Christian Democracy Democrazia Cristiana
Former Italian National Party
Political ideology	Centrism, Christian Democracy
Membership	1,390,918 (1991) max: 2,109,670 (1990) min: 537,582 (1945) [1]
Official newspaper	Il Popolo
Website	N/A
See also	Politics of Italy Political parties in Italy Elections in Italy Image File history File links Scudocrociato. ... In politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes. ... Christian Democracy is a diverse political ideology and movement. ... Politics of Italy takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Political parties in Italy are organized into two dominant political coalitions. ... Elections in Italy gives information on election and election results in Italy. ...

Christian Democracy (Democrazia Cristiana, DC), the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. Christian Democracy is a diverse political ideology and movement. ...

History

Early years

The party was in part a revival of the Italian People's Party (Italian: Partito Popolare Italiano) created in 1919 by the priest Don Luigi Sturzo but declared illegal by the Fascist regime in 1925 despite the presence of some members in Benito Mussolini's first government. The Italian Peoples Party (Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI) was a christian-democratic political party in Italy. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Don Luigi Sturzo (Caltagirone, Italy, 26. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests inferior to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on ethnic, religious, cultural, or racial attributes. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Mussolini holding a speech. ...

As Fascism's ruin approached in the latter years of World War II, the Christian Democrats started organising post-Fascist Italy in certain competition but also for a time in coalition with the parties of the center and left. Breaking decisively with its former Communist coalition partners in May 1947, the party went on to win its greatest election victory in April 1948 with the support of the Church and the United States. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Forty-four years in power

From 1948 until the 1992, DC was the largest party in parliament, governing in successive coalitions with the smaller Liberal, Republican and Social Democratic parties and, after the 1963, with the Socialist party. Basing its electoral majority largely on the Catholic countryside, the party moved over time from its reformist origins to a more conservative role. A short-lived DC government led by Fernando Tambroni (1960), relying on parliamentary support from the Italian Social Movement, Fascism's ideological heir, was disowned by the party following widespread opposition. Later in the sixties, the increased political influence of the left-wing factions, led by Amintore Fanfani, moved the party to a center-left strategy based on the coalition with the Socialist Party. 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Rural areas are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. ... Fernando Tambroni [Fernando Tambroni Armaroli] (Ascoli Piceno 1901 – Roma 1963) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democratic Party. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... The Italian Social Movement (Movimento sociale italiano ) (MSI) was a neo-Fascist party formed 1946 in the post-World War II period by supporters of the executed dictator Benito Mussolini under the lead of Giorgio Almirante. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 - 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ...

Factionalism

Party life came to be characterised according to adherence to respective correnti or factions, each identified with individual leaders. Among the leaders who built DC, notable names include those of Alcide De Gasperi, Giuseppe Dossetti, Antonio Segni, Amintore Fanfani, Giulio Andreotti, Aldo Moro and Francesco Cossiga. Many DC members were attacked in the 1970s, and in some cases murdered, by terrorists. Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ... Giuseppe Dossetti (Genoa, February 13, 1913 - December 15, 1996) was an Italian jurist, a politician and starting from 1958 a Catholic priest. ... Antonio Segni (February 2, 1891, Sassari - December 1, 1972) was twice Prime Minister of Italy (1955-1957, and again 1959-1960). ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 - 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Giulio Andreotti Giulio Andreotti (born in Rome, 14 January 1919) is an Italian political figure, among the most powerful in post-war Italy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Terrorist redirects here. ...

Aldo Moro's murder

The abduction and murder of Aldo Moro in 1978 removed one of the party's most highly regarded leaders. Aldo Moro was the leader that was trying to replicate the inclusion of the socialist party with the communist one, a highly contested manoeuvre in conservative circles. This policy became known as parallel convergences, or the historic compromise. However, this policy was no longer considered after Moro's murder, as the Red Brigades that kidnapped him claimed to be communist, although they did not support the communist party. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... The term Historic Compromise (Italian:compromesso storico) most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the 1970s, after the latter embraced eurocommunism. ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as BR) were a terrorist group located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the Western Alliance...

Many conspiracy theories flourished about Moro's murder, and an account satisfactory for all parties involved may never be found. The main issues were: A conspiracy theory attempts to attribute the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually political, social, or historical events), or the concealment of such causes from public knowledge, to a secret, and often deceptive, plot by a covert alliance of powerful or influential people or organizations. ...

