chorus of critics who provided the theoretical backbone for the disparate groups who united for the demonstrations against The World Trade Organization in Seattle in November of 1999. [11] A Zapatista was originally a member of the revolutionary guerilla movement founded around 1910 by Emiliano Zapata, whose Liberation Army of the South (Ejército Libertador del Sur) fought during the Mexican Revolution for the redistribution of agricultural land. ...

Views on socialism

Noam Chomsky at a peace rally in Boulder, Colorado, in 2003.

Chomsky is deeply opposed to what he calls the “corporate state capitalism” practiced by the United States and its allies. He supports many of Mikhail Bakunin's anarchist (or libertarian socialist) ideas, requiring economic freedom in addition to the “control of production by the workers themselves, not owners and managers who rule them and control all decisions.” He refers to this as “real socialism,” and describes Soviet-style socialism as similar in terms of “totalitarian controls” to U.S.-style capitalism, saying that each is a system based in types and levels of control, rather than in organization or efficiency. In defense of this thesis, Chomsky sometimes points out that Frederick Winslow Taylor's philosophy of scientific management was the organizational basis for the Soviet Union's massive industrialization movement as well as the American corporate model. Noam Chomsky speaks to 1,500 at Boulder, Colorado, peace rally on 4/05/03 [1] This work is copyrighted. ... Noam Chomsky speaks to 1,500 at Boulder, Colorado, peace rally on 4/05/03 [1] This work is copyrighted. ... Pearl Street Mall in Downtown Boulder Boulder (40n01, 105w16 MST) is a city located in Boulder County, Colorado, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 94,673. ... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Trolo) (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin — on the grave in Bern), (May 30, 1814–June 13, 1876) was a well-known Russian anarchist contemporary of Karl Marx. ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... Libertarian socialism is any one of a group of political philosophies dedicated to opposing coercive forms of authority and social hierarchy, in particular the institutions of capitalism and the state. ... Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 - March 21, 1915) was an American engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. ... Scientific management or Taylorism is the name of the approach to management and Industrial/Organizational Psychology initiated by Frederick Winslow Taylor in his 1911 monograph The Principles of Scientific Management. ...

Chomsky has illuminated Bakunin's comments on the totalitarian state as predictions for the brutal Soviet police state that would come. He echoes Bakunin's statement that “...If you took the most ardent revolutionary, vested him in absolute power, within a year he would be worse than the Czar himself,” which expands upon the idea that the tyrannical Soviet state was simply a natural growth from the Bolshevik ideology of state control. He has also termed Soviet communism as “fake socialism,” and said that contrary to what many in America claim, the collapse of the Soviet Union should be regarded as “a small victory for socialism,” not capitalism. Bolshevik Party Meeting. ...

In his 1973 book For Reasons of State, Chomsky argues that instead of a capitalist system in which people are “wage slaves” or an authoritarian system in which decisions are made by a centralized committee, a society could function with no paid labor. He argues that a nation's populace should be free to pursue jobs of their choosing. People will be free to do as they like, and the work they voluntarily choose will be both “rewarding in itself” and “socially useful”. Society would be run under a system of peaceful anarchism, with no state or government institutions. Work that was fundamentally distasteful to all, if any existed, would be distributed equally among everyone. 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... Wage slavery is a term expressing disapproval of a condition where a person feels compelled to work in return for payment of a wage. ... This article covers the commonly understood usage of anarchism: to denote a social movement and political philosophy that is opposed to all forms and causes of social, economic, and political hierarchy, including the modern state and capitalism. ...

Though highly critical of the Soviet Union during the 1960s and 1970s, Chomsky was more positive in his assessment of Communist movements in Asia, praising what he considered to positive grassroots aspect of both Chinese and Vietnamese communism, such as in his 1968 essay, “Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship,”, where he claimed there were “certain similar features” with the Spanish anarchist movement of the 1930s (which he greatly admires), while at the same time cautioning that “the scale of the Chinese Revolution is so great and reports in depth are so fragmentary that it would no doubt be foolhardy to attempt a general evaluation.” In December 1967, while participating in a forum in New York, he said that in China “one finds many things that are really quite admirable”, and that “China is an important example of a new society in which very interesting and positive things happened at the local level, in which a good deal of the collectivization and communization was really based on mass participation and took place after a level of understanding had been reached in the peasantry that led to this next step.” [12] Similarly, he observed of Vietnam: “Although there appears to be a high degree of democratic participation at the village and regional levels, […] still major planning is highly centralized in the hands of the state authorities.” [13] This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1960s. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Anarchism, the political philosophy advocating a libertarian society without hierarchy, based on mutual aid and voluntary cooperation, historically gained the most support and influence in Spain, especially in the seventy or so years before Francisco Francos victory in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...

In later years, however, Chomsky expressed stronger criticisms of the Chinese Communist state. In a 2000 essay, “Millennial Visions and Selective Vision,” [14] Chomsky referred to China's “totalitarian regime” and described the starvation of 25–40 million people during the 1958–1961 famines caused by the Great Leap Forward as a “terrible atrocity.” He has drawn an analogy between the Chinese famine and deaths resulting from malnutrition in India, claiming that “democratic capitalism” is directly responsible for the latter. [15] 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Great Leap Forward (Simplified Chinese: 大跃进; Traditional Chinese: 大躍進; pinyin: ) was a campaign by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) of the Peoples Republic of China from 1958 to early 1960 aimed at using mainland Chinas plentiful supply of cheap labor to rapidly industrialize the country. ... Democratic Capitalism is a right-of-center ideology that supports a mainly capitalist market economy, with some limitations (i. ...

Mass media analysis

A still from the film Manufacturing Consent

Another focus of Chomsky's political work has been an analysis of mainstream mass media (especially in the United States), which he accuses of maintaining constraints on dialogue so as to promote the interests of corporations and the government. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Mass media is the term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state). ...

Edward S. Herman and Chomsky's book Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media explores this topic in depth, presenting their “propaganda model” of the news media with numerous detailed case studies in support of it. According to this propaganda model, more democratic societies like the U.S. use subtle, non-violent means of control, unlike totalitarian systems, where physical force can readily be used to coerce the general population. In an often-quoted remark, Chomsky states that “propaganda is to a democracy what the bludgeon is to a totalitarian state.” (Media Control) Edward S. Herman is an economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media. ... Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media is a book by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky. ... The propaganda model is a theory advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky that seeks to explain the supposed systemic biases of the mass media in terms of structural economic causes. ...

The model attempts to explain such a systemic bias in terms of structural economic causes rather than a conspiracy of people. It argues the bias derives from five “filters” that all published news must pass through which combine to systematically distort news coverage.

1. The first filter, ownership, notes that most major media outlets are owned by large corporations.
2. The second, funding, notes that the outlets derive the majority of their funding from advertising, not readers. Thus, since they are profit-oriented businesses selling a product — readers and audiences — to other businesses (advertisers), the model would expect them to publish news which would reflect the desires and values of those businesses.
3. In addition, the news media are dependent on government institutions and major businesses with strong biases as sources (the third filter) for much of their information.
4. Flak, the fourth filter, refers to the various pressure groups which go after the media for supposed bias and so on when they go out of line.
5. Norms, the fifth filter, refer to the common conceptions shared by those in the profession of journalism. (Note: in the original text, published in 1988, the fifth filter was “anticommunism”. However, with the fall of the Soviet Union, it has been broadened to allow for shifts in public opinion.)

The model therefore attempts to describe how the media form a decentralized and non-conspiratorial but nonetheless very powerful propaganda system, that is able to mobilize an "élite" consensus, frame public debate within "élite" perspectives and at the same time give the appearance of democratic consent. A special interest is a person, group, or organization attempting to influence legislators or other public officials in favor of one particular interest or issue. ...

Chomsky and Herman test their model empirically by picking “paired examples” — pairs of events that were objectively similar except in relation to certain interests. For example, they attempt to show that in cases where an “official enemy” does something (like murder a religious official), the press investigates thoroughly and devotes a great amount of coverage to the matter, but when the domestic government or an ally does the same thing (or worse), the press downplays the story. They also test their model against the case that is often held up as the best example of a free and aggressively independent press, the media coverage of the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War. Even in this case, they argue that the press was behaving subserviently to "élite" interests. The Tet Offensive was a series of operational offensives launched in 1968 by the PLAF and PAVN against ARVN and ARVN-allied forces during the American involvement in the Vietnam War. ... The Vietnam War was fought from 1957 to 1975 between Soviet and Chinese-supported Vietnamese nationalist and Communist forces and an array of Western and pro-Western forces, most notably the United States. ...

