Coordinates: 55°27′34″N 47°05′46″E / 55.45944, 47.09611 Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Chuvash Republic (English) Чувашская Республика (Russian) Чăваш Республики (Chuvash)
Location of the Chuvash Republic in Russia
Coat of Arms	Flag
Coat of arms of Chuvashia	Flag of Chuvashia
Anthem: National Anthem of the Chuvash Republic
Capital	Cheboksary
Established	June 24, 1920
Political status Federal district Economic region	Republic Volga Volga-Vyatka
Code	21
Area
Area - Rank	18,300 km² 76th
Population (as of the 2002 Census)
Population - Rank - Density - Urban - Rural	1,313,754 inhabitants 41st 71.8 inhab. / km² 60.6% 39.4%
Official languages	Russian, Chuvash
Government
President	Nikolay Fyodorov
Chairman of the Cabinet	Sergey Gaplikov
Legislative body	State Council
Constitution	Constitution of the Chuvash Republic
Official website
http://www.cap.ru/

Chuvash Republic (Russian: Чува́шская Респу́блика; Chuvash: Чăваш Республики), or Chuvashia (Чува́шия) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in central Russia. It is the homeland of Bulgar Turkic Chuvash people. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. ... It has been suggested that the section intro from the article Civil flag be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_Arms_of_Chuvashia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chuvashia. ... Flag of Chuvashia The main charge of the Flag of Chuvashia is a stylized tree of life, a symbol of rebirth, with the tree suns, a traditional emblem popular in Chuvash art. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogising the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognised either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Russia is a federation which consists of 86 subjects[1]. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Russian parliament). ... All of the federal subjects of Russia are grouped into seven federal districts (Russian: , sing. ... Russia is divided into eleven economic regions (Russian: экономические районы, sing. ... The Russian Federation is divided into 88 federal subjects (constituent units), 21 of which are republics. ... Volga (Privolzhsky) Federal District (Russian: ; tr. ... Volga-Vyatka economic region (Russian: ; tr. ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... Here is a list of the 88 federal subjects of Russia in order of size. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ... Here is a list of the 85* federal subjects of Russia in order of population according to the 2002 Census. ... Chuvash (Chuvash: Чăвашла, ČăvaÅ¡la, IPA: ; also known as Căvash, Chuwash, Chovash, Chavash or ÇuaÅŸ) is a Turkic language spoken to the west of the Ural Mountains in central Russia. ... Nikolai Vasilyevich Fyodorov (Russian: ) (b. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos and other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... Chuvash (Chuvash: Чăвашла, ČăvaÅ¡la, IPA: ; also known as Căvash, Chuwash, Chovash, Chavash or ÇuaÅŸ) is a Turkic language spoken to the west of the Ural Mountains in central Russia. ... Russia is a federation which consists of 86 subjects[1]. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Russian parliament). ... The Russian Federation is divided into 88 federal subjects (constituent units), 21 of which are republics. ... The Chuvash are a bunch of pakis . ...

Geography

Chuvashia is located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka region, midway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. The republic is not large, but is one of the most densely populated regions in the Russian Federation, with a total population of 1.35 million people. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge  ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... Kirov (Ки́ров) is a city in eastern European Russia, on the Vyatka River, capital of Kirov Oblast. ... Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: ), colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. ... This article is about the capital city of Tatarstan. ...

It is bordered to the north and west by the Volga River, with the Mari El Republic to the north and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to the west. To the south it borders Mordovia and Ulyanovsk Oblast, to the east Tatarstan. The capital city of Cheboksary is the republic’s major industrial center. Cheboksary is situated on the banks of the Volga River, approximately 650 km east of Moscow. The Volga (Russian: , Tatar Cyrillic: Идел, Latin: Ä°del) is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. ... The Mari El Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Мари́й Эл; Mari: Марий Эл Республика) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation... Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... The Republic of Mordovia (Russian: ; Moksha: Мордовскяй Республикась; Erzya: Мордовской Республикась) or Mordvinia is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Ulyanovsk Oblast (Улья́новская о́бласть) is an administrative division of the Russian Federation. ... Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ... The Volga (Russian: , Tatar Cyrillic: Идел, Latin: Ä°del) is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