• When Moro was abducted, the government immediately took a hardline position: the "State must not bend" on terrorist requests. This was a much different position than the one kept in the kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo, a minor political figure for which the government negotiated with terrorists. It has been suggested that some politicians, especially Giulio Andreotti, took the chance of getting rid of a political competitor by letting the terrorists execute him.
• It has been claimed that the hideout of the Red Brigades in Rome where Moro was kept prisoner contained material received from Italian and/or NATO secret services. Also, more than one member of the BR commando would have been an undercover agent of some government agency, but these claims are inherently difficult to substantiate.
• Moro wrote a series of letters^[1] during his time as a captive, at times very critical of Andreotti. These letters were kept secret for decades, and published only in the early nineties.

After the recovery of Moro's body in a road midway between the headquarters of the Christian Democracy and the Communist party in Rome (with a clear symbolism), the Minister of the Interior Francesco Cossiga resigned, gaining trust from the Communist party, which would later make him the first President of the Republic to be elected at the first ballot. Giulio Andreotti Giulio Andreotti (born in Rome, 14 January 1919) is an Italian political figure, among the most powerful in post-war Italy. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of the Interior since 1861. ... Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. ... This is the list of Presidents of the Italian Republic with the title since 1948. ...

Corruption and relations to the Mafia

Having ruled the nation for over 40 years with no alternative other than the Communist party, DC members had ample opportunity to abuse their power, and undoubtedly some did.

In the 1960s an MP was indirectly involved in the so-called Montesi scandal (a girl killed after a drug party), and president of Italy Giovanni Leone himself was forced to resign after a scandal involving Lockheed aeroplanes. The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ... Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone (Naples, November 3, 1908 - November 9, 2001) was Prime Minister of Italy from June 21, 1963 to November 5, 1963 and again from June 24, 1968 to November 19, 1968. ... The Lockheed SR-71, remarkably advanced for its time and unsurpassed in many areas of performance The Lockheed U-2 first flew in 1955 providing much needed intelligence on Soviet bloc countries Lockheed Corporation was an aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta in 1995 to form...

The scandal regarding the secret society P2 forced the premier Arnaldo Forlani to resign, because he had delayed the publication of the member list (among which many high-ranking bureaucrats, enterpreneurs, army generals and also Silvio Berlusconi). P2 is the common name for the Italian Freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due (Italian: Propaganda Two). ... Arnaldo Forlani (born Pesaro, Marche December 8, 1925) was Prime Minister of Italy from October 18, 1980 through May 26, 1981. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ...

Minister of Public Health Carlo Donat-Cattin was supposedly helped by the minister of Internal Affairs, Francesco Cossiga, to let his son Marco escape from the police while wanted as a terrorist of Prima Linea.

In 1992 an investigation was started in Milan, dubbed Mani Pulite. It uncovered endemic corruption practices at the highest levels, causing many spectacular (and sometimes controversial) arrests and resignations. After two years of mounting scandal and divisions, the party disbanded in 1994. Party treasurer Severino Citaristi became the recordman of investigations, with an impressive 72 investigations on him. 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Milan (Italian: ; Lombard: Milán (listen)) is one of the biggest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. ... Mani pulite (Italian for clean hands) was a nationwide Italian police investigation into political corruption held in the 1990s, following the scandal of Banco Ambrosiano in 1982, which implicated mafia, Vatican Bank and P2. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ...

Being the party's stronghold in the Italian south, it was likely that the Mafia and dishonest politicians may try to collaborate. Of all government parties, DC was the most associated with Mafia in the popular opinion. Leaders as Antonio Gava, Vito Ciancimino, Ciriaco De Mita and especially Giulio Andreotti were perceived by many to belong to a gray zone between simple corruption and mafia business. The Mafia (also referred to as Cosa Nostra or the Mob), is a criminal secret society which first developed in the mid-19th century in Sicily. ... Antonio Gava (born July 30, 1930 in Castellammare di Stabia) is an Italian politician and member of Christian Democracy. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Ciriaco Luigi de Mita (born February 2, 1928) is an Italian politician. ... Giulio Andreotti Giulio Andreotti (born in Rome, 14 January 1919) is an Italian political figure, among the most powerful in post-war Italy. ...

