Cimbrian War
The migrations of the Cimbri and the Teutons.
Date: 113–101 BC Location: Central, Southern and Western Europe, Noricum and Gaul Result: Decisive Roman victory Casus belli: Cimbri and Teutones attacked a Roman allied tribe, the Taurisci.
Combatants
Roman Republic	Cimbri, Teutons
Commanders
Marius, Lutatius Catulus, Servilius Caepio, Mallius Maximus, Papirius Carbo	Boiorix, Teutobod Lugius
Strength
Varied, ranging from around 40,000 to over 80,000	Varied but estimated at around 300,000 maxium
Casualties
Estimated between 150-180,000	300,000, Both tribes annihalated

The Cimbrian War (113-101 BC) was fought between the Roman Republic and the Proto-Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones), who migrated from northern Europe into Roman controlled territory, and clashed with Rome and her allies. The Cimbrian War was the first time since the Second Punic War that Italia and Rome itself had been seriously threatened. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC - 110s BC - 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC Years: 118 BC 117 BC 116 BC 115 BC 114 BC - 113 BC - 112 BC 111 BC... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 106 BC 105 BC 104 BC 103 BC 102 BC - 101 BC - 100 BC 99 BC... Noricum in ancient geography was a celtic kingdom in Austria and later a province of the Roman Empire. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin Gallia, Greek Galatia) was the region of Western Europe occupied by present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Casus belli is a modern Latin-based expression meaning occasion of war, used officially to refer to the grievances section of a formal Declaration of war. ... See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cimbrian War. ... This entry is about the Teutonic people, not to be confused with the Teutonic Knights. ... Gaius Marius (Latin: C·MARIVS·C·F·C·N)¹ (157 BC - January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and politician elected Consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. ... Quintus Lutatius Catulus Caesar was a Roman general and was consul with Marius in 102 BC. He was originally Sextus Julius Caesar, son of Sextus Julius Caesar (brother of Gaius Julius Caesar, who was father of Gaius Julius Caesar, who was in turn father of Julius Caesar) and brother of... Quintus Servilius Caepio the Elder Roman statesman and general, Consul in 106 BC, Proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul 105 BCE. Led one of the two forces against the Germanic tribes, the Teutones, the Cimbri, and Tigurni/Marcomanni/Cherusci in the Battle of Arausio in 105 BCE, along with then consul, Gnaeus... Gnaeus Manlius Maximus was the Roman Republic consul who was defeated and killed by Cimbri at the battle of Arausio (6 October 105 BC). ... Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (c. ... Boiorix was a king of the Cimbri tribe. ... The migrations of the Teutons and the Cimbri Teutobod was King of the Teutons. ... Lugus was a deity attested to by inscriptions in Gaul, Germany and Switzerland and worshipped in Britain, in Ireland (compare Lugh), and in other ancient Celtic regions. ... Combatants Roman Republic Cimbri and Teutones Commanders Papirius Carbo  ? Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Noreia in 112 BC, was the opening action of the Cimbrian War fought between the Roman Republic and the migrating Proto-Germanic tribes the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones). ... The Battle of Arausio took place on October 6, 105 BC, at a site between the town of Arausio and the Rhone River. ... Combatants Teutones Roman Republic Commanders King Teutobod Gaius Marius Strength over 110,000 about 40,000 (6 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 90,000 killed 20,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence) took place in 102 BC. After a string... Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix † Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC - 110s BC - 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC Years: 118 BC 117 BC 116 BC 115 BC 114 BC - 113 BC - 112 BC 111 BC... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 106 BC 105 BC 104 BC 103 BC 102 BC - 101 BC - 100 BC 99 BC... See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ... Map of the Pre-Roman Iron Age culture(s) associated with Proto-Germanic, ca 500 BC-50 BC. The area south of Scandinavia is the Jastorf culture Proto-Germanic, the proto-language believed by scholars to be the common ancestor of the Germanic languages, includes among its descendants Dutch, Yiddish... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cimbrian War. ... This entry is about the Teutonic people, not to be confused with the Teutonic Knights. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipio†, Titus Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminius†, Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellus†, Lucius Aemilius Paullus†, Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus†, Masinissa Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barca†, Mago Barca†, Hasdrubal Gisco, Maharbal, Syphax, Hanno the... Nickname: The Eternal City Map of Italy with the Region of Latium Coordinates: Region Latium Province Province of Rome Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496,1 sq mi)  - Urban 5,352 km² (2,066,4 sq mi) Elevation 37 m  (121,4 ft) Population    - City (2006[1...

