| | This article does not cite any references or sources. (May 2007) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. | The Church of South India (C.S.I.) is a union of many Protestant Christian churches spread throughout South India. It is the largest Protestant Church in India and second largest denomination in terms of size (after the Catholic Church in India). It is one of the four United Churches in the Anglican Communion. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
Photograph by Keith Edkins File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 437 Ã 599 pixelsFull resolution (2220 Ã 3042 pixel, file size: 3. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 437 Ã 599 pixelsFull resolution (2220 Ã 3042 pixel, file size: 3. ...
St. ...
An old 18 century sketch of the fort. ...
Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
St. ...
South India is a linguistic-cultural region of India that comprises the four states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the two Union Territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry, whose inhabitants are collectively referred to as South Indians. ...
Cross reputedly inscribed by Thomas the Apostle in Roman Catholic shrine dedicated to him in Chennai, India The Roman Catholic Church in India is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of the Pope and curia in Rome. ...
Main article: Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is a world-wide affiliation of Anglican Churches. ...
The inspiration for this Union was born out of ecumenism inspired by the self-pronouncing words of Jesus Christ as found in Gospel of John, 17.21 - That they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me. "That they all may be one" is on the logo and is the motto of the Church of South India. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: Ecumenism (also oecumenism, Åcumenism...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
For other uses, see Gospel of John (disambiguation). ...
History
CSI English Wesley Church in Broadway, Chennai. This is one of the oldest Methodist Churches in the Asia Pacific region The C.S.I. was inaugurated in September 1947 at St. George's Cathedral Chennai. It was formed from the union of Anglican, Methodist, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Reformed churches in South India. Later in the 1990's, a small number of Baptist and Pentecostal churches joined the movement. The decision of merging South India's Protestant denominations began at a 1919 conference at Tranquebar (Tarangambadi), and the process was completed shortly after India's Independence. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 Ã 3072 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 Ã 3072 pixel, file size: 2. ...
, âMadrasâ redirects here. ...
St. ...
This box: Anglicanism most commonly refers to the beliefs and practices of the Anglican Communion, a world-wide affiliation of Christian Churches, most of which have historical connections with the Church of England. ...
For other uses, see Methodism (disambiguation). ...
Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ...
Presbyterianism is a tradition shared by a number of Christian denominations which is most prevalent within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity. ...
The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Baptist is...
The Pentecostal movement within Protestant Christianity places special emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit. ...
Tranquebar, 1600. ...
The creation of the Church of South India was a historic event in Christendom where, for the first time, churches with Episcopal and non-Episcopal traditions decided to form a union. The C.S.I. was one of the earliest forms of the united and uniting church. It has been suggested that episcopal be merged into this article or section. ...
United and uniting churches are churches that bring together (or unite) different (predominantly) Protestant denominations in one organisation. ...
Administration The church is organized into 22 Dioceses, each under the supervision of a Bishop, including one Diocese within Jaffna, Sri Lanka. The Church is governed by a Synod with headquarters in Madras (Chennai), which every two years elects a presiding Bishop, called a Moderator, who serves as head of the church. The Church has 3.8 million members in 14,000 congregations worldwide. The great majority of members are in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. There are International representations in Sri Lanka, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: This article...
Jaffna District. ...
A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. ...
Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ...
âAndhraâ redirects here. ...
, Karnataka (Kannada: à²à²¨à²¾à³¯à²à², IPA: ) is a state in the southern part of India. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´àµà´°à´³à´; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...
The C.S.I. runs 2000 schools, 130 colleges and 104 hospitals in South India. In the 1960s the Church became conscious of its social responsibility and started organizing rural development projects. There are 50 such projects all over India, 50 training centers for young people, and 500 residential hostels for a total of 35,000 children.
Present Administrators - Moderator - The Most Revd. Dr. B P Sugandhar, Bishop-in-Medak
- Deputy Moderator - Rt. Revd. S. Vasantha Kumar, Bishop-in-Karnataka Central
- General Secretary - Dr. Mrs. Pauline Sathiamurthy
- Treasurer - Mr. V. Kasthuri
Medak is a city and a municipality in Medak District in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, India. ...
The Motto and The Cross | | This section has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. |
Church of South India Logo The symbols, the lotus and the Christian cross, used in the logo of the church possess a rich cultural heritage which help understand the call and mission of the CSI Church. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...
Image File history File links Church_of_South_India. ...
Image File history File links Church_of_South_India. ...
Binomial name Gaertn. ...
A reliquary in the form of an ornate Christian Cross Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope...
For other uses, see Logo (disambiguation). ...
