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The typical number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46 - two pairs of 23 - holding an estimated 30,000 to 35,000 genes.
To help identify chromosomes, the pairs have been numbered from 1 to 22, with the 23rd pair labeled "X" and "Y." In addition, each chromosome arm is defined further by numbering the bands that appear after staining; the higher the number, the further that area is from the centromere.
Chromosome abnormalities can be inherited from a parent (such as a translocation) or be "de novo" (new to the individual).