The timing of the war had a great effect on the internal politics of Rome, and the organization of its military. The war contributed greatly to the political career of Gaius Marius whose consulships and political conflicts challenged many of the Roman republic's political institutions and customs of the time. The Cimbrian threat, along with the Jugurthine War, inspired the Marian reforms of the Roman legions, which would have a significant effect on the history of the later Repbulic. This article is about the Roman General who reorganizaed the Roman army, for other people known by the name of Marius see Marius (Disambiguation) Gaius Marius Gaius Marius (Latin: C·MARIVS·C·F·C·N)¹ (157 BC — January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and politician elected Consul an... Consul (abbrev. ... See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ... The Jugurthine War (122-105 BC) was fought between the Roman Republic and Jugurtha, the renegade king of the African client state of Numidia. ... The Marian reforms of 107 BC were a group of reforms proposed by a Roman republic statesman and army general named Gaius Marius. ... A modern reconstruction of a Roman centurion around 70 A modern reconstruction of a Roman miles, (10-240) The Roman legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus — to collect) was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. ...

Rome eventually won the protracted and bloody war — which inflicted heavier losses on the Roman armies than they had suffered since the Second Punic War — with the victories at Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae resulting in the almost complete annihilation of the two Proto-Germanic tribes. Combatants Teutones Roman Republic Commanders King Teutobod Gaius Marius Strength over 110,000 about 40,000 (6 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 90,000 killed 20,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence) took place in 102 BC. After a string... Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix † Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine...

Migrations and conflicts

For unknown reasons (possibly due to climate change, see Pre-Roman Iron Age) sometime around 120-115 BC, the Cimbri left their original lands around the Baltic sea in the Jutland peninsula and Southern Scandinavia. They journeyed to the southeast, and were soon joined by their neighbors and possible relatives the Teutones. Together they defeated the Scordisci tribe, along with the Boii, many of whom apparently joined them. In 113 BC they arrived on the Danube, in Noricum, home to the Roman allied Taurisci. Unable to hold back these new, powerful invaders on their own, the Taurisci called to Rome for aid. A map of the area covered by the Pre-Roman Iron Age, ca 500 BC-1 AD The Pre-Roman Iron Age (also called the Celtic Iron Age) (ca 600 BC or 500 BC - ca 1 AD) designates the earliest part (i. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC - 120s BC - 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC Years: 125 BC 124 BC 123 BC 122 BC 121 BC - 120 BC - 119 BC 118 BC... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC - 110s BC - 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC Years: 120 BC 119 BC 118 BC 117 BC 116 BC - 115 BC - 114 BC 113 BC... Map of the Baltic Sea. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland; Frisian Jutlân; Low German Jötlann) is a peninsula in northern Europe that forms the only non-insular part of Denmark and also the northernmost part of Germany, dividing the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. ... Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. ... Scordisci were, in ancient geography, a war-like tribe inhabiting the southern part of lower Pannonia, comprising parts of the present-day countries Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, between the Savus (Sava), Dravus (Drava) and Danube rivers. ... A map of Gaul showing the relative position of the Boii tribe. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC - 110s BC - 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC Years: 118 BC 117 BC 116 BC 115 BC 114 BC - 113 BC - 112 BC 111 BC... The Danube bend at Visegrád is a popular destination of tourists The Danube (ancient Danuvius) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ... Noricum in ancient geography was a celtic kingdom in Austria and later a province of the Roman Empire. ...

