This article is about a special video effect. For the band of the same name, see Chroma Key.
The bluescreen setup. Shadows and uneven lighting can be corrected for during the process. Chroma key is a technique for blending two images, in which a color (or a small color range) from one image is removed (or made transparent), revealing another image behind it. This technique is also referred to as color keying, colour-separation overlay (CSO; primarily by the BBC[1]), greenscreen, and bluescreen. It is commonly used for weather forecast broadcasts, wherein the presenter appears to be standing in front of a large map, but in the studio it is actually a large blue or green background. In music, a band is a company of musicians, or musical ensemble, usually popular or folk, playing parts of or improvising a musical arrangement on different musical instruments. ...
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Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1280x1032, 84 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bluescreen ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1280x1032, 84 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bluescreen ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1160x969, 134 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bluescreen ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1160x969, 134 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bluescreen ...
Color is an important part of the visual arts. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into image (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ...
Modern weather predictions aid in timely evacuations and potentially save lives and property damage Weather map of Europe, 10 December 1887 Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. ...
For other uses, see Map (disambiguation). ...
For the illustrated magazine, see Studio Magazine. ...
History
Prior to the introduction of digital compositing, the process was complex and time consuming known as "traveling matte". The blue screen and and traveling matte method were developed in the 1930s and were used to create special effects for The Thief of Baghdad. Digital compositing is the process of digitally assembling multiple images to make a final image, typically for print, motion pictures or screen display. ...
Mattes are used in photography and filmmaking to insert part of a foreground image onto a background image, which is often a matte painting, a background filmed by the second unit, or computer generated imagery. ...
This is about the 1940 film starring Sabu. ...
The credit for development of the blue screen is given to Larry Butler, who won the Academy Award for Special Effects for the Thief of Baghdad in 1940. He had invented the blue screen and traveling matte technique in order to achieve the visual effects which were unprecedented in 1940. He was also the first special effects man to have created these effects in Technicolor, which was in its infancy at the time. Logo celebrating Technicolors 90th Anniversary Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation (a subsidiary of Technicolor, Inc. ...
In 1950, Warner Bros. employee and ex-Kodak researcher Arthur Widmer began working on an ultra violet traveling matte process. He also began developing bluescreen techniques: one of the first films to use them was the 1958 adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novella, The Old Man and the Sea, starring Spencer Tracy. [2] “WB†redirects here. ...
Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ...
Arthur Widmer (born 25 July 1914 in Washington DC, died 28 May 2006 in Los Angeles) was a film special effects pioneer. ...
Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ...
Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. ...
The Old Man and the Sea is a novella by Ernest Hemingway written in Cuba in 1951 and published in 1952. ...
Spencer Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was a two-time Academy Award-winning American film and stage actor who appeared in 74 films from 1930 to 1967. ...
The background footage was shot first and the actor or model was filmed against a bluescreen carrying out their actions. To simply place the foreground shot over the background shot would create a ghostly image over a blue-tinged background. The actor or model must be separated from the background and placed into a specially-made "hole" in the background footage. The bluescreen shot was first rephotographed through a blue filter so that only the background is exposed. A special film is used that creates a black and white negative image — a black background with a subject-shaped hole in the middle. This is called a 'female matte'. The bluescreen shot was then rephotographed again, this time through a red and green filter so that only the foreground image was cast on film, creating a black silhouette on an unexposed (clear) background. This is called a 'male matte'.
The background image is then rephotographed through the male matte, and the shot rephotographed through the female matte. An optical printer with two projectors, a film camera and a 'beam splitter' combines the images together one frame at a time. This part of the process must be very carefully controlled to ensure the absence of 'black lines'. During the 1980s, minicomputers were used to control the optical printer. For The Empire Strikes Back, Richard Edlund created a 'quad optical printer' that accelerated the process considerably and saved money. He received a special Academy Award for his innovation. An optical printer with two projector heads, used in producing movie special effects. ...
Movie poster Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back is the sequel to the first released Star Wars movie, and the second film released in the original trilogy. ...
Richard Edlund (December 6, 1940) is a multiple Academy Award- winning US special effects photographer. ...
Academy Award The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are the most prominent and most watched film awards ceremony in the world. ...
One drawback to the traditional traveling matte is that the cameras shooting the images to be composited can't be easily synchronized. For decades, such matte shots had to be done "locked-down" so that neither the matted subject nor the background would move at all. Later, computer-timed motion control cameras alleviated this problem, as both the foreground and background could be filmed with the exact same camera moves. Motion control photography is a special effects technique used in film that creates the illusion of size from small models by moving a small camera by the model at very slow speeds. ...
Petro Vlahos was awarded an Academy Award for his development of these techniques. His technique exploits the fact that most objects in real-world scenes have a color whose blue color component is similar in intensity to their green color component. Zbig Rybczynski also contributed to bluescreen technology. Petro Vlahos is a Hollywood special effects pioneer who developed the color-difference bluescreen process for the Motion Picture Research Council and founded the Ultimatte Corporation in Chatsworth, California, in 1976. ...
Zbigniew Rybczynski was a filmmaker who won numerous prestigious industry awards internationally. ...
Some films make heavy use of chroma key to add backgrounds that are constructed entirely using computer-generated imagery (CGI). Performances from different takes can even be composited together, which allows actors to be filmed separately and then placed together in the same scene. Chroma key allows performers to appear to be in any location without even leaving the studio. Computer-generated imagery (commonly abbreviated as CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics (or more specifically, 3D computer graphics) to special effects in films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media. ...
Computer development also made it easier to incorporate motion into composited shots, even when using handheld cameras. Reference-points can now be placed onto the colored background (usually as a painted grid, X's marked with tape, or equally spaced tennis balls attached to the wall). In post-production, a computer can use the references to adjust the position of the background, making it match the movement of the foreground perfectly.