Lotus, a typical Indian flower, is a temple flower. Mythologically it is supposed to be the seat of the creator. Pankajam one of the Indian names for lotus has a very significant meaning, it mean 'that born in mud'. This flower blossom at the sunrise and withers away after sunset, in other words it lives as long as it receives the sunrays, hence it is also called 'THAMMIPUVE' the flower of the sun. All these meaning attributed to the flower suit us well to interpret the position, nature and role of the people in the bond of union. The petals of the lotus and the cross are beautifully knitted together with the fiery-tongues of the Holy Spirit. It is an authentic Indian expression of people's communion with God. The original colors, red (for life) and purple (for piety and ecclesiastical) in white backdrop implicitly communicate the nature of the mystical union, where, an inseparable companionship is established which, again, a typical India thought form. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: In mainstream Christianity, the...
The words "THAT THEY ALL MAY BE ONE, CHURCH OF SOUTH INDIA" are embossed in a circle round the lotus and the cross. The words are taken from the high priestly prayer of Jesus Christ who prayed not only for the 'Church' but also for the whole world. This universality is portrayed by placing the words in a form of circle, a symbol which also represents the universe. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 Ã 3072 pixel, file size: 3. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 Ã 3072 pixel, file size: 3. ...
, âMadrasâ redirects here. ...
"That they all may be one; that all of them may be one, Father, just as you are in Me and I am in You.. (John 17:21)", is an inclusive affirmation which explicitly shows the centrality of Christ and the Church, His Body. Since it is also, the prayer of the Church that it is not only churches but all people of India to be united, a prayer for national integration is well taken care of in the emblem. The imposing central position of the cross in the logo conveys the idea that it was the indefatigable, selfless supreme sacrifice that was made by Jesus on the cross is the base of the Church. The four ends of the cross painted in deep color indicating that it is the cross that guides all members inside and outside to join in one stream to pray and labor united for a peaceful coexistence and communal harmony.
Affiliations Institutions that grant theological degrees which are recognized by the C.S.I. List of Theological Institutes affiliated with Serampore College, Serampore Serampore College is a Christian Seminary located in India. ...
Affiliations with other churches Andhra Christian Theological College (ACTC)[1] is an ecumenical enterprise of the mainline Churches in Andhra Pradesh in India. ...
Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute is an ecumenical seminary situated in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, South India. ...
Karnataka Theological College (KTC) is an ecumenical seminary catering to the Kannada-speaking students wishing to pursue the priestly vocation. ...
South Asia Theological Research Institute (SATHRI) offers doctoral programmes in theology. ...
Serampore College is a Christian Seminary located in India. ...
Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary is an ecumenical seminary in Madurai, South India. ...
United Theological College (UTC) is a theological seminary. ...
The Church of South India is a member of the Anglican Communion. Its Bishops participate in the Lambeth Conferences and it has representation on the Anglican Consultative Council. The C.S.I. is in full communion with the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church of India and the Church of North India (CNI). It is a member in the World Council of Churches and the National Council of Churches in India. Main article: Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is a world-wide affiliation of Anglican Churches. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
The Anglican Consultative Council is one of the four Instruments of Unity of the Anglican Communion. ...
The Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, commonly referred to as the Mar Thoma Church is a Reformed but episcopal offshoot of the pre-16th century undivided Saint Thomas Christians, and got its current identity in 1889, even though it was born much earlier. ...
The Church of North India has united various denominations and missions and orders in India. ...
The World Council of Churches (WCC) is an international Christian ecumenical organization. ...
The CSI, CNI, and Mar Thoma Church jointly formed the Communion of Churches in India (CCI) in 1978 for mutual recognition of the ministry and leaders, intercommunal relationship, and to explore possibilities of working together especially in the field of evangelization in India and other areas of cooperation in the fulfillment of the mission of the Church. The Communion of Churches in India (CCI) is a representative body of three mainland Protestant Churches in India: The Church of North India, The Church of South India, and the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church. ...
Dioceses (Diocese name / Headquarters / Present Bishop) Pope Pius XI blesses Bishop Stephen Alencastre as fifth Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands in a Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace window. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
, Kodambakkam is a neighbourhood in Chennai, India, and the term Kollywood is derived from the name of this area. ...
, âMadrasâ redirects here. ...
Andhra Pradesh - Medak [1] / Medak / Rt.Revd.Dr. B.P. Sugandhar, B.D. (UTC), D.Min.
- Karimnagar [2]/ Karimnagar / Rt.Revd. S.J.Theodore, B.D.(UTC), M.Th.(UTC)
- Dornakal [3] / Dornakal / Rt.Revd.Dr. B.S.Devamani, B.D.(BC), STM (General Theological Seminary, New York), D.Min. (Chicago Theological Seminary, Chicago)
- Krishna-Godavari [4] / Bandar / Rt.Revd.Dr. G.Dyvasirvadam,M.A., B.D.(BC), M.Th. (UTC), D.Th.(SATHRI)]
- Nandyal [5] / Nandyal / Rt.Revd.Dr. P.J.Lawrence, B.D.(UTC),M.A.,M.Th.,D.Min.