Chuvashia’s central location gives companies located here easy access to some of the most industrially developed regions of the country. The majority of the republic is rural in character, with Cheboksary (population 453,700 in 2004) and Novocheboksarsk (population 125,600 in 2004) in the north along the Volga River being the major industrialized cities. Forests, mostly in the south along the Sura River, cover approximately 30 percent of the land. Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ... Novocheboksarsk (Новочебоксарск) is a city in Chuvashia, Russia. ... The Volga (Russian: , Tatar Cyrillic: Идел, Latin: Ä°del) is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. ... This article is about a community of trees. ... Sura (Сура́) is a river in Russia, right tributary of Volga. ...

Time zone

Chuvashia is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD). Image File history File links RTZ2. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving Moscow Time (Russian: ) is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg, Russia. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ...

Natural resources

Chuvashia's natural resources include gypsums, sands, tripoli, clays, sapropel deposits, phosphorite and peat. It has been suggested that Selenite be merged into this article or section. ... The Gay Head cliffs in Marthas Vineyard are made almost entirely of clay. ... The word sapropel is a contraction of the ancient greek words sapros and pelos, meaning putrefaction and mud, respectively. ... Apatite is a group of minerals, usually referring to: hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH-, F-, or Cl- ions, respectively, in the crystal lattice. ... Peat in Lewis, Scotland Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. ...

Climate

Chuvashia has a moderate continental climate. Average temperatures range from −13°C in January to 19°C in July. Annual precipitation can reach 500 mm. The varied continental climate offers opportunities for both summer and winter recreational activities. Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of Northern Hemisphere continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. ...

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Chuvashia

Cities and towns under republics jurisdiction: Cheboksary (Чебоксары) (capital) city districts: Kalininsky (Калининский) Leninsky (Ленинский) Urban settlements under the city districts jurisdiction...

Demographics

• Population

According to the 2002 Census, Chuvashia's total population was 1,346,300. 794,800, or 60.9% of the population were living in urban areas. 510,200, or 39.1% of the population were living in rural areas. The largest city is the capital, Cheboksary, followed by nearby Novocheboksarsk. Crowded Shibuya, Tokyo shopping district An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ... Novocheboksarsk (Новочебоксарск) is a city in Chuvashia, Russia. ...

• Vital statistics (2005)
  • Births: 13,133 (birth rate 10.1)
  • Deaths: 19,682 (death rate 15.2)
• Ethnic groups

According to the 2002 Census, ethnic Chuvash make up 67.7% of the republic's population. Other groups include Russians (26.5%), Tatars (2.8%), Mordvins (1.2%), Ukrainians (0.5%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ... The Chuvash (Chuvash , Russian: Чуваши, Tatar: ÇuaşlarЧуашлар) are a Turkic people usually associated with Chuvashia. ... Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Mordvins (Mordva) are a people who speak languages of the Finno-Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. ...

The Chuvash are a bunch of pakis . ... Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Mordvins (Mordva) are a people who speak languages of the Finno-Permic branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. ...