Critics of Chomsky and Herman's mass media analysis, including author and historian Victor Davis Hanson of the conservative Hoover Institution severely disagree with Chomsky and Herman's theories. They see the idea of “Manufacturing Consent” as nothing more than a recycling of the Marxist idea of “false consciousness”, (as in Herbert Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man), where the masses have been so manipulated that they have neither the perspective or intellect to see beyond the propaganda and require superior intellects like Chomsky's to point out to them the real truth. Arch Puddington of the Hoover Institution also claims he sees virtually no empirical evidence in media coverage, specifically regarding the mass media's treatment of Cambodia and East Timor, to back the claims made in Manufacturing Consent. Victor Davis Hanson (born 1953) is an American military historian and political essayist, best known as a scholar of ancient warfare as well as a commentator on modern warfare. ... Hoover Tower The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace is a conservative public policy think tank and library founded by Herbert Hoover at Stanford University, his alma mater. ... Herbert Marcuse Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a prominent German-American philosopher and sociologist of Jewish descent, member of the Frankfurt School. ... One-Dimensional Man is a work by Herbert Marcuse, first published in 1964. ...

Stephen J. Morris, a critic of Chomsky's position on Cambodia, evaluates Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model by reviewing their analysis of media coverage during the rule of the Khmer Rouge. Chomsky and Herman argue that the “flood of rage and anger directed against the Khmer Rouge” peaking in early 1977, was a concrete example of their “propaganda model” in action. They argued that the media was singling out Cambodia, an enemy of the United States, while under-reporting human rights abuses by American allies such as South Korea and Chile. A study performed by Jamie Frederic Metzl (Responses to Human Rights Abuses in Cambodia, 1975–80) analyzes major media reporting on Cambodia and concludes that media coverage on Cambodia was more intense when there were events with an international angle, but had largely disappeared by 1977. Metzl also contradicts Chomsky and Herman by claiming that of all the articles published regarding Cambodia, less than one in twenty dealt with the political violence being perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge.

Chomsky and the Middle East

Chomsky “grew up...in the Jewish-Zionist cultural tradition” (Peck, p. 11). His father was one of the foremost scholars of the Hebrew language and taught at a religious school. Chomsky has also had a long fascination with and involvement in left-wing Zionist politics. As he described: The Modern Hebrew language is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ... For other meanings, please see Zionism (disambiguation) Zionism is a political movement among Jews, although supported by some non-Jews and not supported by some Jews, which maintains that the Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland. ...

"I was deeply interested in...Zionist affairs and activities — or what was then called 'Zionist,' though the same ideas and concerns are now called 'anti-Zionist.' I was interested in socialist, binationalist options for Palestine, and in the kibbutzim and the whole cooperative labor system that had developed in the Jewish settlement there (the Yishuv)...The vague ideas I had at the time [1947] were to go to Palestine, perhaps to a kibbutz, to try to become involved in efforts at Arab-Jewish cooperation within a socialist framework, opposed to the deeply antidemocratic concept of a Jewish state (a position that was considered well within the mainstream of Zionism)." (Peck, p. 7)

He is highly critical of the policies of Israel towards the Palestinians and its Arab neighbors. His book The Fateful Triangle is considered one of the premier texts on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict among those who oppose Israel's policies in regard to the Palestinians as well as American support for the state of Israel. He has also accused Israel of “guiding state terrorism” for selling weapons to apartheid South Africa and Latin American countries that he characterizes as U.S. puppet states, e.g. Guatemala in the 1980s, as well as US-backed paramilitaries (or, according to Chomsky, terrorists) such as the Nicaraguan Contras — see Iran-Contra Scandal. (What Uncle Sam Really Wants, Chapter 2.4) Chomsky characterizes Israel as a “mercenary state”, “an Israeli Sparta”, and a militarized dependency within a US system of hegemony. He has also fiercely criticized sectors of the American Jewish community for their role in obtaining US support, stating that “they should more properly be called 'supporters of the moral degeneration and ultimate destruction of Israel'“ (Fateful Triangle, p.4). He says of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL): Kibbutz Dan, near Qiryat Shemona, in the Upper Galilee, 1990s A kibbutz (Hebrew: קיבוץ; plural: kibbutzim: קיבוצים, gathering or together) is an Israeli collective community. ... The Palestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. ... The arms industry is a massive global industry. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... Terrorism is a controversial term with multiple definitions. ... The Contras (short for contrarrevolucionarios, a Spanish term meaning counter-revolutionaries) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and the ending of the Somoza familys 43-year rule. ... In the Iran-Contra Affair, United States President Ronald Reagans administration secretly sold arms to Iran, which was engaged in a bloody war with its neighbor Iraq from 1980 to 1988 (see Iran-Iraq War), and diverted the proceeds to the Contra rebels fighting to overthrow the leftist and... Hegemony is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; or more broadly, that cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ... The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an American organization set up by Bnai Brith whose aim is to fight anti-Semitism, racism, bigotry and various forms of political extremism through an array of programs and services. ...

"The leading official monitor of anti-Semitism, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, interprets anti-Semitism as unwillingness to conform to its requirements with regard to support for Israeli authorities.... The logic is straightforward: Anti-Semitism is opposition to the interests of Israel (as the ADL sees them).

The ADL has virtually abandoned its earlier role as a civil rights organization, becoming 'one of the main pillars' of Israeli propaganda in the U.S., as the Israeli press casually describes it, engaged in surveillance, blacklisting, compilation of FBI-style files circulated to adherents for the purpose of defamation, angry public responses to criticism of Israeli actions, and so on. These efforts, buttressed by insinuations of anti-Semitism or direct accusations, are intended to deflect or undermine opposition to Israeli policies, including Israel's refusal, with U.S. support, to move towards a general political settlement." [16]

See also: Middle East Politics, a speech given at Columbia University in 1999 The Independent Order of Bnai Brith (Hebrew: Sons of the Covenant) is the oldest continually-operating Jewish service organization in the world. ...

Chomsky's influence as a political activist

Opposition to the Vietnam War

Chomsky linking arms at an anti-war demonstration

Chomsky became one of the most prominent opponents of the Vietnam War in February 1967, with the publication of his essay “The Responsibility of Intellectuals” [17] in the New York Review of Books. Download high resolution version (896x734, 35 KB)This is a screenshot from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. ... Download high resolution version (896x734, 35 KB)This is a screenshot from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. ... February is the second month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Allen J. Matusow, “The Vietnam War, the Liberals, and the Overthrow of LBJ” (1984) [18]: 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

"By 1967 the radicals were obsessed by the war and frustrated by their impotence to affect its course. The government was unmoved by protest, the people were uninformed and apathetic, and American technology was tearing Vietnam apart. What, then, was their responsibility? Noam Chomsky explored this problem in February 1967 in the New York Review. By virtue of their training and leisure, intellectuals had a greater responsibility than ordinary citizens for the actions of the state, Chomsky said. It was their special responsibility “to speak the truth and expose lies.” ... [Chomsky] concluded by quoting an essay written twenty years before by Dwight Macdonald, an essay that implied that in time of crisis exposing lies might not be enough. “Only those who are willing to resist authority themselves when it conflicts too intolerably with their personal moral code,” Macdonald had written, “only they have the right to condemn.” Chomsky's article was immediately recognized as an important intellectual event. Along with the radical students, radical intellectuals were moving “from protest to resistance.”

A contemporary reaction from Raziel Abielson, Chairman of the Department of Philosophy at New York University [19]: The New York Review of Books (or NYRB) is a biweekly magazine on literature, culture, and current affairs published in New York which takes as its point of departure that the discussion of important books is itself an indispensable literary activity. ...

"...Chomsky's morally impassioned and powerfully argued denunciation of American aggression in Vietnam and throughout the world is the most moving political document I have read since the death of Leon Trotsky. It is inspiring to see a brilliant scientist risk his prestige, his access to lucrative government grants, and his reputation for Olympian objectivity by taking a clearcut, no-holds-barred, adversary position on the burning moral-political issue of the day...."

Chomsky also participated in resistance activities, which he described in subsequent essays and letters published in the New York Review of Books: withholding half of his income tax [20], taking part in the 1967 march on the Pentagon, and spending a night in jail. [21] In the spring of 1972, Chomsky testified on the origins of the war before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by J. William Fulbright. 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij and Trotzky ) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Лев Давидович Бронштейн), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist intellectual. ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. ... James William Fulbright (April 9, 1905 – February 9, 1995) was a well-known member of the United States Senate representing Arkansas. ...

Marginalization in the mainstream media

Despite Chomsky's prominence during the Vietnam War, after the end of the war Chomsky became increasingly marginalized by the mainstream media in the US. Chomsky's supporters, who regard him as a dissident, often criticize his marginalization [22] [23]. For example, Milan Rai has suggested that the controversy over Chomsky's 1979 comments on the Khmer Rouge was manufactured as part of a propaganda campaign to discredit Chomsky. A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively opposes an established opinion, policy, or structure. ... 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Some of the Khmer Rouge leadership during their period in power. ... North Korean propaganda showing a soldier destroying the United States Capitol building. ...