- Rayalaseema [6] / Gooty / Rt.Revd. K.B.Yesu Vara Prasad, B.D.(ACTC)
Medak is a city and a municipality in Medak District in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, India. ...
Medak is a city and a municipality in Medak District in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, India. ...
United Theological College (UTC) is a theological seminary. ...
, Karimnagar is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Karimnagar district is in the northern Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh state of India. ...
, Karimnagar is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Karimnagar district is in the northern Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh state of India. ...
A Master of Theology is a college degree offered by many universities worldwide. ...
Dornakal is a junction station in Warangal district where branch railway from Manuguru meets Vijayawada-Kazipet mainline. ...
Dornakal is a junction station in Warangal district where branch railway from Manuguru meets Vijayawada-Kazipet mainline. ...
The Doctor of Ministry (D.Min. ...
This article is about the Hindu deity. ...
The Godavari River is a major waterway in India, next to the Ganges and Indus rivers. ...
Bandar (in Persian Ø¨ÙØ¯Ø±) is a Persian word meaning port and haven. Etymologically it combines Persian Ø¨ÙØ¯ Band (enclosed) and در dar (gate, door) meaning an enclosed area (i. ...
A Master of Theology is a college degree offered by many universities worldwide. ...
South Asia Theological Research Institute (SATHRI) offers doctoral programmes in theology. ...
Nandyal is a town, mandal and a municipality in Kurnool district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ...
Nandyal is a town, mandal and a municipality in Kurnool district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ...
the region marked in green Rayalaseema is an unofficial region of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ...
A small town located near by Anantapur. ...
Andhra Christian Theological College (ACTC)[1] is an ecumenical enterprise of the mainline Churches in Andhra Pradesh in India. ...
Karnataka - Karnataka North [7]/ Dharwad / Rt.Revd.J.Prabhakara Rao M.A(England), B.D(Bishop`s College)
- Karnataka Central [8] / Bangalore / Rt.Revd. S. Vasantha Kumar, B.D.(UTC), M.Th.(UTC)
- Karnataka South [9]/ Mangalore / Rt.Revd. B. Devaraj
Tamil Nadu - Madras [10] / Madras / Rt.Revd.Dr. V. Devasahayam / B.D.(UTC), M.Th.(UTC), D.Th.(SATHRI)
- Coimbatore [11]/ Coimbatore / Rt.Revd.Dr. Manickam Dorai, B.A.,B.D.(UTC),M.Th.(Oxford),DD
- Kanyakumari [12] / Nagercoil / Rt.Revd. G. Davakadasham
- Madurai-Ramnad [13]/ Thirumangalam / Rt.Revd.Dr.Christopher Asir
- Tirunelveli [14] / Tirunelveli / Rt.Revd. S. Jeyapaul David, B.D. (UTC)
- Tiruchirappalli-Thanjavur [15] / Tiruchirappalli / Rt.Revd. James Srinivasan
- Vellore [16] / Vellore / Rt.Revd. Yesurathnam William
- Tuticorin - Nazareth [17] / Tuticorin - Nazareth / Rt.Revd. J.A.D.Jebachandran
Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ...
South Asia Theological Research Institute (SATHRI) offers doctoral programmes in theology. ...
, Coimbatore (Tamil: ), also known as Kovai (Tamil: ), is a major industrial city in India. ...
For other uses, see Kanyakumari (disambiguation). ...
, Madurai (Tamil: , IPA: ) is a city and a municipal corporation with a city population of 922. ...
, Tirunelveli district [8] is the penultimate southern most district of Tamilnadu in India. ...
Tiruchirapalli (also spelled Tiruchchirappalli, commonly known as Tiruchi or Trichy, formerly known as Trichinopoly under British rule) is a city situated on the banks of the Kaveri river, centrally located in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ...
, Tanjore redirects here. ...
, Vellore (Tamil: வà¯à®²à¯à®°à¯), is a town and a municipality in Vellore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ...
Kerala - North Kerala [18] / Shoranur / / Rt.Rev.Dr.K.P.Kuruvila, BSc, BD, MTh(UTC), DMin(Eden Theological Seminary), ThM(Lutheran School of Theology At Chicago), Ph.D(Lutheran School of Theology At Chicago).
- Madhya Kerala [19] / [20] / Kottayam / Rt.Revd. Thomas Samuel / B.D., S.T.M., M.Th.