History

Chuvashia map

The Chuvash ancestors were tribes of ancient Bulgars and Suars that resided in the Northern Caucasus in the 5th to the 8th centuries. In the 7th and 8th centuries one part of the Bulgars left for the Balkans, where, together with the local Slavs, they established the state of modern Bulgaria. Another part moved to the Middle Volga Region (see Volga Bulgaria), where they later formed the ethnic foundation for the Chuvash people. The Chuvash nationality was formed from the part of the Bulgar population that did not adopt Islam after year 922. During the Mongol invasion to Volga Bulgaria the rest of the steppe-dwelling Chuvash population migrated to the north, where the local Finnic tribes, such as the Merdi Erza and Kuruk Mari lived and continued to serve their own Goods. They become finally vassals of Golden Horde after a bloody uprising and revolt, which the Mongols brutally suppressed with an army of 40.000 warriors in 1242, but the Mongol and later Tatar rulers did not later intervene in their local internal affairs as long as the annual tribes were paid to Sarai. When the power of Golden Horde begun to diminish, the local Mishär Tatar Murzas from Piana and Temnikov tried to gain influence to rule also the Chuvash area. The Chuvashian Orsai and Kuruk Mari Akpar (Ak-par-sin) Tokar (Russian Togajeff) Princes swore their loyalty to the Grand Duchy of Muscovy in early August 1552 at Alatyr, located on the Suvarlej River, during the Ivan IV (The Cruel´s) conquer war against the Khanate of Qazan, after nearly 120 years within the rule of Khanate of Qazan (see Chalem). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 531 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (540 × 610 pixel, file size: 51 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 531 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (540 × 610 pixel, file size: 51 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Bulgar warriors slaughter Byzantines, from the Menology of Basil II, 10th century. ... The Suars (also known as Suvar) were a Turkic-speaking people, probably of Hunnish descent, who lived in Eastern Europe in Middle Ages. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... The Little Minaret in Bolghar For other uses, see Bulgaria (disambiguation). ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. ... The Chuvash are a bunch of pakis . ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The four successor Khanates of the Mongol Empire: Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde, Il-Khanate and Chagatai Khanate The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Altan Ordyn Uls; Turkish: ; Tatar: ; Russian: ) was a Mongol[1][2][3][4] — later Turkicized[3] — khanate established in parts of present-day Russia... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... Historically, the term Tatar (or Tartar) has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of Inner Asia and Northern Asia. ... Sarai can refer to: The Biblical figure Sarah. ... The four successor Khanates of the Mongol Empire: Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde, Il-Khanate and Chagatai Khanate The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Altan Ordyn Uls; Turkish: ; Tatar: ; Russian: ) was a Mongol[1][2][3][4] — later Turkicized[3] — khanate established in parts of present-day Russia... Temnikov (Russian: ) is a town in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. ... Coat of arms The growth of Muscovy-Russia. ... Alatyr may refer to: Alatyr is a river in Mordovia, Chuvashia, and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in Russia. ... Ivan IV (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. ... Çalım /cha-LEM/ was a citadel and a staff of Tatar troops, which was constructed during the war against the Russian occupation of Khanate of Kazan in 1552-1556. ...

In return Ivan IV (The Cruel) gave his word "as the Tsar (Duke of Dukes) of all Russians" to honour all old historical land owning rights to lands of the Chuvash and Kuruk Maris on both side along Volga River from Kerzhenez to Sviaga River. The Chuvashians gave 15.000, and Kuruk Maris 10.000 warriors to Ivan´s use with their Chuvash and Kuruk Mari commanders for the final attack against the Khan of Qazan / Kazan, rising the strenght of Ivan´s Army up to 100.000 warriors against Khan´s 30.000 Nogai Tatars which defended the fortificated city of Qazan. In addition Ivan IV ordered a five year period, free of all annual tribes to Grand Duchy of Muscovy, to the Chuvash and Kuruk Mari Princes and Tribal Elders. This Agreement of Alatyr has not been mentioned at all in later written Russian history. Ivan IV (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. ... The Chuvash are a bunch of pakis . ... The Nogai Horde was the Tatar horde that controlled the Caucasus Mountain region after the Mongol invasion. ... Ivan IV (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. ... Coat of arms The growth of Muscovy-Russia. ... The Chuvash are a bunch of pakis . ...

Strongly dissapointed to the Russian rule and unkept promises, part of the Chuvash population during the Time of Troubles joined into the troops of False Dmitri. The Time of Troubles (Russian: Смутное время, Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last of the Moscow Rurikids, Tsar Feodor Ivanovich in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613. ... False Dmitriy is the term used to denote any pretenders to the Russian throne who claimed to be the son of Ivan the Terrible, Dmitriy, miraculously escaped the assassination attempt. ...