In 1979, Paul Robinson wrote in the New York Times Book Review, “Judged in terms of the power, range, novelty and influence of his thought, Noam Chomsky is arguably the most important intellectual alive today.” However, Robinson goes on to describe Chomsky's political writings as “maddeningly simple-minded.” 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

A 1995 Boston Globe profile by Anthony Flint, “Divided Legacy”, described Chomsky's increasing marginalization [24]: 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Boston Globe is the most widely-circulated daily newspaper in Boston, Massachusetts and in the greater New England region. ...

"The New York Review of Books was one soapbox for Chomsky — but only until 1972 or so. Chomsky says that's because the magazine's editorial policy abruptly shifted to the right around then. But he couldn't seem to find a home with other publications, either. He went from huddling with newspaper editors and bouncing ideas off them to being virtually banned. The New Republic wouldn't have him, in part because of his unrelenting criticism of Israel. The Nation? Occasionally. But for the most part, mainstream outlets shunned him. Today, his articles on social and political developments are confined to lesser-known journals such as the magazine Z.

More dismissively, Paul Berman wrote in Terror and Liberalism (2003): “In the United States, the principal newspapers and magazines have tended to ignore Chomsky's political writings for many years now, because of his reputation as a crank.” [25] 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

When CNN presenter Jeff Greenfield was asked why Chomsky was never on his show, he explained that Chomsky might “be of the leading intellectuals who can't talk on television. […] If you['ve] got a 22-minute show, and a guy takes five minutes to warm up, […] he's out.” Greenfield described this need to “say things between two commericals” as the media's requirement for “concision”. Chomsky has elaborated on this, saying that “the beauty of [concision] is that you can only repeat conventional thoughts”, and that if the media were better propagandists they would let dissidents on more because the time restraint would stop them properly explaining their radical views and they “would sound like they were from Neptune”. For this reason, Chomsky rejects many offers to appear on TV, preferring the written medium. CNN or Cable News Network is a cable television network that was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner & Reese Schonfeld [1] [2] (although he currently is not recognized in CNNs official history). ... Jeff Greenfield has been a senior analyst at CNN since 1998 and contributor to Judy Woodruffs Inside Politics. ... Neptune can refer to different things: Neptune, the planet Neptune, the god in Roman mythology Neptune, New Jersey Neptune Township, New Jersey Neptune City, New Jersey Neptune, California, a fictional coastal town near San Diego, California and the setting for Veronica Mars Neptune, the Mystic is a movement in Gustav...

Since Chomsky's 9-11 became a bestseller in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Chomsky has been getting more coverage from the mainstream American media. For example, The New York Times published an article in May 2002 describing the popularity of 9-11 [26]. In January 2004, the Times published a review of Chomsky's Hegemony or Survival by Samantha Power [27], and in February, the Times published an op-ed by Chomsky himself, criticizing the Israeli West Bank Barrier for taking Palestinian land [28]. The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated Islamist terrorist attacks carried out in the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... This article is about the month of May. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February is the second month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The barrier route as of February 2005 The Israeli West Bank barrier (also called the West Bank security fence by its supporters, or West Bank wall by its opponents) is a physical barrier consisting of a network of fences, walls, and trenches, which is being constructed by Israel. ...

Worldwide audience

Noam Chomsky in Chennai, India, on November 2001.

Despite Chomsky's marginalization in the mainstream US media, Chomsky is one of the most globally famous figures of the left, especially among academics and university students, and frequently travels across the United States, Europe, and the Third World. He has a very large following of supporters worldwide as well as a dense speaking schedule, drawing large crowds wherever he goes. He is often booked up to two years in advance. He was one of the main speakers at the 2002 World Social Forum. He is interviewed at length in alternative media [29] Many of his books are bestsellers, including 9-11. [30] Noam Chomsky at Chennai during a talk titled September 11 and its aftermath. Photo by Shaju John [1] This work is copyrighted. ... Noam Chomsky at Chennai during a talk titled September 11 and its aftermath. Photo by Shaju John [1] This work is copyrighted. ... Chennai (சென்னை in Tamil), formerly known as Madras, is a city on the east coast of Southern India. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Noam Chomsky at World Social Forum 2003. ... As long as there has been media there has been alternative media. ...

The 1992 film Manufacturing Consent, shown widely on college campuses and broadcast on PBS, gave Chomsky a younger audience. In a 1995 article in REVelation, Alex Burns described the film as a “double edged sword—it brought Chomsky's work to a wider audience and made it accessible, yet it has also been used by younger activists to idolise him, creating a 'cult of personality.'“ [31] PBS logo The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting television service with 349 member TV stations in the United States. ... 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Adolf Hitler built a strong cult of personality, based on the Führerprinzip. ...

Chomsky's popularity has become a cultural phenomenon. Bono of U2 called Chomsky a “rebel without a pause, the Elvis of academia.” Rage Against The Machine took copies of his books on tour with the band. Pearl Jam ran a small pirate radio on one of their tours, playing Chomsky talks mixed along with their music. R.E.M. asked Chomsky to go on tour with them and open their concerts with a lecture (he declined). Chomsky lectures have been featured on the B-sides of records from Chumbawamba and other groups. [32] Many anti-globalization and anti-war activists regard Chomsky as an inspiration. U2 (L to R): The Edge, Bono, Adam Clayton, Larry Mullen U2 is an Irish rock band featuring Bono (Paul David Hewson) on vocals and guitar, The Edge (David Howell Evans) on guitar and pianos, vocals, and bass, Adam Clayton on bass and guitar, and Larry Mullen on drums. ... A photo of Thich Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk who burnt himself to death as a protest against Vietnamese Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diems administrations practices against the Buddhist religion, features on the cover of the first Rage Against the Machine album. ... The current Pearl Jam lineup. ... R.E.M. is a rock band formed in Athens, Georgia in early 1980 by drummer Bill Berry, guitarist Peter Buck, bassist Mike Mills, and vocalist Michael Stipe. ... In recorded music, the terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 7 inch vinyl records on which singles have been released since the 1950s. ... Chumbawamba performing at Guildford Live 2001 Chumbawamba are a band from the UK who use their music to promote anarchist ideas. ... Anti-globalization (anti-globalisation) is a political stance of opposition to the perceived negative aspects of globalization. ...

Chomsky is widely read outside the US. 9-11 was published in 26 countries and translated into 23 foreign languages [33]; it was a bestseller in at least five countries, including Canada and Japan [34]. Outside the US, the mainstream media gives Chomsky's views considerable coverage. In the UK, for example, he appears frequently on the BBC. [35] The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was formed in 1927 by means of a royal charter. ...

Criticism of Chomsky's political views

Chomsky's political views are highly controversial, and have provoked criticism and debate across the political spectrum. The specific criticisms discussed below are presented in roughly chronological order.

Distortion of truth, misuse of evidence

A common criticism of Chomsky's writings is that he distorts the truth and misuses evidence.

A response to Chomsky's essay the Responsibility of Intellectuals came from E. B. Murray [36], criticizing Chomsky's alleged misuse of evidence to downplay Chinese aggressiveness, specifically with respect to the 1950 occupation of Tibet, Chinese infiltration into North Thailand, and Chinese involvement in the Malayan insurrection. Chomsky in turn responded to Murray and other critics. [37]. 1950 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Tibet - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Origins Malayan emergency was an insurrection and guerilla war of the Malay Races Liberation Army in Malaysia from 1948-1960. ...

In a 1970 exchange of letters [38], Samuel P. Huntington accused Chomsky of misrepresenting his views on Vietnam. 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Samuel Phillips Huntington (born April 18, 1927) is a political scientist known for his analysis of the relationship between the military and the civil government, his investigation of coup detats, and his thesis that the central political actors of the 21st century will be civilizations rather than nation-states. ...

"Mr. Chomsky writes as follows:

Writing in Foreign Affairs, he [Huntington] explains that the Viet Cong is “a powerful force which cannot be dislodged from its constituency so long as the constituency continues to exist.” The conclusion is obvious, and he does not shrink from it. We can ensure that the constituency ceases to exist by “direct application of mechanical and conventional power…on such a massive scale as to produce a massive migration from countryside to city….”

It would be difficult to conceive of a more blatantly dishonest instance of picking words out of context so as to give them a meaning directly opposite to that which the author stated. For the benefit of your readers, here is the “obvious conclusion” which I drew from my statement about the Viet Cong:

… the Viet Cong will remain a powerful force which cannot be dislodged from its constituency so long as the constituency continues to exist. Peace in the immediate future must hence be based on accommodation.