- East Kerala [21] / [22] / Melukavumattom / Rt. Rev. Dr. K. G. Daniel
- South Kerala [23] / [24] / Thiruvananthapuram / Trivandrum / Rt.Revd. J.W.Gladstone, B.D.(UTC), M.Th., Dr.Theol.(University of Hamburg)
, Bharathapuzha River as seen from Shoranur bridge. ...
Eden Theological Seminary is a seminary of the United Church of Christ. ...
Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago On September 4, 1962, Augustana Theological Seminary, Grand View Seminary, Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary, and Suomi Theological Seminary consolidated to form the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago (LSTC). ...
Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago On September 4, 1962, Augustana Theological Seminary, Grand View Seminary, Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary, and Suomi Theological Seminary consolidated to form the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago (LSTC). ...
, For the district with the same name, see Kottayam district. ...
, Thiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരàµà´µà´¨à´¨àµà´¤à´ªàµà´°à´ TiruvanÅntapuraá¹), also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. ...
The University of Hamburg was founded on the 1 April 1919 by Wilhelm Stern and others. ...
Ceylon (Sri Lanka) - Jaffna / [25] / Colombo / The Right Rev. Dr Daniel S. Thiagarajah
Jaffna District. ...
See also Serampore College is a Christian Seminary located in India. ...
Serampore, India, is a pre-colonial town on the right bank of the Hoogli River in the Hooghly (Hughli) district of West Bengal. ...
, West Bengal (Bengali: পশà§à¦à¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦à§à¦ PoshchimbôÅgo) is a state in eastern India. ...
The Church of North India has united various denominations and missions and orders in India. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Andhra Christian Theological College (ACTC)[1] is an ecumenical enterprise of the mainline Churches in Andhra Pradesh in India. ...
Hyderabad or HaydarÄbÄd (Telugu: à°¹à±à°¦à°°à°¾à°¬à°¾à°¦à± Urdu: ØÛدر آباد ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ...
South India is a linguistic-cultural region of India that comprises the four states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the two Union Territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry, whose inhabitants are collectively referred to as South Indians. ...
External links Notes | Churches in the Anglican Communion |
 | Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia · Australia · Bangladesh · Brazil · Burundi · Canada · Central Africa · Central America · Congo · England · Hong Kong · India, North · India, South · Indian Ocean · Ireland · Japan · Jerusalem and the Middle East · Kenya · Korea · Melanesia · Mexico · Myanmar · Nigeria · Pakistan · Papua New Guinea · Philippines · Rwanda · Scotland · South East Asia · Southern Africa · Southern Cone · Sudan · Tanzania · Uganda · USA · Wales · West Africa · West Indies — extra-provincial churches Main article: Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is a world-wide affiliation of Anglican Churches. ...
Photograph by Keith Edkins File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Anglican Church in New Zealand and Polynesia The Anglican Church in New Zealand and Polynesia is a church of the Anglican Communion serving New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. ...
The Iglesia Anglicana de la Region Central America is a province of the Anglican Communion, covering 5 sees in Central America. ...
The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ...
The Church of North India has united various denominations and missions and orders in India. ...
The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East is a province of the Anglican Communion stretching from Iran in the east to Algeria in the west, and Cyprus in the north to Somalia in the south. ...
Founded in 1889 there are at present over 100 parish and mission churches with roughly 50,000 members in the Anglican Church of Korea. ...
The Church of the Province of Melanesia, usually called the Church of Melanesia or COM, is the Anglican Province in the Melanesian countries of Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
The Church of the Province of South East Asia was formed in 1996 and consists of the dioceses of Kuching, Sabah, Singapore and West Malaysia. ...
The Anglican Church of Southern Africa (formerly the Church of the Province of Southern Africa) is the Anglican province in the southern part of Africa, including dioceses in Angola, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Saint Helena, South Africa and Swaziland. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Flag of the Church in Wales The Church in Wales (Welsh: Yr Eglwys Yng Nghymru) is a member Church of the Anglican Communion, consisting of six dioceses in Wales. ...
The Church of the Province of West Africa is a province of the Anglican Communion, covering a number of sees in West Africa. ...
The Church in the Province of the West Indies is a member Church in the worldwide Anglican Communion. ...
The extra-provincial Anglican churches are a group of small, semi-independent church entities within the Anglican Communion. ...
Churches in full communion: Mar Thoma Syrian Church · Old Catholic Church · Philippine Independent Church The Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, commonly referred to as the Mar Thoma Church is a Reformed but episcopal offshoot of the pre-16th century undivided Saint Thomas Christians, and got its current identity in 1889, even though it was born much earlier. ...
The Old Catholic Church is a community of Christian churches. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
| csi |