In Imperial Russia the territory of modern Chuvashia belonged to two administrative districts – Kazan and Simbirsk. The adminstrative border run roughly from Kurmish to Buinsk. Northern part was under of Gubernyi (Governorate) Kazan and southern part of Gubernyi (Governorate) Simbirsk. The Chuvashians and Kuruk Maris participated to Stenka Razin and Emiljan Pugatchev uprisings in 1667-1671 and 1773-1775 when the whole Volga area from Astrakhan to Nizhni Novgorod was in open rebellion against the "Muscovy Vojevod" rule. During these years many Chuvashians escaped to the eastern direction into the Southern Urals area and beyond. The Russian Orthodox Church made active work among the Chuvasians to convert them to Orthodox faith during the period of 1650-1850. Most of the Chuvasians who stayed in the area chosed Orthodox Chistianity, but some old believer pagans refused to take baptism and continued to serve their own Goods. In addition the old Russian nobelity families received, as reward for their services to Tsars, large estates in the lands of Chuvashes and the independent land owning Chuvash peasants were to become gradually to into status of the Serfs to rich Russian land owners. Russian language become the offical language. Only few occassional attempts were made to provide the first education in local village schools in Chuvashian language. All higher education was available only in Russian language. After the Alexander II Ukaza in 1860 to abandon the Serfdom in the Russian Empire, many land hungered Chuvasian peasants left their former land lords and moved to other areas to gain their own land. It is estimated that nearly half of the Chuvashian population left their home areas between 1860-1914. The final wave took place during Stolypin´s Land Reform Program. During the last period of Imperial Russia national feelings started to rise among Chuvashian intelligentsia. They made connections to similar minority populations pro-independence movements in the Middle Volga Area. On the other hand also Marxist Revolutionary thinking and abandoning the local loyal tribal faithfulness rose its head among the poorest peasant population and industrial workers. On May 15, 1917 the Chuvashians joined in the Idel Ural Movement and in December 1917 to the short lived League of States of Idel Ural, when an agreement was reached with Tatar representantives to draw the eastern border of Chuvasia to Sviaga River. The Chuvashians promised to honour Islam faith Tatar´s religion and grant for them local and cultural autonomy inside the League of Idel Ural States. In the west the border between Mordvians was agreed to follow Sura River with similar rights quaranteed to the Chuvash population living west of Sura. In the south the "natural" border was lined to Barysh, Bolshoi Akla and Tsilna Rivers between Sura and Sviaga. In the north there was a dispute with Mari representantives of Kuruk Mari populated Tsykma (Kozmodemjansk) and other areas in Chuvashia. In 1918-1919 there was a bitter civil war in the area between the "White supporters" and the "Red supporters". This battle ended to the favour of local Bolsheviks, mainly of ethnic Russian origin, with strong support from Bolshevik troops from Nizhni Novgorod by autumn 1919. The local Chuvash independence oriented politicians were at ones eliminated by the Bolsheviks. To gain support from local population Lenin ordered Stalin to create similar Soviet Minority Population State ruled by the local Bolsheviks inside Soviet Russia for Chuvash population, but Stalin, acting as the Commissar of National Affairs, watered the original plan by creating a "Stub" Chuvasia as it is today. On June 24, 1920 the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast was formed, which was transformed into Chuvash ASSR in April of 1925. The Communist campaign against the rich Kulak peasant class and their transports to Gulag prison camps in 1930-1931 and elimination of independent peasant farms hit hard in Chuvash ASSR agricultural production. The Great Purge in 1936-1938 hit hard the Chuvash intelligentsia, for example, most of the local Chuvash origin teachers were shot which made it nearly impossible to replace them with Russian origin teachers to learn Chuvash language in local schools. Many of other members of intelligentsia were also shot and the rest transferred to Gulag prison camps. The political leadership was kept tightly in the hands of the ethnic Russians and