By omitting my next sentence—”Peace in the immediate future must hence be based on accommodation”—and linking my statement about the Viet Cong to two other phrases which appear earlier in the article, Mr. Chomsky completely reversed my argument.

With respect to this specific accusation, Chomsky replied as follows:

Mr. Huntington further claims that I said he “favors” eliminating the Viet Cong constituency by bombardment, whereas he only states that such “forced-draft urbanization” may well be “the answer to 'wars of national liberation'“ that we have stumbled upon in Vietnam. The distinction is rather fine. One who insists on it must also recognize that I did not say that he “favored” this answer but only that he “outlined” it, “explained” it, and “does not shrink from it,” all of which is literally true.

Attribution of motives without evidence

In a 1969 exchange of letters, Stanley Hoffmann, a fellow opponent of the Vietnam War, characterized Chomsky as believing that “American objectives in Vietnam [...] were wicked” and that he was guilty of “uncomplicated attribution of evil objectives to his foes”. They disagree in that Hoffman focuses on the idea that US policy-makers had goals based on “fine principles in which the[y] fervently believe[d]” and Chomsky “tries to determine their real objectives on the basis of their behavior in this instance, and in its evolving pattern”. [39] 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...

In 1989, historian Carolyn Eisenberg argued that Chomsky's description of US foreign policy during the early Cold War as motivated by economics rather than fear of the Soviet Union did not agree with the documentary evidence. In the 1950 document NSC 68 [40], for example, which assessed the world crisis and made recommendations for US foreign policy, it is clear that US officials were sincere in their belief that the Soviet Union was a threat. In his reply Chomsky agreed that US officials were typically sincere in their beliefs, but he argued that state and ideological managers internalize particular beliefs largely because they are convenient and useful given the institutional structures and institutional imperatives in which they are embedded. [41] 1989 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cold War was the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies. ... 1950 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... NSC 68 was a policy paper written by the National Security Council for President Harry Truman providing a comprehensive analysis of the capabilities of the Soviet Union and of the United States of America from military, economic, political and psychological standpoints. ...

It was largely due to his perception of this tendency in Chomsky that Paul Robinson declared that Chomsky presents a “maddeningly simple-minded” view of the world.

Cambodia

Much of the early accounts of Khmer Rouge atrocities were provided by François Ponchaud, in his book Cambodia Year Zero published in 1977. After several favorable reviews in the US media, Chomsky began to write critically about what he saw as the media's slanted coverage of the Cambodian revolution. Chomsky and Edward Herman wrote Distortions at Fourth Hand for The Nation in 1977. It was a joint review of three books: Cambodia: Year Zero by Ponchaud, Murder of a Gentle Land by Barron and Paul, and Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution by Gareth Porter and George Hildebrand. The review was embedded in the framework of a wider discussion of bias in news coverage of events in Southeast Asia. According to Chomsky and Herman, Ponchaud's book was “serious and worth reading” but contained several critical errors, that were in turn perpetuated and amplified in a feature NYRB review by Jean Lacouture. They also disdained Barron and Paul's book, saying it portrayed pre-revolution Cambodia as a “Gentle Land” that ignored the impact of several years of heavy bombardment by U.S. military forces. Finally, the two view Porter and Hildebrand's book as a detailed, well-sourced analysis of the human toll and economic devastation resulting from the American bombing campaigns, but received negligible attention from the US media. Some of the Khmer Rouge leadership during their period in power. ... 1977 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1977 calendar). ... Edward S. Herman is an economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media. ... 1977 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1977 calendar). ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

Distortions at Fourth Hand is criticized for relying heavily on Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution by Hildebrand and Porter. While their work was praised at the time by George Kahin, “America's foremost Indonesia scholar”[42], others have accused it of being a largely uncritical and sympathetic treatment of the Khmer Rouge which rationalized the evacuation of Phnom Penh and glossed over the forced labor imposed on peasants in the countryside, which resulted in massive starvation and death from overwork. Porter distanced himself from Starvation and Revolution in 1978 when in an interview with CBS he lamented the atrocities being committed in Cambodia by the Khmer Rouge. 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ...

Describing the media coverage of Southeast Asia as a “farce”, Chomsky and Herman contrasted the grim reports on Vietnam by New York Times reporter Fox Butterfield with the more favorable comments of the members of a handful of non-governmental groups, international reporters, and non-American professors who had first-hand experience of conditions in Viet Nam. While Butterfield culled his evidence from “diplomats, refugees and letters from Viet Nam” and his reports were distributed to 800,000 readers; comprehensive first-hand reports from the The War Resisters League and The American Friends Service Committee that claimed relative social and economic progress were accessible to just 2,500 readers. For Chomsky and Herman this exemplified the workings of an American propaganda system - the public is indoctrinated even as “the illusion of an open press and free society is maintained.” [43]

In After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology, Chomsky and Edward S. Herman claim that the American media used unsubstantiated refugee testimonies and distorted sources with regard to the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge to serve US government propaganda purposes in the wake of the Vietnam War. He also denied that the Cambodian violence was inspired by Marxist ideology, maintaining that it was “the direct and understandable response to the violence of the imperial system”. Chomsky argued that he had acknowledged the atrocities. In Manufacturing Consent (also co written with Ed Herman), Chomsky responds: Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a large peninsula in Southeast Asia. ... An atrocity (from the Latin atrox, atrocious, from Latin ater = matte black (as distinct from niger = shiny black)) is a term used to describe crimes ranging from an act committed against a single person to one committed against a population or ethnic group. ... Some of the Khmer Rouge leadership during their period in power. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media is a book by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky. ...

As we also noted from the first paragraph of our earlier review of this material [i.e. After the Cataclysm] [...] “when the facts are in, it may turn out that the more extreme condemnations [of the Khmer Rouge] are in fact correct”, although if so, “it will in no way alter the conclusions we have reached on the central questions addressed here: how the available facts were selected, modified, or sometimes invented to create a certain image offered to the general population. The answer to this question seems clear, and it is unaffected by whatever may yet be discovered about Cambodia in the future.”

The Faurisson affair

Robert Faurisson

Main article: Faurisson affair This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... Robert Faurisson The Faurisson affair is a term given to a major academic scandal in wake of a book by Robert Faurisson, a Holocaust denier. ...

In 1979, Robert Faurisson published a book which claimed the gas chambers at Auschwitz did not exist. Faurisson's political views are not clear and conventional (“I am nothing politically”, he has said), as he has ties to groups both on the left and right in France. He has been labeled a neo-Nazi by opponents both in France and America for his Holocaust denial but he has also spoken of “heroic insurrection of the Warsaw [Jewish] ghetto” and praises those who “fought courageously against Nazism” in “the right cause”. Some of his claims regarding the Holocaust, survivors of the Holocaust, and the Second World War have been interpreted as defense of Nazism, and he was suspended from teaching by his university. 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. ... This article or section should be merged with Faurisson affair Robert Faurisson Robert Faurisson (born 1929) is a French professor of literature who generated controversy over various articles he published in the Journal of Historical Review and elsewhere, as well as various letters he has sent in to French newspapers... Gas chamber at San Quentin State Prison A gas chamber is a means of execution whereby a poisonous gas is introduced into a hermetically sealed chamber. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ... Another term for racist pigs that have no right to have a page on wikipedia. ...

He was then convicted of defamation and subjected to a fine and prison sentence. Chomsky was one of many who signed a petition to give Faurisson “free exercise of his legal rights”. Chomsky then wrote an essay called “Some Elementary Comments on The Rights of Freedom of Expression” in defense of freedom of speech. He claimed that Faurisson did not seem in his eyes to be a Nazi, saying he seemed to be "a relatively apolitical liberal of some sort". He admitted to ignorance on the content of Faurisson's work, saying that "I do not know his work very well." Nonetheless, he concluded, "largely as a result of the nature of the attacks on him" that there was no basis for claiming Faurisson was either a neo-Nazi or an anti-Semite. He also argued that not believing in the Holocaust is not in itself proof of anti-Semitism (he later elaborated: “[for example,] if a person ignorant of modern history were told of the Holocaust and refused to believe that humans are capable of such monstrous acts, we would not conclude that he is an anti-Semite”). Faurisson subsequently used this essay, without asking Chomsky, as a preface to his Mémoire en défense, a defense of his own views. In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ...

