Chowdhury (Urdu: چوہدری, Bengali: চৌধুরী) is a term in Indo-Aryan languages, literally meaning "a holder of four" or "owner of the fourth part". Traditionally, the term is used as a title indicating the ownership of ancestral land, but now-a-days it is often taken as a surname. The word is variously spelt in different areas (see the spelling section below). Urdu ( , , trans. ... Bangla redirects here. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages. ... A family name, or surname, is that part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ...

The term "Chowdhury" does not indicate a caste or tribe, rather a position held within the tribe. The title is in use by many landowning ethnic groups and tribes, including the Gujjars, Jats,Ojnaas, ,Kambohs, Arains, Minhas and Mughal Kassar مغل کسر/ مغل قصر. In north and eastern Indian states of Bihar and Bengal, this title is also used by Brahmin landlords. The Indian caste system describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous, hereditary groups often termed as jātis or castes. ... The Gujjar or Gurjar are an ethnic group and caste of the Indian subcontinent. ... The Jat people (IAST: , Hindi: , Punjabi: , Urdu: ‎) of Northern India and Pakistan, are descendants of Indo-Aryan/Indo-Scythian tribes. ... Look up Kamboh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Arain (Urdu: آرائین) are an agricultural[1] caste[2] settled mainly in the Punjab[3][4] (Pakistan and India), with significant numbers also in the Sindh[5] (Pakistan). ... Minhas or Manhas is a Rajput clan from the Jammu region of the Indian Subcontinent. ... Kassar/Mughal Kassar urdu: مغل کسر/ مغل قصر is one of the three major land owning tribes in the Dhani country of district Chakwal in Punjab province, Pakistan. ... For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... The Sanskrit word denotes the scholar/teacher, priest, caste, class (), or tribe, that has been traditionally enjoined to live a life of learning, teaching and non-possessivenes . ...

Spellings

Since the term is pronounced differently in various areas and communities around Bangladesh, India and Pakistan there have been a number of different pronunciation spellings for this term when used in titles and surnames. A list of most common spellings available on web is given below. The list is sorted by the number of search results and only considers spellings with more than 100000 results.

• Chowdhury(Main Spelling)
• Choudhury
• Chaudhuri
• Chaudhry
• Chaudhary
• Chaudhery
• Choudhary
• Chaudry
• Chouddery
• Chaudhari
• Chaudhury
• Choudhry
• Chowdhary
• Chowdhry
• Chawdhauri
• Chaudhri
• Chaudri
• Choudary
• Choudhuri
• Choudry
• Chowdary
• Chowdhary
• Choudhry

All variants are prevalent in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India.

History

The earliest written references are from the 15th century, when this title was conferred by the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate upon its military nobles of Indian origins. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ...

However, the title became significant during the Mughal era as the Mughal Emperors conferred this title upon some privileged Taluqdars (area administrators) initially in Punjab, and then in most of North India. Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai, Turkish; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605–1627 Jahangir  - 1628–1658 Shah Jahan  - 1659–1707 Aurangzeb History  - Established April 21, 1526  - Ended September 21, 1857 Area... Taluqdar; a Sanskrit and Hindi word, also Arabic (taal-luk), meaning to hang or depend. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ...

During the Mughal era, a taluqa or district usually comprised of 84 villages and a central town. The Taluqdar was required to collect taxes, maintain law and order, and provide military supplies and manpower to the provincial government. In most cases the Taluqdars were entitled to retain a tenth of the collected revenue. However, some privileged Taluqdars were entitled to a quarter and hence were called Chowdhury, which also literally means owner of the fourth part.

The Mughal Emperor Zaheerudin Babur mentions the Chowdhurys of Bhera in his book, Tuzk-e-Babari. Those Chowdhurys were appointed by the Turk King, Allah-udin Khan Khilji. According to the Glossary of Punjab Castes, the Talukdars belonging to Mair-Minhas and Mughal Kassar مغل کسر/ مغل قصر tribes of the Dhani country (present day Chakwal district) in the northwest of Punjab were among the first few to receive this honorific title from the Mughal Emperor, Zaheerudin Babur for their services to his army during a later expedition in that region. During the Mughal era, this title was only conferred upon a few privileged talukdars around the empire. Zāhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as Bābur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... Bhera is a town in the Punjab province of Pakistan. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Taluqdar. ... Minhas or Manhas is a Rajput clan from the Jammu region of the Indian Subcontinent. ... Kassar/Mughal Kassar urdu: مغل کسر/ مغل قصر is one of the three major land owning tribes in the Dhani country of district Chakwal in Punjab province, Pakistan. ... Chakwal (Urdu: چکوال) is the main town of Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan and is located 90 km south-east of the federal capital, Islamabad. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Zāhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as Bābur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Taluqdar. ...