the Russification of the Chuvashian and Mari peoples was intensified. According to the Ukaza dated May 28, 1940 by the Central Committee of Communist Party, 20.000 Kolkhose peasant families was at ones to be tranferred of Belorussian, Chuvashian, Mordvin, and Tatar origin to inhabite the "new districts in Leningrad Oblast and Finnish Karelian ASSR". In 1941 another 20.000 Kolkhose families were to be followed. (One family: an average of five persons). Lavrenti Berija even suggested the transfer the whole Chuvash population from Chuvashia to Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga´s Karelia in addition to the former Gulag White Sea-Baltic Sea (Stalin) Canal now emptied settlements to form a population security belt "against the Finnish Fascists". During the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 and post war industrialization period more and more Russians moved into Chuvashia. They populated the expanding towns, but the rural population remained mostly agriculturally oriented Chuvashians and Kuruk Maris. Only in the south of the Republic, Russians, and other minority peoples, just as the Ukrainians, moved to work in new created Forest Industry Combinates as a result of expanding the forest industry in Chuvashia. The Chuvash Republic in its present form was formed in 1992 and approved warmly by the first President of Russian Federation, a Chuvash origin roots, Boris Yeltsin. Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... This article is about the capital city of Tatarstan. ... Ulyanovsk (Улья́новск, formerlySimbirsk (Симби́рск)) is a city on the Volga River in Russia. ... Buinsk may refer to: Buinsk, Republic of Tatarstan, a town in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia Buinsk, Chuvash Republic, an urban-type settlement in the Chuvash Republic, Russia Category: ... Stepan (Stenka) Timofeyevich Razin (Степан (Стенька) Тимофеевич Разин in Russian) (1630 - 6. ... The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... Pagans may mean: Paganism, a belief in natural religion. ... The Chuvash are a bunch of pakis . ... Costumes of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel, from original Documents in the great Libraries of Europe. ... A number of historical people were named Alexander II: Alexander II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 370 to 368 B.C. Alexander II of Epirus was the King of Epirus in 272 B.C. Pope Alexander II was Pope from 1061 to 1073. ... Costumes of slaves or serfs, from the sixth to the twelfth centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel from original documents in European libraries. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Barysh (Russian: ) is a town in Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Barysh River (Volgas tributary) 139 km south-west of Ulyanovsk at . ... Sura (sometimes spelt Surah , plural Suwar ) is an Arabic term literally meaning something enclosed or surrounded by a fence or wall. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... Area  - Total 260,000 mi² Population  - City (2003)  - Metropolitan 1,334,249 2 million approx. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Soviet Russia is sometimes used as a somewhat sloppy synonym to the Soviet Union — although the term Soviet Russia sometimes refers to Bolshevist Russia from the October Revolution in 1917 to 1922 (Although Russian communists officially formed RSFSR in 1918). ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Chuvash Autonomous Oblast was created 1920-06-24. ... The Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the former Soviet Union. ... The collectivisation campaign in the USSR, 1930s. ... Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ... The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) is the name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. ... Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ... The Karelian Isthmus is the narrow stretch of land between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia. ... Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ... The President of the Russian Federation, known commonly as the President of Russia (Russian: ) is the Head of State and highest office within the Government of Russia. ... Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: ) (February 1, 1931 – April 23, 2007[1]) was the first president of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. ...