Chomsky was attacked by various individuals and groups for the position he took: he was accused of supporting Faurisson's ideas and not just his right to express them. His impression of Faurisson as “a relatively apolitical liberal of some sort” was taken to be a cover-up for Faurisson's anti-Semitism. The wording of the petition he signed was criticized for speaking of Faurisson's "research" and "findings" in uncritical terms. He was criticized for his personal friendship with Serge Thion (who has links with Holocaust-deniers), as well as for the fact that Noontide Press, the publishing arm of the revisionist Institute for Historical Review, published The Fateful Triangle — a move that saved the beleaguered publisher and institute. He was accused of writing his essay on freedom of speech specifically as a preface to Mémoire en défense. In another essay, “His Right to Say It”, Chomsky contends that Faurisson's views are contrary to his own and presents his version of the affair. Serge Thion (born 1942) is a French sociologist mainly known for his Holocaust denial. ... The Institute for Historical Review (IHR) is an organization founded in 1978 dedicated to historical revisionism. ...

Chomsky's statement that “I see no anti-Semitic implications in denial of the existence of gas chambers or even denial of the Holocaust.” has resulted in his critics describing him as sympathetic to holocaust denial. Werner Cohn's book “Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers” (ISBN 0964589702) [44] being a prime example. Chomsky has replied to Werner Cohn's allegations once, in a thousand-word open letter that concludes: “That Cohn is a pathological liar is demonstrated by the very examples that he selects.” [45]. Cohn maintains his view of Chomsky [46] and has on his website responded to this letter as well as provided a link to a piece by Guillaume which concerns Chomsky's relationship to him. [47]

In the 1992 film “Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media”, Professor Chomsky defends himself, explaining that he took up defense of Faurisson when he was taken to court: “I do not think the state ought to have the right to determine historical truth and to punish people who deviate from it. I'm not willing to give the state that right...” A student, interrupting, asks: “Do you deny that gas chambers existed?” Chomsky replies: “Of course not, but I'm saying that if you believe in freedom of speech then you believe in freedom of speech for views you don't like, I mean Goebbels was in favour of freedom of speech for views he liked, right, so was Stalin. If you're in favour of freedom of speech that means you're in favour of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise, otherwise you're not in favour of freedom of speech.” In the same film, debating with Yossi Olmert, a professor from Tel Aviv University, on a show “Speaking Out” in 1985, Chomsky asks Olmert “...what percentage of the world press believes that Faurisson actually has anything to say”, and if he is viewed by the press “to be anything other than a lunatic?” Olmert answered that “... this is something that can only be interpreted as a case against Israel.” Chomsky finishes a lecture citing some of his earliest work: “Even to enter into the arena of debate on the question of whether the Nazis carried out such atrocities is already to lose one's humanity. I don't think you ought to discuss the issue if you want to know my opinion, but if anybody wants to refute Faurisson there is certainly no difficulty in doing so.” 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Anti-Americanism

Since the advent of his political activism, Chomsky has routinely been accused of being anti-American. Critics accuse him of being reflexively hostile to the United States, exaggerating its alleged crimes and iniquity, while downplaying the crimes of its enemies. Paul Krugman, in a 1999 exchange with Kathleen Sullivan, describes Chomsky as epitomizing “the left-wing view that all bad things are the result of Western intervention” [48]. Adrian Hastings, reviewing The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo in 2001, writes, “Chomsky just has not entered deeply into what he is talking about and he is not greatly interested in anything except digging out material for anti-American invective.” [49] Anti-Americanism is a term referring to hostility towards or disapproval for the government, culture, history, and/or people of the United States of America. ... Paul Robin Krugman (born February 28, 1953) is an American economist, who has written several books and who currently (as of 2005) is a columnist for The New York Times. ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, a number of center-leftists criticized Chomsky's immediate response to the attacks [50], alleging that he showed little sympathy for the victims. In an opinion piece published in The Guardian in September 2001, Todd Gitlin referred to “[s]neering critics like Noam Chomsky, who condemn the executioners of thousands only in passing”. [51] In a September 2002 article in The Nation discussing the American left's reaction to the September 11 attacks [52], Adam Shatz allowed that Chomsky had denounced the attacks, but claimed that he “seemed irritable” in the interviews he gave just after September 11, “as if he couldn't quite connect to the emotional reality of American suffering”, and described Chomsky's subsequent references to atrocities carried out by the American government and its allies as “a wooden recitation”. The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated Islamist terrorist attacks carried out in the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. ... The Guardian has used this logo on its masthead since its last major redesign in 1988. ... September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with the length of 30 days. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr. Todd Gitlin is an American political writer and a former president of Students for a Democratic Society. ... 2002 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December A timeline of events in the news for September, 2002. ... The Nation - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Following the September 11 attacks, Christopher Hitchens and Noam Chomsky debated the nature of the threat of radical Islam (what Hitchens termed “Islamic Fascism”) and of the proper response to it. On September 24 and October 8, 2001, Hitchens criticized Chomsky in The Nation, leading to a series of rebuttals and counter-rebuttals ([53] [54] [55] [56] [57]). Christopher Hitchens Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949, England) is a journalist, author, and critic. ... Islamism is a set of political ideologies derived from conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism which hold that Islam is not only a religion, but also a political system that governs the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. ... September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years). ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years). ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Nation - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Samantha Power, in an otherwise sympathetic review of Hegemony or Survival [58] (New York Times Book Review, January 2004), writes: “For Chomsky, the world is divided into oppressor and oppressed. America, the prime oppressor, can do no right, while the sins of those categorized as oppressed receive scant mention.” Hegemony or Survival: Americas Quest for Global Dominance, published November 2003 is a book by Noam Chomsky, a macroscopic view of United States foreign policy from World War II to the post-Iraq War reconstruction. ...

In a talk given in 1997, Chomsky ridiculed the concept of “anti-Americanism” as a symptom of totalitarian thinking: “It's the kind of term you only find in totalitarian societies, as far as I know. So like in the Soviet Union, anti-Sovietism was considered the gravest of all crimes.” 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anti-Americanism is a term referring to hostility towards or disapproval for the government, culture, history, and/or people of the United States of America. ...

"But try, say, publishing a book on anti-Italianism and see what happens on the streets on Rome or Milan — people won't even bother laughing, it's a ludicrous idea. The idea of Italianism or, you know, Norwayism, or something like that would just be objects of ridicule in societies that have some kind of residue of a democratic culture inside people's heads. I don't mean in the formal systems. But in totalitarian societies it is used, and as far as I know the United States is the only free society that has such a concept." [59] (audio [60])

City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Democratici di Sinistra) Area  - City Proper  1290 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost 4,000,000 1... Location within Italy Piazza della Scala Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese dialect: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed of Italian regions. ...

Criticisms by Horowitz

Conservative author David Horowitz is one of Chomsky's more vocal critics. He has described Chomsky as the “Ayatollah of Anti-American Hate” and “the most treacherous intellect in America” claiming Chomsky has “one message alone: America is the Great Satan”, in a series of articles along with historian Ronald Radosh [61]. Horowitz claims “It would be easy to demonstrate how on every page of every book and in every statement that Chomsky has written the facts are twisted”. Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... // David Horowitz David Horowitz (born January 10, 1939) was born to a Jewish family in Forest Hills, New York and is a writer and political commentator. ... Ayatollah (Arabic: آية الله; Persian: آیت‌الله) is a high title given to major Shia clergymen. ... Ronald Radosh is an American historian who wrote a book concluding that the Rosenbergs were guilty of espionage. ...

Peter Collier and David Horowitz compiled a set of critical essays in 2004, called The Anti-Chomsky Reader that analyze some of Chomsky's more popular work. The Anti-Chomsky Reader argues that many of the sources in Chomsky's works are himself. Thomas Nichols' essay Chomsky And The Cold War discusses Chomsky's attitude towards anti-communists after the Soviet Union fell apart. There is also extensive criticism of Chomsky's claim that the US invasion of Afghanistan might result in millions of deaths, labeled by some critics as the “Silent Genocide” claim, named after his quote, "Looks like what's happening is some sort of silent genocide". [62] 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Charges of anti-Semitism

Although a Jew and a self-described Zionist (though he claims his definition of Zionism is usually considered anti-Zionism today), Chomsky is highly critical of the behavior of the state of Israel. Because of this criticism of the Israeli government, the Faurisson affair, and for other such reasons, Chomsky is often accused of being a self-hating Jew or of representing "left-wing fascism", charges which Chomsky strenuously denies. For other meanings, please see Zionism (disambiguation) Zionism is a political movement among Jews, although supported by some non-Jews and not supported by some Jews, which maintains that the Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland. ... Anti-Zionism is a term that has been used to describe several very different political and religious points of view, both historically and in current debates. ... Robert Faurisson The Faurisson affair is a term given to a major academic scandal in wake of a book by Robert Faurisson, a Holocaust denier. ... Literally, self-hatred refers to an extreme dislike of oneself, or being angry at oneself. ... Categories: Pages needing attention | Politics stubs ...