In the past decade, the use of green has become dominant in film special effects. The main reason for this is that green not only has a higher luminance value than blue but also in early digital formats the green channel was sampled twice as often as the blue, making it easier to work with. The choice of color is up to the effects artists and the needs of the specific shot. Red is usually avoided due to its prevalence in normal human skin pigments, but can be often used for objects and scenes which do not involve people.
Weathermen often use a field monitor to the side of the screen to see where they are putting their hands. A newer technique is to project a faint image onto the screen.
The process The principal subject is filmed or photographed against a background consisting of a single color or a relatively narrow range of colors, usually blue or green because these colors are considered to be the furthest away from skin tone. The portions of the video which match the preselected color are replaced by the alternate background video. This process is commonly known as "keying", "keying out" or simply a "key". For other uses, see Blue (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Green (disambiguation). ...
In graphics and visual effects, keying is an informal term for compositing two full frame images together, by discriminating the visual information into values of color and light. ...
In analog color TV, color is represented by the phase of the chroma subcarrier relative to a reference oscillator. Chroma key is achieved by comparing the phase of the video to the phase corresponding to the preselected color. In-phase portions of the video are replaced by the alternate background video.
In digital color TV, color is represented by a triple of numbers (red, green, blue). Chroma key is achieved by a simple numerical comparison between the video and the preselected color. If the color at a particular point on the screen matches (either exactly, or in a range), then the video at that point is replaced by the alternate background video.
Clothing A chroma key subject must not wear clothing similar in color to the chroma key color(s) (unless intentional), because the clothing may be replaced with the background video. An example of intentional use of this is when an actor wears a blue covering over a part of their body to make it invisible in the final shot. This technique is used in the Harry Potter films, to make Harry's cloak appear to be invisible.
Above: An example of a CSO studio Image File history File links Utv_cso_studio. ...
Image File history File links Utv_cso_studio. ...
Background Blue is generally used for both weather maps and special effects because it is complementary to human skin tone. However, in many instances, green has become the favored color because digital cameras retain more detail in the green channel and it requires less light than blue. Also, the green background is favored over blue for outdoors filming where the blue sky might appear in the frame and could accidentaly be replaced in the process. Although green and blue are the most common, any color can be used. Occasionally, a magenta background is used. For other uses, see Blue (disambiguation). ...
Special effects (abbreviated SPFX or SFX) are used in the film, television, and entertainment industry to create effects that cannot be achieved by normal means, such as depicting travel to other star systems. ...
Complementary colors are pairs of colors that are in some way opposites of each other. ...
This article is about modern humans. ...
Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ...
For other uses, see Green (disambiguation). ...
Magenta is a color made up of equal parts of red and blue light. ...
With better imaging and hardware, many companies are avoiding the confusion often experienced by weather presenters, who must otherwise watch themselves on a monitor to see the image shown behind them, by lightly projecting a copy of the background image onto the blue/green screen. This allows the presenter to accurately point and look at the map without referring to monitors.
Even lighting The most difficult part of setting up a bluescreen or greenscreen is even lighting and the avoidance of shadow, because it is ideal to have as narrow a color range as possible being replaced. A shadow would present itself as a darker color to the camera and might not register for replacement. This can sometimes be seen in low-budget or live broadcasts where the errors cannot be manually repaired. The material being used affects the quality and ease of having it evenly lit. Materials which reflect light will be far less successful than those that do not. A plastic sheet will reflect light and have a hotspot in the center which will come out as a pale area, while the edges may be darkened. A cotton sheet will absorb more light and have a more even color range. Recently a much simpler and easier way to create an evenly lit background has been developed. By using screens made from a retroreflective fabric illuminated by a ring of LEDs around the camera lens it is possible to produce very even bright blue or green backgrounds whilst only consuming around five watts. Products such as Reflecmedia's Chromatte and LiteRing systems enable chroma key backgrounds to be created very simply and quickly, freeing the user to concentrate on lighting the foreground creatively. The systems are extremely energy efficient and enable users to create virtual studios in areas where space and energy are at a premium. Shadows on pavement A shadow is a region of darkness where light is blocked. ...
See also This article is about how chroma keying can be achieved within the context of computer programming Chroma keying is a technique that is used to remove a color from an image and show a different image in place of that color. ...
Composite video, also called CVBS (Composite Video Blanking and Sync), is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier. ...
Federal Standard 1037C, entitled Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms is a United States Federal Standard, issued by the General Services Administration pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended. ...
Drew Careys Green Screen Show is an improvisational comedy television series that aired in the fall of 2004 on The WB Television Network, and the fall of 2005 on Comedy Central. ...
Film production on location in Newark, New Jersey. ...
A front projection effect is an in-camera visual effects process in film production for combining foreground performance with pre-filmed background footage. ...
Mattes are used in photography and filmmaking to insert part of a foreground image onto a background image, which is often a matte painting, a background filmed by the second unit, or computer generated imagery. ...
An optical printer with two projector heads, used in producing movie special effects. ...
Rear projection effect is an in-camera special effects technique in film production for combining foreground performances with pre-filmed backgrounds. ...
Reverse bluescreen is a special effects technique pioneered by John Dykstra for shooting the flying sequences in the film Firefox. ...
Signal processing is the processing, amplification and interpretation of signals, and deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. ...
The sodium vapor process (ocassionally referred to as yellowscreen) was an old technique for combining actors and background footage. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
References - ^ The Production Guide: Glossary: Post Production (English). Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
- ^ http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2246/2005-2-14/90@206385.htm
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
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