In the 80s, the "Pentapartito" (five-party coalition) made up of Christian Democracy, Italian Socialist Party, Italian Socialist Democratic Party, Italian Republican Party and Italian Liberal Party was started as a government alliance. Its main aim was to keep the Italian Communist Party away from power. However, after a disappointing result in the elections of 1983 (just 34.8%), DC was forced to give away the premiership to the powerful secretary of the Italian Socialist Party, Bettino Craxi. Craxi stayed in office for 4 years, allowing DC representatives as ministers of internal and foreign affairs. The 4-year-long absence from the premiership only made things worse for DC; Craxi and his PSI became popular, and were seen as the real reforming party. However, after polling in 1987 the same electoral result of 1983, it still had the right to return to Palazzo Chigi. The following 5 years saw 3 prime ministers and a detoriating economic policy which nearly bought Italy to a financial disaster. Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s - 110s - 120s - 130s 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Note: Sometimes 80s is used as shorthand for the 1980s, the 1880s, or other such decades in different centuries. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Italian Social Democratic Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, often shortened to , PSDI) was founded in 1952 by the union of two parties: the Unitarian Socialist Party and the Workers Socialist Party. ... The Italian Republican Party (Partito Repubblicano Italiano) is an old left liberal party in Italy, with roots to Giuseppe Mazzini. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Benedetto (Bettino) Craxi (Milan, February 24, 1934 – Hammamet, Tunisia, January 19, 2000) was an Italian politician, Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987 and head of the Italian Socialist Party from 1976 to 1993. ... Reform can refer to: Reform (think tank) Reform, Alabama Reform Judaism Reform movement Reform of an individual, from conditions stemming from crime, drugs, or physical maladies. ...

In the nineties, some of these politicians were acquitted, and their supporters claim this vindicates them. However, skeptics point out that many times these acquittals are based on the trial exceeding, sometimes narrowly, the statutory time limit, as it was the case for Andreotti. In some cases, though not in Andreotti's, this type of expiration was actively sought by employing delaying tactics. A statute of limitations is a statute in a common law legal system that sets forth the maximum period of time, after certain events, that legal proceedings based on those events may be initiated. ...

After 1994

In January 1994 the last DC secretary Mino Martinazzoli decided to change the name of the party, which had suffered many defeats in 1993 local elections, into Italian People's Party. The Italian Peoples Party (PPI) was that party that succeded in January 1994 to the Christian Democracy. ...

Pierferdinando Casini and Clemente Mastella, representing the centre-right faction of the party (previously led by Arnaldo Forlani) decided to launch a new party called Christian Democratic Centre and to make an alliance with the new party of Silvio Berlusconi, Forza Italia. A leftish faction founded the Social Christians, which decided to enter in coalition with the Democratic Party of the Left. Pierferdinando (or Pier Ferdinando) Casini (born on 3 December 1955 in Bologna, Italy) is a Italian politician, President of the Chamber of Deputies, and member of the Democrats Centre Union (UDC) party. ... Mario Clemente Mastella (born 5 February 1947 in Ceppaloni, Benevento) is an Italian politician. ... Arnaldo Forlani (born Pesaro, Marche December 8, 1925) was Prime Minister of Italy from October 18, 1980 through May 26, 1981. ... The Christian Democratic Center was a political party born from a split from Italy Peoples Party (direct heir of the Christian Democracy) in 1994. ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... Forza Italia (Forward Italy) is an Italian party. ... Social Christians (Italian: Cristiano Sociali) is a social democratic party of the Christian Left founded in 1993. ... The Democratic Party of the Left (Italian: Partito democratico della Sinistra, or PdS) was the evolution in a social-democratic direction of the Italian Communist Party, or PCI. It was founded by Achille Occhetto, last secretary of the PCI and first of the PdS. The logo of the PdS consisted...

In any case many Christian Democrats decided to join directly Forza Italia, and in the years to come Forza Italia would have become the party with more ex-members of DC in absolute terms. Forza Italia (Forward Italy) is an Italian party. ... Forza Italia (Forward Italy) is an Italian party. ...

Ideology

The party's ideological sources are principally to be found in democratic and social Catholic doctrines of the 19th century (see Christian democracy), developed in France by Buchez, Lamennais and Le Play, and in Italy by Giuseppe Toniolo and Romolo Murri; in addition, the movement gained limited elements from liberal and social-democratic influences. Christian Democracy is a diverse political ideology and movement. ... Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais (June 19, 1782 - February 27, 1854), was a French priest, and philosophical and political writer. ...