Politics

The Chuvash Republic is a sovereign republic forming a part of the Russian Federation. As a republic, the region has greater sovereignty than other areas of Russia in determining local policies and procedures. Nikolai Vasilyevich Fyodorov, a former minister of justice of the Russian Federation, was elected as the first president of the Chuvash Republic in 1994 and is still in office. He has a reputation as a pro-market reformer and has pressed the region to establish closer economic ties with foreign countries. He has also pushed to encourage the growth of small businesses. The mayor of Cheboksary,Anatoly Igumnov, is also eager to work with international companies. Both the republic and the city governments have departments of foreign economic relations that are eager to support foreign business visitors. Nikolai Vasilyevich Fyodorov (Russian: ) (b. ...

Economy

Main article: Economy of Chuvashia

Chuvasia is the most populated and fertile country in Middle Volga Region. There are deciduous woodlands on fertile degraded black earth soils. In agriculture wheat and sugar-beet, pigs and beef cattle become more important than rye, oats, barley and dairy cattle which are typical for the whole area. While Chuvashia is considered one of the less developed regions of Russia, the region has a positive investment climate due to a progressive government. ...

Chuvashia is Russia's center for hops growing and is famous throughout the country for its long history of beer brewing. It is also a major center for electrical engineering, especially in the area of power transmission and control systems. Other leading industries are metalworking, electricity generation, and chemical manufacturing. There are also a large timber-working mills at Shumerlin. Species Humulus lupulus L. Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. ... For other uses, see Beer (disambiguation). ... A 16th century brewer A 21st century brewer This article concerns the production of alcoholic beverages. ... Electrical Engineers design power systems… … and complex electronic circuits. ... Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a location where it is applied to performing useful work. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Control theory. ... Turned chess pieces Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create structures or machine parts. ... Electricity generation is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ...

Transportation

The transport network in Chuvashia is one of the most developed in Russia. The republic's system of roads, railroads, waterways, and airports closely ties the region with others in and outside of Russia. A transport network, or transportation network in American English, is typically a network roads, streets, pipes, aqueducts, power lines, or nearly any structure which permits either vehicular movement or flow of some commodity. ...

Road

Autos, trucks, and buses carry the majority of transportation, as the republic ranks fourth in highway density in all of Russia. Cheboksary is situated on one of the main highways of the Russian Federation leading from Moscow to the industrial areas of Tatarstan, the Southern Urals, and Siberia. Furthermore, a recently completed bridge across the Volga to the north connects the republic to the developed Ural-Privolzhsky and Kirov regions. To the south, highways connect Chuvashia with Saratov and Volgograd. Extensive public and private bus systems connect all towns within the republic with each other and with surrounding regions. “Car” and “Cars” redirect here. ... “Lorry” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Bus (disambiguation). ... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ... A highway is a major road within a city, or linking several cities together. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Map of the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) (also known as the Urals, the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, and known as the Stone Belt) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... “Siberian” redirects here. ... The Volga (Russian: , Tatar Cyrillic: Идел, Latin: Ä°del) is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. ... Urals Federal District (Russian: Ура́льский федера́льный о́круг; tr. ... Privolzhsky (Volga) Federal District (Russian: Приво́лжский федера́льный о́круг; tr. ... Kirov Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... Saratov (Russian: ) is a major city in Russia. ... Volgograd (Russian: ), formerly called Tsaritsyn (Russian: ) (1598–1925) and Stalingrad (Russian: ) (1925–1961) is a city and the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. ...

Standard speed for transportation of containers by road is 400 km per day. Average time of delivery from Cheboksary to Moscow is 1.5 days; to Saint Petersburg, 2.5 days; and to Western Europe, 10 to 15 days. Shipping containers at a terminal in Port Elizabeth, New Jersey. ... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... The borders of Western Europe were largely defined by the Cold War. ...

Railroad

The railway network is also very developed, convenient, and accessible year-round. One of the largest railway junctions of Russia – Kanash – is in the center of the republic. Via Kanash, the rail system connects the major towns in Chuvashia with the big industrial centers of Eastern Siberia, the Urals, and Moscow. Express trains are reliable and almost always on time, presenting a low-cost, comfortable way to travel. Express trains to and from Moscow are available everyday, and the overnight journey is approximately fourteen hours each way. , Coat of arms of Kanash Kanash (Russian: ) is a town in the Chuvash Republic, Russia, and administrative center of Kanashsky District, located 76 kilometers (47 mi) from Chuvashias capital city of Cheboksary. ... , Coat of arms of Kanash Kanash (Russian: ) is a town in the Chuvash Republic, Russia, and administrative center of Kanashsky District, located 76 kilometers (47 mi) from Chuvashias capital city of Cheboksary. ... “Siberian” redirects here. ... Map of the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) (also known as the Urals, the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, and known as the Stone Belt) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