However, during the Sikh rule in Punjab this title became very common and quite a few village headmen or 'Lumberdars' were given 'Chowdhury' as a title by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ever since, the Chowdhurys of Chakwal style themselves as 'Chowdhurial' to distinguish themselves from the newly appointed men. Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ...

In the recent past, chowdhury surname has also been adapted by some south indian communities, particularly by the kammas of coastal andhra pradhesh. The higher social standing attributed to the chowdhury communities in north india is believed to have spurned this adaptation in south india. The people of the ojanaa Patidar community of north Gujarat and south rajasthan also hold the surname 'Chaudhari' which relates to military commander, but most of them later changed the profession as tax collectors (collection of fourth part, a quarter) and sahukari (money lenders).The ojnaa are also known as patyol(=patel=patidar)How ever the ojnaa has not any historical or cultural relation between the patel/patidar(famous sub cates-leva&kadva).The chaudhary were military commanders where as the patel were land-owning agriculturalists.

Position in different areas

Although the title has lost its original exclusivity, in some areas, a Chowdhury is still considered a a rank or title, as is zamindar. In both Indian and Pakistani Punjab regions, a Chowdhury is still considered a headman of a tribe in some villages and small towns. Zamindar, also known as Zemindar, Zamindari, or the Zamindari System (Persian: زمیندار) were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ...

In north and eastern Indian states of Bihar and Bengal, this title is still used by Brahmin landlords. "Roy Chowdhury" is used by zamindars of Bengal. For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... The Sanskrit word denotes the scholar/teacher, priest, caste, class (), or tribe, that has been traditionally enjoined to live a life of learning, teaching and non-possessivenes . ... Roy may refer to: Roy, New Mexico, USA Roy, Utah, USA Roy, Washington, USA Arundhati Roy, an Indian novelist and peace activist Brandon Roy, American basketball player Bryan Roy, Dutch football (soccer) player Deep Roy, actor Derek Roy, Canadian ice hockey player Fabien Roy, politician Gabrielle Roy, author Indra Lal...

After their meteoric economic rise in the recent past, some communities in south india, particularly kammas of coastal andhra-pradesh have adapted chowdhury surname,as a means of elevating their social standing.

Since the partition of British India people from many tribes have retained this title in Pakistan as well. These include people from Arain, Gujjar and Jat and Muslim Minhas tribe. Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1877-1901 Victoria  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - January-December 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George... Minhas or Manhas is a Rajput clan from the Jammu region of the Indian Subcontinent. ...

In big cities, Chowdhurys are found in minorities and are mostly based in small villages and towns named as KASBA in Hindi/Urdu language where engagement with professions like farming and cattle breeding were the main rationale behind this.

Famous Chowdhury's/Alternate Spelling

*Choudhry Rehmat Ali

*Choudhry Fazal Elahi

• Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain
• Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi
• Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi
• Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain
• Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan
• Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry
• Chaudhry Nisar Ali - central leader of PML-N
• Mahendra Chaudhry
• Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
• Rajendra Chaudhry
• Zafar Chaudhry
• Shiraz Choudhry - 0.22 shooting champion of pakistan 1999
• Choudhary Umar Shahzad Ashraf
• Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry
• Javed Chaudhry
• Cecil Chaudhry
• Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman

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Fatra is the old and/or imprecise name of two mountain ranges in Slovakia: Greater Fatra Lesser Fatra This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Lohanas are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group and are an urban Hindu mercantile community of India. ... Narowal (Urdu/Punjabi: نارووال) is a city in the north-east of Pakistan in Punjab province. ... Binomial name Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. ... Jassa Singh Ahluwalias Samadhi near Burj Baba Atal Sahib, Amritsar Ahluwalia Fort Ahluwalia is one of twelve Sikh Misls, or fighting clans, founded by baron Jassa Singh Ahluwalia in mid-eigteenth century Punjab. ... Agarwal, variously spelt as Aggarwal, Agrawal or Agarwala is a common surname or the last name amongst one of the important trading communities in India. ... There are several references to Awan: Awan was an Elamite dynasty of Iran. ... Bakarwal (or Bakharwal) is a nomadic tribe based in the Pir Panjal and Himalayan mountains of South Asia. ... 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References

This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2007) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.