Chromosome 2 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans^[1]. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 2 is the second largest human chromosome, spanning more than 237 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and representing almost 8% of the total DNA in cells. Figure 1: Chromosome. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ... Headline text this website sucks your mothers dickIn molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). ... The general structure of a section of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. ... Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ...

Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 2 likely contains between 1,300 and 1,800 genes^{[citation needed]} This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ...

Evolution

Chromosome 2 is widely accepted to be a result of a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes. The evidence for this is the correspondence of chromosome 2 to two ape chromosomes and the presence of a vestigial centromere and vestigial telomeres. ^[2] The human vermiform appendix is a vestigial structure: it no longer retains its original function. ... The centromere is a region on chromosomes with a special sequence and structure. ... A telomere is a region of highly repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome that functions as a disposable buffer. ...

Genes

The following genes are located on chromosome 2:

• ABCA12: ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 12
• AGXT: alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (oxalosis I; hyperoxaluria I; glycolicaciduria; serine-pyruvate aminotransferase)
• ALMS1: Alstrom syndrome 1
• ALS2: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 (juvenile)
• BMPR2: bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II (serine/threonine kinase)
• COL3A1: collagen, type III, alpha 1 (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, autosomal dominant)
• COL4A3: collagen, type IV, alpha 3 (Goodpasture antigen)
• COL4A4: collagen, type IV, alpha 4
• COL5A2: collagen, type V, alpha 2
• HADHA: hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit
• HADHB: hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit
• MSH2: mutS homolog 2, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E. coli)
• MSH6: mutS homolog 6 (E. coli)
• NR4A2: nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2
• OTOF: otoferlin
• PAX3: paired box gene 3 (Waardenburg syndrome 1)
• PAX8: paired box gene 8
• SLC40A1: solute carrier family 40 (iron-regulated transporter), member 1
• TPO: thyroid peroxidase

ABCA12 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 12) is a gene that belongs to a group of genes called the ATP-binding cassette family, which makes proteins that transport molecules across cell membranes. ... TPO, a three letter acronym, can mean: transmitter power output a Travelling Post Office mail train ti-pi-o (ティーピーオー), Japanese English for Time (時), Place (場所), Occasion (場合) it is used for the platelet growth factor thrombopoietin This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid... Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme (EC 1. ...

Related diseases

The following diseases are related to genes located on chromosome 2:

• Alport syndrome
• Alström syndrome
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, type 2
• Congenital hypothyroidism
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, classical type
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type
• Harlequin ichthyosis
• Hemochromatosis
• Hemochromatosis, type 4
• Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
• Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis
• Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis
• Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
• Maturity onset diabetes of the young type 6
• Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency
• Nonsyndromic deafness
• Nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal recessive
• Primary hyperoxaluria
• Primary pulmonary hypertension
• Waardenburg syndrome

Alport syndrome is a hereditary disease characterized by hematuria. ... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs disease, Maladie de Charcot or motor neurone disease) is a progressive, almost invariably fatal neurological disease. ... Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) is a condition of thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. ... Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of rare genetic disorders that diminish the bodys ability to make connective tissues. ... Haemochromatosis, also spelled hemochromatosis, is a hereditary disease characterized by improper processing by the body of dietary iron which causes iron to accumulate in a number of body tissues, eventually causing organ dysfunction. ... Hereditary nonpolypsis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is characterized by an increased risk of colon cancer and other cancers such as endometrium, ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin. ... Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, often shortened to LCHAD deficiency is a rare genetic disorder that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during periods of fasting. ... Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) refers to any of several rare hereditary forms of diabetes mellitus due to dominantly inherited defects of insulin secretion. ... Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency is a rare inherited condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during periods without food . ... Nonsyndromic deafness is hearing loss that is not associated with other signs and symptoms. ... In medicine, pulmonary hypertension (PH) or pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery or lung vasculature. ... Waardenburg syndrome is an inherited disorder associated with hearing loss and changes in skin and hair pigmentation. ...

See also

• Genes of the Chromosome 2 fusion site

The Chimpanzee Genome Project is an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the genome of the closest living human relatives. ...

References

1. ^ Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK (2005). "Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4". Nature 434 (7034): 724-31. PMID 15815621.
2. ^ Human Chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes by Alec MacAndrew, Accessed 18 May 2006