River, sea, and air

The Volga River and Sura River connect Chuvashia to a national and international water network. To the south, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and Black Sea are directly reachable. To the west, the Volga River connects Cheboksary with Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Moscow, and the northern regions of Russia. By using river-sea vessels, cargo transportation is possible from Chuvash riverports all the way to Saint Petersburg, Novorossiysk (on the Black Sea), Astrakhan, and ports situated on the Danube River. However, the river is frozen from December through April. Boat tours to the major cities along the Volga are of tourist interest, and Cheboksary is a frequent stop on the many boat tours that travel up and down the Volga. The Volga (Russian: , Tatar Cyrillic: Идел, Latin: Ä°del) is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. ... Sura (Сура́) is a river in Russia, right tributary of Volga. ... Volgograd (Russian: ), formerly called Tsaritsyn (Russian: ) (1598–1925) and Stalingrad (Russian: ) (1925–1961) is a city and the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. ... Central market and Church in Rostov. ... Astrakhan coat of arms features the Khans crown and a sabre Astrakhan (Russian: ; Tatar: Ästerxan), a major city in southern European Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. ... The Caspian Sea (Russian: Каспийское море; Kazakh: Каспий теңізі; Turkmen: Hazar deňizi; Azeri: XÉ™zÉ™r dÉ™nizi; Persian: دریای خزر Daryā-ye Khazar) is the largest lake on Earth by area[2], with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometers (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometers (18... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: ), colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. ... Yaroslavl (Russian: ) is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, located 250 km north-east of Moscow at . ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Novorossiysk (Russian Новороссийск) is a city in southern Russia, one of the main Russian ports on the Black Sea, in Krasnodar Krai. ... Astrakhan coat of arms features the Khans crown and a sabre Astrakhan (Russian: ; Tatar: Ästerxan), a major city in southern European Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. ... Length 2,888 km Elevation of the source 1,078 m Average discharge 30 km before Passau: 580 m³/s Vienna: 1,900 m³/s Budapest: 2,350 m³/s just before Delta: 6,500 m³/s Area watershed 817,000 km² Origin Black Forest (Schwarzwald-Baar, Baden- Württemberg... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ...

The international Cheboksary Airport receives both cargo and passenger aircraft of practically all types and sizes. There are regularly scheduled flights to Moscow and other destinations. Cheboksary is also about a four-hour drive from Nizhny Novgorod, a city with international air connections through Lufthansa. Cheboksary Airport is a small airport in Chuvashia, Russia located 7 km southeast of Cheboksary. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ... Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: ), colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. ... The Luftansa headquarters in Cologne, Germany. ...

Culture

The republic has a fascinating cultural heritage, a result of the ethnic Chuvash presence in the region.

While Russian is the predominant business language, the Chuvash language is still spoken by many, especially in the country. The Chuvash language belongs to the Bolgar subgroup of the Turkic language group. In ancient times a runic system of writing was used. Chuvashi now uses a modified Cyrillic script that was adopted in 1871. Chuvash (Chuvash: Чăвашла, Čăvašla, IPA: ; also known as Căvash, Chuwash, Chovash, Chavash or Çuaş) is a Turkic language spoken to the west of the Ural Mountains in central Russia. ... Bolgar (also Bolğar), also Proto-Bulgarian is the language of the Bulgars, now extinct, whose classification is unclear. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... Orkhon tablet Inscription in Kyzyl using Orkhon script Orkhon script The Orkhon script (also spelled Orhon script, also Orkhon-Yenisey script, Old Turkic script, Göktürk script, Turkish: Orhon Yazıtları) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk from the 8th century to record the Old Turkic... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages; (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...

Today, people living in Chuvashia are very proud of their region and take care of their city. As a result, Cheboksary is known as one of the cleanest cities in Russia. There is also a resurgence of native Chuvash pride and many people are looking back to their Chuvash roots and exploring the culture and heritage and relearning the language. Most building signs, road signs, and announcements are in both Russian and Chuvashi.