Of particular influence were the two Papal encyclicals, Rerum novarum (1891) of Pope Leo XIII, and Quadragesimo anno (1931) of Pope Pius XI, which were offered a basis for social and political doctrine; in economy, DC opposed the concept of cooperation to competition, and rejected Marxism's idea of conflict among social classes. The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... An encyclical was a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church. ... Rerum Novarum (Translation: Of New Things) is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on May 15, 1891. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Pope Leo XIII (March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Pope Pius IX (1846–78) on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his death in 1903. ... Quadragesimo Anno is an encyclical by Pope Pius XI, issued 15 May 1931, 40 years after Rerum Novarum (thus the name, Latin for the fortieth year). Written as a response to the Great Depression, it calls for the establishment of a social order based on the principle of subsidiarity. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... This article is about cooperation as used in the social sciences. ... Competition is the act of striving against another force for the purpose of achieving dominance or attaining a reward or goal, or out of a biological imperative such as survival. ... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a Marxist, libertarian socialist, or anarchist perspective. ...

The so-called "leftist wing" of DC, originating with Dossetti, Giorgio La Pira, and Lazzati (represented by the magazine Cronache Sociali), advocated dialogue with leftist parties and gave birth to the concept of center-left, proposing governments with minority socialist participation. Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

See also

• Secretaries of Democrazia Cristiana

This is a list of national secretaries of the Italian Christian Democracy Categories: ...

References

1. ^ Aldo Moro's letters from the "People's prison" (Italian).

External links

• Archive of DC posters
• Archive of DC posters, part 2

 

Historical Italian political parties (active parties: simple version, complete version)