Intitial Roman defeats

The following year Roman Consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, led the legions into Noricum, and after making an impressive show of force, took up a strong defensive position and demanded the Cimbri and their allies leave the province immediately. The Cimbri set about to peacefully comply with Rome's demands, when they discovered Carbo had lain an ambush against them. Infuriated by this treachery, they attacked and at the Battle of Noreia nearly caught and slayed Carbo and annihilated his army. Consul (abbrev. ... Gnaeus Papirius Carbo was a Roman general and was consul with Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius in 113 BC. In 112 BC, Carbo led a Roman army against the Cimbri and the Teutons at the Battle of Noreia, which was the first engagement between the Romans and the Proto-Germans. ... A modern reconstruction of a Roman centurion around 70 A modern reconstruction of a Roman miles, (10-240) The Roman legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus — to collect) was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. ... Combatants Roman Republic Cimbri and Teutones Commanders Papirius Carbo  ? Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Noreia in 112 BC, was the opening action of the Cimbrian War fought between the Roman Republic and the migrating Proto-Germanic tribes the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones). ...

Italy was now open to invasion, yet for some reason, the Cimbri and their allies headed west over the alps and into Gaul. In 109 BC, they invaded the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis and defeated the Roman army there under Marcus Junius Silanus. That same year, they defeated another Roman army at Burdigala (modern day Bordeaux) and killed its commander the Consul Gaius Cassius Longinus Ravalla. In 107 BC, the Romans lost again, this time to the Tigurines, who were allies of the Cimbri they had met on their way through the Alps. Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin Gallia, Greek Galatia) was the region of Western Europe occupied by present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 114 BC 113 BC 112 BC 111 BC 110 BC - 109 BC - 108 BC 107 BC... Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis, 120 AD Gallia Narbonensis was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France. ... New city flag (traditional tri-crescent) City coat of arms Motto: The fleur-de-lis alone rules over the moon, the waves, the castle, and the lion Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Département Gironde (33) Région Aquitaine Mayor Hugues Martin (UMP) (since 2004) Intercommunality Urban Community... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 112 BC 111 BC 110 BC 109 BC 108 BC - 107 BC - 106 BC 105 BC... The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ...

Disaster at Arausio

In 105 BC, Rome and its new consuls Quintus Servilius Caepio and Gnaeus Mallius Maximus decided they had had enough of these invaders. So to settle the matter once and for all, the Republic gathered the largest force it had fielded since the Second Punic War, possibly the largest force it had ever sent to battle, with over 80,000 troops along with tens of thousands of support personnel and camp followers in two armies, one led by Caepio and one led by Maximus. The Battle of Arausio took place on October 6, 105 BC, at a site between the town of Arausio and the Rhone River. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 110 BC 109 BC 108 BC 107 BC 106 BC - 105 BC - 104 BC 103 BC... Quintus Servilius Caepio the Elder Roman statesman and general, Consul in 106 BC, Proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul 105 BCE. Led one of the two forces against the Germanic tribes, the Teutones, the Cimbri, and Tigurni/Marcomanni/Cherusci in the Battle of Arausio in 105 BCE, along with then consul, Gnaeus... Gnaeus Manlius Maximus was the Roman Republic consul who was defeated and killed by Cimbri at the battle of Arausio (6 October 105 BC). ...

