Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 63 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 2 and 2.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. Figure 1: Chromosome. ... This article is about modern humans. ... Headline text this website sucks your mothers dickIn molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). ... The general structure of a section of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. ... Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ...

Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 19 likely contains between 1,300 and 1,700 genes. This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ...

Genes

The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 19:

• APOE: apolipoprotein E
• BCKDHA: branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide (maple syrup urine disease)
• DMPK: dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase
• GCDH: glutaryl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase
• HAMP: hepcidin antimicrobial peptide
• NOTCH3: Notch homolog 3 (Drosophila)
• PRX: periaxin
• SLC5A5: solute carrier family 5 (sodium iodide symporter), member 5
• STK11: serine/threonine kinase 11 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)

HAMP (hepcidin antimicrobial peptide) is a human gene that instructs cells to manufacture a small protein called hepcidin, which was originally identified as having antimicrobial properties. ...

Diseases

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19:

• Alzheimer disease
• Alzheimer disease, type 2
• CADASIL
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 4
• congenital hypothyroidism
• glutaric acidemia type 1
• hemochromatosis
• hemochromatosis, type 2
• maple syrup urine disease
• myotonic dystrophy
• myotonic dystrophy, type 1
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

CADASIL stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy and is a genetic disorder characterised by migraines with aura and cerebrovascular disease causing dementia and stroke. ... The foot of a person with Charcot-Marie-Tooth. ... Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition of thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. ... Haemochromatosis, also spelled hemochromatosis, is a hereditary disease characterized by improper processing by the body of dietary iron which causes iron to accumulate in a number of body tissues, eventually causing organ dysfunction. ... Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited genetic disorder in which the body is unable to process certain amino acids properly, unmetabolised amino acids are passed in the urine giving it a distinctive maple syrup odour. ... Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults, and is the second most common muscular dystrophy after Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ... Peutz-Jeghers is an autosomal dominant genetic disease. ...

References

• Gilbert F (1997). “Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 19”. Genet Test 1 (2): 145-9. PMID 10464639.
• Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U, Goodstein D, Couronne O, Tran-Gyamfi M, Aerts A, Altherr M, Ashworth L, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caenepeel S, Carrano A, Caoile C, Chan YM, Christensen M, Cleland CA, Copeland A, Dalin E, Dehal P, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Garcia C, Georgescu AM, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Ho I, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Larionov V, Leem SH, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Malfatti S, Martinez D, McCready P, Medina C, Morgan J, Nelson K, Nolan M, Ovcharenko I, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Popkie AP, Predki P, Quan G, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, She X, Smith D, Slezak T, Solovyev V, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wagner M, Wheeler J, Wu K, Xie G, Yang J, Dubchak I, Furey TS, DeJong P, Dickson M, Gordon D, Eichler EE, Pennacchio LA, Richardson P, Stubbs L, Rokhsar DS, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Lucas SM (2004). “The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19”. Nature 428 (6982): 529-35. PMID 15057824.