In 2002, the president of Harvard University Lawrence Summers drew attention by claiming that the “Noam Chomsky-led campaign” to have universities divest from companies with Israeli holdings is “anti-Semitic in effect, if not in intention”. Although Chomsky signed a petition in support of divestment, which states in part, "We also call on MIT and Harvard to divest from Israel" [63] he has expressed reservations about the boycott campaign [64]. In response to the decision of the Association of University Teachers in April 2005 to boycott Haifa University and Bar-Ilan University, Chomsky commented: “Both Ilan Pappe and Baruch Kimmerling are friends, and I regard their work very highly, as well as their courage and integrity. In general, I do not think that academic boycotts are a good idea, except in circumstances far beyond what is reported here. It's far too blunt an instrument. There are also much worse cases: e.g., the complicity of US universities in state terror and aggression. I don't doubt that inspection would show reasons to severely censure British universities. But I don't recommend boycotts in these cases either. Principle aside, as a tactic it is, I think, likely to be counterproductive.” [65] 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... Larry Summers Lawrence Henry Summers (born November 30, 1954) is an American economist, politician, and academic. ... The Association of University Teachers (AUT) is the trade union and professional association that represents academic (teaching and research) and academic-related (librarians, IT managers and senior administrators) at pre-1992 universities in the United Kingdom. ... April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... The University of Haifa (אוניברסיטת חיפה) is a university in Haifa, Israel. ... Bar-Ilan University (BIU, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן) is a university in Ramat Gan, a suburb of Tel Aviv, Israel. ...

Criticism from pro-Palestinian activists

Although he regularly condemns the Israeli government's actions in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Chomsky has recently come under fire from pro-Palestinian activists for his advocacy of the two-state plan, as described by the Geneva Accord. Chomsky responds to this by stating that proposals without significant international backing are not realistic goals: This article is about the proposal for peace between Israel and Palestine. ...

"I will keep here to advocacy in the serious sense: accompanied by some kind of feasible program of action, free from delusions about “acting on principle” without regard to “realism” — that is, without regard for the fate of suffering people."

Criticism from anarchists

Chomsky is generally respected among anarchists, but has occasionally come under criticism for being too reformist or for articulating only a general left-wing, humanitarian analysis of imperialism instead of a full anarchist critique. The anarcho-primitivist John Zerzan, for example, expresses such views, and goes as far as to say that “[t]he real answer, painfully obvious, is that he is not an anarchist at all” [66]. Zerzan also criticizes Chomsky's focus on US foreign policy, not for being “anti-American” (Zerzan notes disapprovingly that Chomsky is motivated by his duty as an American citizen), but for representing a certain conservative “narrowness” not befitting an anarchist. Primitive communism, according to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is the original society of humanity. ... John Zerzan John Zerzan (born 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. ...

His tactical support for John Kerry was controversial amongst anarchists, who are critical of all political parties. Chomsky was not enthusiastically pro-Kerry, but rather advocated voting for him in swing states, merely to oust George W. Bush; at one point Chomsky referred to Kerry as “Bush-lite”—a term coined early in the 2004 Democratic primary by Howard Dean. His general argument is that with systems of great power (the United States) little differences between the candidates could lead to big differences in people's lives. Office: Junior Senator, Massachusetts Political party: Democratic Term of office: January 1985 – Present Preceded by: Paul Tsongas Succeeded by: Incumbent (2009) Date of birth: December 11, 1943 Place of birth: Aurora, Colorado Marriage: (1) Julia Thorne, divorced (2) Teresa Heinz Kerry John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the... In United States presidential politics, a swing state (also, battleground state) is a state in which no candidate has overwhelming support, meaning that any of the major candidates have a reasonable chance of winning the states electoral college votes. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is a politician and currently the 43rd President of the United States. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean Howard Brush Dean III, M.D. (born November 17, 1948) is a prominent American Democratic politician, currently serving as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. ...

Academic Achievements, Awards and Honors

Noam Chomsky
at Harvard in 2002.
Getty Images/William B. Plowman

According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, between 1980 and 1992 Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any living scholar, and the eighth most cited source overall. Noam Chomsky at Harvard University on November 4, 2002, during a talk titled Why Iraq?. Photo by Getty Images; Author: William B. Plowman [1] [2] Audio of the talk: [3] [4] This work is copyrighted. ... Noam Chomsky at Harvard University on November 4, 2002, during a talk titled Why Iraq?. Photo by Getty Images; Author: William B. Plowman [1] [2] Audio of the talk: [3] [4] This work is copyrighted. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... Getty Images, Inc. ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the spring of 1969 he delivered the John Locke Lectures at Oxford University; in January 1970 he delivered the Bertrand Russell Memorial Lecture at Cambridge University; in 1972, the Nehru Memorial Lecture in New Delhi, in 1977, the Huizinga Lecture in Leiden, in 1997, The Davie Memorial Lecture on Academic Freedom in Cape Town, among many others. 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM (18 May 1872–2 February 1970) was an influential British mathematician, philosopher, and logician of the modern age, working mostly in the 20th century. ... The University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world (after Oxford). ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू) (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Teacher) Nehru, was the leader of the (moderately) socialist wing of the Indian National Congress during and after Indias struggle for independence from the British Empire. ... New Delhi ( नई दिल्ली ) is the capital of India, and is part of the National capital territory of Delhi. ... 1977 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1977 calendar). ... Leiden (in English also, but now rarely, Leyden) is a city and municipality in South Holland, The Netherlands. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The central area of Cape Town as seen from Table Mountain. ...

Noam Chomsky has received honorary degrees from University of London, University of Chicago, Loyola University of Chicago, Swarthmore College, Delhi University, Bard College, University of Massachusetts, University of Pennsylvania, Georgetown University, Amherst College, Cambridge University, University of Buenos Aires, McGill University, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Columbia University, University of Connecticut, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, University of Western Ontario, University of Toronto, Harvard University, University of Calcutta, and Universidad Nacional De Colombia. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Science. In addition, he is a member of other professional and learned societies in the United States and abroad, and is a recipient of the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences, the Helmholtz Medal, the Dorothy Eldridge Peacemaker Award, the Ben Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science, and others. He is twice winner of The Orwell Award, granted by The National Council of Teachers of English for “Distinguished Contributions to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language.” [67] Senate House, designed by Charles Holden home to the universitys central administration offices and its library The University of London is a federation of colleges which together constitute one of the worlds largest universities. ... The University of Chicago is a private co-educational university located in Chicago, Illinois. ... Loyola University, Loyola College, Loyola School, and Loyola Academy Several educational institutions carry the name of Loyola, in honor of St. ... Swarthmore College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college in the United States. ... University of Delhi,New Delhi The University of Delhi is a university in India. ... Bard College, founded in 1860, is a four-year, small liberal arts college located in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, on a 600 acre (2. ... The University of Massachusetts (commonly referred to as UMass) is the five-campus public university system of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. ... The University of Pennsylvania (commonly referred to as Penn or UPenn, although the former is the preferred and recognized nickname of the University) is a private university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and a member of the Ivy League. ... Georgetown University Georgetown University is a major research university in the United States. ... Amherst College is an independent liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. It is the third oldest college in Massachusetts. ... The Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) is the biggest university in Argentina, founded on August 12, 1821 in the city of Buenos Aires. ... McGill University is a publicly funded, research-intensive, non-denominational, co-educational university located in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... Tarragona is a city located in the south of Catalonia, Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. ... Columbia University is a private university in New York City. ... University of Connecticut The University of Connecticut, commonly known as UConn, is the State of Connecticuts flagship land-grant university. ... The Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, also known in Italian language as Scuola Normale (English: Normal High School College of Pisa or Normal School), is with no doubt the most elitary college in the whole Italian universities world. ... Pisas coat of arms This article is about Pisa in Italy. ... The University of Western Ontario is located in London, Ontario, Canada. ... Founded in 1827, the University of Toronto (U of T), in Toronto, Ontario, is the largest university in Canada and one of the most important scholarly publishers in North America. ... Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) was the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent. ... The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an organization dedicated to scholarship and the advancement of learning, particularly in areas of political science. ... The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in the United States is a government-established corporation supporting scientific research. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

Bibliography

Linguistics

See a full bibliography on Chomsky's MIT homepage [68].

• Chomsky, Noam, Morris Halle, and Fred Lukoff (1956). “On accent and juncture in English.” In For Roman Jakobson. The Hague: Mouton
• Chomsky (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. Reprint. Berlin and New York (1985).
• Chomsky (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
• Chomsky (1965). Cartesian Linguistics. New York: Harper and Row. Reprint. Cartesian Linguistics. A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1986.
• Chomsky, Noam, and Morris Halle (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.
• Chomsky (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures. Holland: Foris Publications. Reprint. 7th Edition. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1993.
• Chomsky (1986). Barriers. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Thirteen. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press.
• Chomsky, Noam (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Syntactic Structures is the name of an influential book by Noam Chomsky first published in 1957. ...