Communist: Communist Party of Italy, Italian Communist Party, Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Party of Italy, Union of Italian Communists (Marxist-Leninist), Proletarian Unity Party, Organisation of Communists of Italy (Marxist-Leninists), Movement of Unitarian Communists, Popular Democracy (United Left) Socialist and social-democratic: Italian Socialist Party, Italian Reform Socialist Party, United Socialist Party (1922), Labour Democratic Party, Italian Socialist Workers' Party, United Socialist Party (1949), Italian Democratic Socialist Party, Unified Socialist Party, Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity, Democratic Party of the Left, Movement for Democracy – The Net, Italian Socialists, Socialist League, Reform Socialist Party, Social Christians, Socialist Party, Socialist Unity Green: Rainbow Greens Social liberal: Action Party, Radical Party, Democratic Alliance, Democratic Union, The Democrats Liberal: Italian Liberal Party, Uomo Qualunque Front, Centre Union, Liberal Party Centrist: Patto Segni, Italian Renewal Regionalist: Fronte Marco Polo Christian democratic: Italian People's Party (1919), Christian Democracy, Italian People's Party (1994), Christian Democratic Centre, United Christian Democrats, Christian Democrats for the Republic, Democratic Union for the Republic, European Democracy Conservative: Monarchist National Party, People's Monarchist Party, Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity, National Democracy Fascist and neo-fascist: Fascist National Party, Italian Social Movement, National Vanguard, National Front Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... The Fourth Estate The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Party of Italy (in Italian: Partito Rivoluzionario (marxista-leninista) dItalia) was a political party in Italy, formed following a split from the Federation of Marxist-Leninist Communists of Italy. ... Union of Italian Communists (Marxist-Leninist) (Italian:Unione dei Comunisti Italiani (marxisti-leninisti)), was a pro-Chinese communist group in Italy. ... The Proletarian Unity Party (Italian: Partito di Unità Proletaria, PdUP) was a political party in Italy. ... Organisation of Communists of Italy (marxist-leninists) (in Italian: Organizzazione dei Comunisti dItalia (marxisti-leninisti)), initially known as Communist Committee (m-l) of Bologna (Comitato Comunista (m-l) di Bologna), was a communist group in Italy, founded around 1968. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Italian Reform Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Riformista Italiano) was formed in 1912 by those leading reformist politicians who were expelled from the Italian Socialist Party for their desire of entering in the majority supporting Prime Minister Antonio Giolitti. ... The Labour Democratic Party (Partito Democratico del Lavoro) was a progressive party founded in 1943 by some former members of the Italian Reform Socialist Party, formed by those Socialists who wanted to cooperate with the Liberal political guard who governed Italy from the days of Giovanni Giolitti. ... The Italian Democratic Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, PSDI) was an Italian centre-left party. ... Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (in Italian: Partito Socialista Italiano di Unità Proletaria), was a political party in Italy 1964 to 1972. ... The Democratic Party of the Left (Italian: Partito democratico della Sinistra, or PdS) was the evolution in a social-democratic direction of the Italian Communist Party, or PCI. It was founded by Achille Occhetto, last secretary of the PCI and first of the PdS. The logo of the PdS consisted... Italian Socialists (Socialisti Italiani) was an Italian political party in existance from 1994 to 1998. ... Social Christians (Italian: Cristiano Sociali) is a social democratic party of the Christian Left founded in 1993. ... The Action Party (Partito dAzione, PdA) was an Italian political party. ... See Italian Radicals (disambiguation). ... The Democratic Alliance was an Italian political party that was originally meant to be the container of an alliance of left-wing forces for the parliamentary elections of 1994. ... The Democratic Union was a little social-liberal party formed for 1996 elections by Antonio Maccanico (president of the party until 1999), Willer Bordon and Giorgio Benvenuto. ... The Italian Liberal Party (Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI) was an Italian liberal party. ... The Uomo Qualunque Front (Fronte dellUomo Qualunque) was a short-lived conservative and conservative party in Italy. ... The Centre Union (Unione di Centro, UdC) was a small Italian political party, founded in 1994 after the disbanding of the Italian Liberal Party by some important Liberal figures, as Alfredo Biondi and Raffaele Costa. ... The Italian Liberal Party (Italian: Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI) is an Italian free market liberal party. ... The Italian Renewal party was founded in 1996 by Lamberto Dini (at that time prime minister) with some former-Liberals as Natale DAmico, former Socialists as Tiziano Treu, former Christian Democrats as Augusto Fantozzi, former Republicans as Gianantonio Mazzocchin and former Social Democrats. ... Party founded in Veneto by Fabio Padovan and Giorgio Vido for the 2000 regional elections, merged in the Liga Fronte Veneto in 2001. ... The Christian Democratic Center was a political party born from a split from Italy Peoples Party (direct heir of the Christian Democracy) in 1994. ... The United Christian Democrats is a late christian-democratic party of Italy, born in 1995 by a split, led by Rocco Buttiglione (secretary of the Italian Peoples Party in 1994-95), Roberto Formigoni and Gianfranco Rotondi, of those members of the Italian Peoples Party who wanted to enter... The Democratic Union for the Republic (Unione Democratica per la Repubblica, UDR) was a short-lived christian-democratic and liberal political party in Italy. ... Party founded in 2000 by Sergio DAntoni, former head of the Catholic-oriented trade union called CISL, Giulio Andreotti and Ortensio Zecchino, all spliters of the Italian Peoples Party. ... The Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (Partito Democratico Italiano di Unità Monarchica) was the continuation of the Italian Democratic Party, a monarchist party founded in 1959 by the union of the Peoples Monarchist Party and the National Monarchist Party. ... The Democrazia Nazionale party was a spin-off of Movimento Sociale Italiano, after the electoral defeat of 1976. ... The Fascist National Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF) was an Italian party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Fascism (previously represented by groups known as Fasci; see also Italian fascism). ... The Italian Social Movement (Movimento sociale italiano ) (MSI) was a neo-Fascist party formed 1946 in the post-World War II period by supporters of the executed dictator Benito Mussolini under the lead of Giorgio Almirante. ... The National Vanguard (Avanguardia Nazionale) was a far right movement formed as a breakaway group from the Italian Social Movement by Stefano Delle Chiaie in 1960. ... Leftist coalition: Popular Democratic Front, Proletarian Democracy, Alliance of Progressives, Socialists United for Europe, New Country, The Sunflower, Together with the Union Liberal coalition: National Democratic Union, National Bloc Christian democratic coalition: Pact for Italy, Whiteflower Centre-right coalition: Pole of Freedoms, Pole of Good Government, Pole for Freedoms, Abolition of Deduction Conservative coalition: National Bloc of Freedom Proletarian Democracy (Democrazia Proletaria, DP) was a political party in Italy. ... The Alliance of Progressives (Alleanza dei Progressisti) was an left-wing electoral coalition in Italy in 1994. ... The Partito Socialista Nuovo PSI is a small Italian socialist party. ... Electoral symbol Together with the Union () was an electoral coalition in the 2006 Italian Senatorial election. ...