See also: Chuvash language and Music of Chuvashia

Chuvash (Chuvash: Чăвашла, Čăvašla, IPA: ; also known as Căvash, Chuwash, Chovash, Chavash or Çuaş) is a Turkic language spoken to the west of the Ural Mountains in central Russia. ...

Education

In the republic there are five higher educational institutions, which include the Chuvash State University, the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute, and the Chuvash State Agrocultural Academy located in Cheboksary. These, together with 28 colleges and technical schools, are currently attended by approximately 45,000 students. The I. N. (Ilia Nikolaevich) Ulianov Chuvash State University is the main university of Chuvashia (or the Chuvash Republic) and is located in Cheboksary, the capital of the Republic (Population 450,000), on the Volga River northeast of Moscow. ... Cheboksary (Russian: ; , Shupashkar) is a city and the capital of the Chuvash Republic (РЕСПУБЛИКА ЧУВАШИЯ), located inside of Russia Federation. ...

External links

• (English) Official website of Chuvashia
• (Russian) Official website of Chuvashia
• (German) Official website of Chuvashia
• Chuvashia travel guide from Wikitravel
• About flag and coat of arms of Chuvashia
• (Russian) [1]

v • d • e Turkic-speaking regions
Federal subjects of Russia shown in italics
Western Turkic  Azerbaijan1  Gagauzia (Moldova)  Kazakhstan  Uzbekistan Wikitravel is a project to create an open content, complete, up-to-date, and reliable world-wide travel guide. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... Russia is a federation which consists of 86 subjects[1]. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Russian parliament). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Azerbaijan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Gagauzia. ... Anthem Gagauziya Milli Marşı Location of Gagauzia (purple) Capital (and largest city) Comrat Official languages Gagauz, Moldovan (Romanian), Russian Government  -  Governor Mihail Formuzal  -  Chairman of the Peoples Assembly Stepan Esir Autonomous region of Moldova  -  Created April 23, 1994  Area  -  Total 1,832 km²  707 sq mi  Population  -  19961 estimate... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kazakhstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uzbekistan. ... Eastern Turkic  Altai Republic  Tuva  Bashkortostan  Kabardino-Balkaria  Tatarstan  Xinjiang (China (PRC)) Image File history File links Flag_of_Altai_Republic. ... The Altai Republic (Russian: ; Altay: Алтай Республика) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tuva. ... Tyva Republic IPA: (Russian: IPA: ; Tuvan: ), or Tuva (), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bashkortostan. ... The Republic of Bashkortostan, or Bashkiria (Russian: or ; Bashkir: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria. ... Capital Nalchik Area - total - % water Ranked 83rd - 12,500 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 60th - est. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tatarstan. ... Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ...  Khakassia  Chuvashia  Karachay-Cherkessia  Turkey Image File history File links Flag_of_Khakassia. ... Khakassia or Khakasiya (Russian: or ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in south central Siberia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chuvashia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia. ... Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian: , or, less formal, Karachay-Cherkessia ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ...  Kyrgyzstan Image File history File links Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan. ...  Northern Cyprus2  Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan)  Turkmenistan Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus. ... Anthem Ä°stiklâl Marşı(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1  -  President Mehmet Ali Talat  -  Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Sovereignty from Cyprus   -  Proclaimed November 15, 1983   -  Recognition By Turkey   -  Independence from Cyprus   -  Declared November 15, 1983  Area  -  Total 3,355 km² (not ranked) 1... Image File history File links Flag_of_Karakalpakstan. ... Karakalpakstan (Uzbek: Qoraqalpogiston Respublikasi or Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси; Karakalpak: Қарақалпақстан Республикасы or Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikası) is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkmenistan. ...  Sakha Republic Image File history File links Flag_of_Sakha. ... The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: ; Sakha: Саха Республиката) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ...
1 Includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.    2 Recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.