Political works

Some of the books are available for viewing online [69].

• Chomsky (1969). American Power and the New Mandarins. New York: Pantheon.
• Chomsky (1970). At War with Asia. New York: Pantheon.
• Chomsky (1971). Problems of Knowledge and Freedom: The Russell Lectures. New York: Pantheon.
• Chomsky (1973). For Reasons of State. New York: Pantheon.
• Chomsky & Herman, Edward (1973). CENSORED FULL TEXT Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact and Propaganda. Andover, MA: Warner Modular. Module no. 57.
• Chomsky (1974). Peace in the Middle East: Reflections on Justice and Nationhood. New York: Pantheon.
• Chomsky (1979). Language and Responsibility. New York: Pantheon.
• Chomsky & Herman, Edward (1979). Political Economy of Human Rights (two volumes). Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0896080900 and ISBN 0896081001
• Otero, C.P. (Ed.) (1981, 2003). Radical Priorities. Montréal: Black Rose; Stirling, Scotland: AK Press.
• Chomsky (1982). Towards a New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Got There. New York: Pantheon.
• Chomsky (1983, 1999). The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0896086011
• Chomsky (1985). Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace. Boston: South End Press.
• Chomsky (1986). Pirates and Emperors: International Terrorism and the Real World. New York: Claremont Research and Publications.
• Chomsky (1987). On Power and Ideology: The Managua Lectures. Boston: South End Press.
• Peck, James (Ed.) (1987). Chomsky Reader ISBN 0394751736
• Chomsky (1988). The Culture of Terrorism. Boston: South End Press.
• Chomsky & Herman, Edward (1988, 2002). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon.
• Chomsky (1989). Necessary Illusions. Boston: South End Press.
• Chomsky (1989). Language and Politics. Montréal: Black Rose.
• Chomsky (1991). Terrorizing the Neighborhood: American Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era. Stirling, Scotland: AK Press.
• Chomsky (1992). Deterring Democracy. New York: Hill and Wang.
• Chomsky (1992). Chronicles of Dissent. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
• Chomsky (1992). What Uncle Sam Really Wants. Berkeley: Odonian Press.
• Chomsky (1993). Year 501: The Conquest Continues. Boston: South End Press.
• Chomsky (1993). Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and U.S. Political Culture. Boston: South End Press.
• Chomsky (1993). Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
• Chomsky (1993). The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many. Berkeley: Odonian Press.
• Chomsky (1994). Keeping the Rabble in Line. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
• Chomsky (1994). World Orders Old and New. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Chomsky (1996). Class Warfare. Pluto Press.
• Chomsky (1999). Profit Over People. Seven Stories Press.
• Chomsky (2000). Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs. Cambridge: South End Press.
• Chomsky (2001). 9-11. Seven Stories Press.
• Mitchell, Peter & Schoeffel, John (Ed.) (2002). Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky.
• Chomsky (2003). Hegemony or Survival. Metropolitan Books. (Part of the American Empire Project.)
• Chomsky (2005). Chomsky On Anarchism. AK Press. ISBN 1904859208

Necessary Illusions is a book by Noam Chomsky about how political power uses propaganda to distort and distract from real issues to maintain confusion and complicity, preventing real democracy from becoming effective. ... Deterring Democracy is a book published in 1992 Noam Chomsky, which explores the differences between the rhetoric and reality of United States forign policy and how it affects varoius countries around the world. ... Hegemony or Survival: Americas Quest for Global Dominance, published November 2003 is a book by Noam Chomsky, a macroscopic view of United States foreign policy from World War II to the post-Iraq War reconstruction. ...

About Chomsky

• Rai, Milan (1995). Chomsky's Politics
• Barsky, Robert (1997). Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent, MIT Press
• Horowitz, David, et al. (2004). The Anti-Chomsky Reader

Filmography

• Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media (1992)
• Distorted Morality — America's War On Terror?, Director: John Junkermann, Japan 2003
• Noam Chomsky: Rebel Without a Pause (TV), Director: Will Pascoe, 2003
• The Corporation (2003)
• All other films

Manufacturing Consent movie poster Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media (1992) is a documentary film that explores the political life and ideas of Noam Chomsky, world-renowned linguist, intellectual, and political activist. ... The Corporation movie poster The Corporation is a 2003 documentary film which analyses and critiques the modern day corporation as a concept and an institution, and examines its impact on society and the world at large. ...

Related people

• Howard Zinn
• Edward S. Herman
• Norman Finkelstein
• Robert W. McChesney
• David F. Noble
• Alex Carey
• Thomas Ferguson
• Amy Goodman
• Paul Farmer
• Edward Said
• Alexander Cockburn
• Doug Henwood
• Michael Albert
• Robin Hahnel

Howard Zinn speaks at Marlboro College on February 16, 2004. ... Edward S. Herman is an economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media. ... Norman G. Finkelstein (born 1953) is a Jewish American professor of political science at DePaul University known for advocating controversial positions on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and for criticizing the way the Holocaust is handled by most parties and organizations. ... David Noble is a critical historian of technology, science and education. ... Amy Goodman is an American broadcast journalist and author. ... Dr. Paul Farmer, born in 1959, graduated from Duke University, got his Medical degree from Harvard University, and is a founding member of the international health organization Partners in Health (PIH). ... Edward Wadie Said (إدوارد Ø³Ø¹ÙŠØ¯) (November 1, 1935 – September 24, 2003) was a well-known literary theorist, critic and outspoken Palestinian activist. ... Alexander Claud Cockburn (pronounced coburn) (born June 6, 1941) is a radical Irish journalist who has lived and worked in the United States since 1973. ... Doug Henwood (born December 7, 1952) is an American journalist who writes frequently about economic affairs. ... Categories: Stub | 1947 births | 20th Century philosophers | U.S. philosophers ... Robin Hahnel is a Professor of Economics at American University. ...

Related topics

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about:

Noam Chomsky

• Language acquisition
• Chomskybot
• Chomsky hierarchy
• Important publications in computability
• “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.”
• Intellectual worker
• Nim Chimpsky

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Language acquisition is the acquisition of language in general. ... The Chomskybot is a program that generates paragraphs which appear similar to those in the corpus of Noam Chomskys linguistic works, but are humorously devoid of any meaning, by combining at random phrases taken from Chomskys actual works. ... The Chomsky hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. ... This is a list of important publications in computer science, organized by field. ... Where S represents a grammatical sentence. ... Intellectual worker (brain worker or knowledge worker) is a term used in various anarchist, communist, and socialist writings. ... Nim Chimpsky (1973-2000) was a chimpanzee named in mock honor of linguist Noam Chomsky. ...

External links

• Official website
• Official weblog (subset of forum replies)
• MIT homepage
• ZNet: Noam Chomsky Archive
• Bad News: The Noam Chomsky Archive
• A-Infos Radio Project: Talks by Noam Chomsky (MP3)
• Chomsky Torrents — Collection of Chomsky related video and audio
• Zpedia entry on Chomsky
• LookSmart — Noam Chomsky directory category
• Open Directory Project — Noam Chomsky directory category
• Yahoo! - Noam Chomsky directory category

MP3 is a popular digital audio encoding and lossy compression format. ...

Select speeches and interviews

• The New War Against Terror, the Technology & Culture Forum at MIT, October 18, 2001 (transcript, RealAudio)
• C-SPAN Book TV In-Depth, 3-hour interview from June 1, 2003 (RealVideo)
• Talk and Q&A at UC Berkeley, on the massacres in Indonesia and East Timor, 1982 (MP3)
• Debate: Noam Chomsky and John Silber, on Sandinistas vs. Contras in Nicaragua, January 1, 1986 (transcript)
• Ohio State University Debate, Noam Chomsky vs. Richard Perle, 1988 (MP3)
• CNN Debate, Noam Chomsky vs. Bill Bennett, May 30, 2002 (transcript)
• Noam Chomsky on Charlie Rose, November 20, 2003 (RealAudio)
• Talk and Q&A at Boston College, March 23, 2003 (RealVideo)
• Government in the Future. Poetry Center, New York. February 16, 1970. (MP3)

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, is a leading research and educational institution -essentially a university- located in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts along the Charles River and across from Bostons Back Bay district. ... RealAudio is a proprietary audio format developed by RealNetworks. ... RealVideo is a proprietary video codec developed by RealNetworks. ... Massacre has a number of meanings, but most commonly refers to individual events of deliberate and direct mass killing, especially of noncombatant civilians or other innocents that would qualify as war crimes or atrocities. ... MP3 is a popular digital audio encoding and lossy compression format. ... Sandinista! is also the name of a popular music album by The Clash. ... The Contras (Spanish contrarrevolucionario, counter-revolutionary) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas Sandinista National Liberation Front Government Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and the ending of the Somoza familys 43-year rule. ... Richard Perle Richard Norman Perle (born September 16, 1941 in New York City), of Jewish-American background, is an American political advisor who served the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and served on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. ... MP3 is a popular digital audio encoding and lossy compression format. ... William John Bennett (born July 3, 1943) served as United States Secretary of Education from 1985 to 1988. ... RealAudio is a proprietary audio format developed by RealNetworks. ... RealVideo is a proprietary video codec developed by RealNetworks. ... MP3 is a popular digital audio encoding and lossy compression format. ...

Select articles

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

Noam Chomsky

• Chomsky on Socialism
• Chomsky on Anarchism
• Chomsky on Intellectual Property
• The Legitimacy of Violence as a Political Act

File links The following pages link to this file: Abraham Lincoln Aristotle Ayn Rand Adolf Hitler Al Gore A Modest Proposal Articles of Confederation Arthur Schopenhauer Albert Einstein Amhrán na bhFiann Arthur Conan Doyle Ada programming language Antarctic Treaty System Andrew Jackson Andrew Johnson Adam Smith Bill Clinton Bible... Wikisource is a sister project to Wikipedia that aims to create a free wiki library of primary source texts, and translations of source texts in any language. ...

Articles about Chomsky

• Hitchens, Christopher (1985). The Chorus and Cassandra, Grand Street.
• Goldsmith, John. Review of Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent, by Robert Barsky. Journal of the History of the Behaviorial Sciences 1998 34.2: 173-180.
• Roy, Arundhati (2003). The Loneliness of Noam Chomsky, The Hindu.
• Pateman, Trevor (2004). Wittgensteinians and Chomskyans: In Defence of Mentalism, Language in Mind and Language in Society.

The Hindu is one of Indias best selling and most respected English-language newspapers. ...

Criticism of Chomsky

General

• The Definitive Anti-Chomsky Link List
• Noam Chomsky: A Critical Review, by Russil Wvong
• My Allergic Reaction to Noam Chomsky, by Brad DeLong
  • My Very, Very Allergic Reaction to Noam Chomsky: Khmer Rouge, Faurisson, Milosevic, by Brad DeLong
    • My Very, Very Allergic Reaction To Brad DeLong On Chomsky, by Edward S. Herman
      • When Chomskyites Attack!, by Brad DeLong
• Where's the Beef? Josh Buermann's round-up of most of the criticisms levelled at Chomsky's politics
  • Fun With Milton Bradley: A Response to Josh Buermann Bruce Sharp's take on Josh Buermann's article

Linguistics J. Bradford DeLong (born June 24, 1960), a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, writes a popular blog, Brad DeLongs Semi-Daily Journal which covers political, technical, and economic issues as well as criticism of their coverage in the media. ... J. Bradford DeLong (born June 24, 1960), a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, writes a popular blog, Brad DeLongs Semi-Daily Journal which covers political, technical, and economic issues as well as criticism of their coverage in the media. ... Edward S. Herman is an economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media. ... J. Bradford DeLong (born June 24, 1960), a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, writes a popular blog, Brad DeLongs Semi-Daily Journal which covers political, technical, and economic issues as well as criticism of their coverage in the media. ...

• Forty-Four Reasons Why the Chomskians Are Mistaken, by Alexander Gross
• Deep Language, by George Lakoff
• A brief review of an alternative view on language learning, presented by Michael Tomasello & Elizabeth Bates

Cambodia George P. Lakoff is a professor of linguistics (in particular, cognitive linguistics) at the University of California, Berkeley where he has taught since 1972. ... Michael Tomasello, who is the co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutional Anthropology in Leipzig, is an influential cognitive psychologist. ... Elizabeth Bates (1947 -- December 13, 2003) was professor of cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego. ...

• Averaging Wrong Answers: Noam Chomsky and the Cambodia Controversy, by Bruce Sharp
• Noam Chomsky on the CIA Demographic Catastrophe Report, by Nathan Folkert
  • The Hollow Khmer-Chomsky by Josh Buermann (discussing Sharp and Ear criticisms)
• The Standard Total Academic View on Cambodia, by Sophal Ear
  • Reply, by Noam Chomsky
• Chomsky lies, by James A. Donald
  • Reply, by Noam Chomsky
  • Contortions at First Hand: James Donald on Noam Chomsky, by Dan Clore

Faurisson affair

• On Faurisson and Chomsky, by Pierre Vidal-Naquet
• The Denial of the Dead On the Faurisson Affair, by Nadine Fresco
• Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers, by Werner Cohn

Israel and Palestine

• Chomsky’s War Against Israel, by Paul Bogdanor
• Chomsky’s Immoral Divestiture Petition, by Alan Dershowitz
• Review of Peace in the Middle East?, by Benjamin Kerstein
• Noam Chomsky and ‘Left’ Apologetics for Injustice in Palestine, by Noah Cohen
  • Advocacy And Realism: A Reply To Noah Cohen, by Noam Chomsky
    • Chomsky's “Realism” and “Advocacy”: Advocacy for what and for whom?, by Noah Cohen
• Damage Control: Noam Chomsky and the Israel-Palestine Conflict, by Jeffrey Blankfort

Yugoslavia Alan Dershowitz on Democracy Now! Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is a Jewish-American political figure and criminal law professor at Harvard Law School, known for his extensive published works, support for Zionism and Israel and work as an attorney in several high-profile law cases. ...

• BALKAN WITNESS: The Left Revisionists, by Marko Attila Hoare
• To Kill A Nation (The Attack On Yugoslavia): Leftist Intellectuals Fail the Test, by Richard Hugus

Terrorism

• Iraq Elections And The Liberal Elites, by Ghali Hassan
• Thus Spake Noam, by Jeffrey C. Isaac
  • Response, by Noam Chomsky
    • Counter-Response, by Jeffrey C. Isaac
  • On Framing and Being Framed, by John Touchie
• Peace puzzle, by Michael Berube
  • The Cruise Missile Left, by Edward S. Herman
• Excerpt from Terror and Liberalism, by Paul Berman
• A Guide to the Mysterious West, by Michael Neumann

From Austrian libertarians Edward S. Herman is an economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media. ...

• Chomsky's Economics, by James Ostrowski

From isolationists

• Noam Chomsky: He's really an interventionist – and also completely clueless, by Justin Raimondo

From the right Justin Raimondo (November 18, 1951- ) is a former libertarian and neo-nazi author and the editorial director of the website Antiwar. ...

• America's Dumbest Intellectual, by Stefan Kanfer
• Dissecting Chomsky and Anti-Americanism, by George Shadroui
• Noam Chomsky: Unrepentant Stalinist, by Anders Lewis
• The hypocrisy of Noam Chomsky, by Keith Windschuttle
• A disgraceful career, by Keith Windschuttle
• Maverick Linguist by Revilo P. Oliver
• Fisking Chomsky: The Crimes of Democratic Capitalism by Full Context blog

From Marxists Keith Windschuttle (born 1942) is a right-wing Australian historian and journalist who is the author of several books, including The Killing of History (1994) and The Fabrication of Aboriginal History (2002) which disputes current historical views on Australian history. ... Dr. Revilo Pendleton Oliver (1908-1994) was a professor of Classical philology, Spanish, and Italian at the University of Illinois, who wrote and crusaded extensively for anti-communist and Racial Nationalist causes. ...

• Noam Chomsky and Marxism, by Heiko Khoo
• Chomsky on 9-11 and how to rebut those speaking of Mao's and Stalin's “crimes”, by MIM (Maoist)
• U.S. Hands Off Iraq!, by Spartacist League (Trotskyist)
• Noam Chomsky: from antiwar protester to advocate of US aggression, by Peter Symonds (Trotskyist)
• Parenti on Chomsky, by Michael Parenti

Conspiracy theories The Maoist Internationalist Movement (MIM) is a Marxist-Leninist-Maoist organization based primarily in the United States. ... The International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) (formerly the International Spartacist Tendency) is a Trotskyist international organisation. ... Dr. Michael Parenti (born 1933) is an American political scientist and historian. ...

• MIT Professor Noam Chomsky's Ties to the Military, by Bob Feldman
• The JFK Assassination: Conspiracy Phobia on the Left, by Michael Parenti

Satirization Dr. Michael Parenti (born 1933) is an American political scientist and historian. ...

• Cartoons spoofing Chomsky