The consuls led their armies on their own armed migration to the Rhône River near Orange, Vaucluse where they made separate camps on opposite sides of the river. The two Roman commanders disliked and distrusted one another, consequently their armies, instead of acting as a single, overwhelming force, would be separate entities for the Cimbri, Teutones and their allies to destroy in detail. The overconfident Caepio foolishly attacked without support from Mallius Maximus, and his legions were wiped out and his undefended camp overrun. The now isolated and demoralized troops of Maximus were then easily defeated. Thousands more were slain, including Maximus himself trying desparately to rally and defend his poorly positioned camp. Only Caepio and a few hundred escaped over the carnage-choaked river with their lives. The Battle of Arausio was the costliest defeat Rome had suffered since Cannae. In fact the losses were far greater and so were the long term consequences. For the Cimbri and Teutones it was a great triumph, yet in it and in their failure to follow up on it were to be sown the seeds of their destruction. Instead of immediately gathering their allies and marching on Rome, the Cimbri went on to Hispania, while the Teutones remained in Gaul. Why they did not, for a second and fatal time, invade Italy remains a mystery. Perhaps they thought easier plunder could be found in Gaul and Spain. Possibly too, they might have suffered heavy casualties in their triumphs over the Romans and felt they were not yet strong enough to take them on their home grounds. With their reckless battle tactics, even their victories could have been rendered costly. Theodor Mommsen describes their metheods of war thusly: Starry Night Over the Rhone, by Vincent van Gogh (1888) The River Rhône (French Rhône, Occitan Ròse, Franco-Provençal Roun, standard German Rhone, Valais German Rotten, Italian Rodano) is one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. ... , Orange (Arenjo in Provençal) is a town and commune in the département of Vaucluse, in the south of France. ... The Battle of Arausio took place on October 6, 105 BC, at a site between the town of Arausio and the Rhone River. ... For the eleventh century battle in the Byzantine conquest of the Mezzogiorno, see Battle of Cannae (1018). ... Roman theater at Mérida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817–1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar and historian, generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. ...

"Their system of warfare was substantially that of the Celts of this period, who no longer fought, as the Italian Celts had formerly done, bareheaded and with merely sword and dagger, but with copper helmets often richly adorned and with a peculiar missile weapon, the -materis-; the large sword was retained and the long narrow shield, along with which they probably wore also a coat of mail. They were not destitute of cavalry; but the Romans were superior to them in that arm. Their order of battle was as formerly a rude phalanx professedly drawn up with just as many ranks in depth as in breadth, the first rank of which in dangerous combats not unfrequently tied together their metallic girdles with cords." 1

So with all these tactical disadvatages, they had to rely on superior numbers, their own fearsome courage and mistakes by Roman commanders to bring them victories. Yet they would soon be faced with a Roman General who seldom made mistakes at the head of a new Roman army which would prove a much deadlier foe.

Marius takes command

Following the devastation of the Arausio, fear shook the Roman Republic to its foundations. The terror cimbricus became a watchword, as Rome expected the Cimbri at its gates at any time. In this atmosphere of panic and desperation, an emergency was declared. The constitution was ignored and Gaius Marius, the victor over Jugurtha of Numidia was elected consul for an unprecedented, and technically illegal, five years in a row, starting in 104 BC, and appointed Imperator, supreme commander of the army, with unpreceedented powers which he would use to transform the Roman army. This article is about the Roman General who reorganizaed the Roman army, for other people known by the name of Marius see Marius (Disambiguation) Gaius Marius Gaius Marius (Latin: C·MARIVS·C·F·C·N)¹ (157 BC — January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and politician elected Consul an... Jugurtha, (c. ... Numidia was an ancient African Berber kingdom and later a Roman province on the northern coast of Africa between the province of Africa (where Tunisia is now) and the province of Mauretania (which is now the western part of Algerias coastal area). ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 109 BC 108 BC 107 BC 106 BC 105 BC - 104 BC - 103 BC 102 BC... The Latin word imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. ... Soldiers of the Roman Army (on manoeuvres in Nashville, Tennessee) Rome was a militarized state whose history was often closely entwined with its military history over the 1228 years that the Roman state is traditionally said to have existed. ...

Up until this time the army had been a well trained, well regulated Militia of all able-bodied, land-owning male citizens. Marius replaced this with a standing, professional force made up mostly of able bodied but landless volunteers. He would improve and standardize training, weapons, armor and equipment. He would improve the command structure and make the Cohorts the main tactical and administrative units of the legions. Along with these new arrangements would come new standards and symbols- the Aquila which he taught his troops to revere and never allow to fall into enemy hands. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A cohort (from the Latin cohors, plural cohortes) is a fairly large military unit, generally consisting of one type of soldier. ... The signa militaria were the Roman military ensigns or standards. ...

While the panicked Senate and people of Rome gave Marius the power he needed to undertake his military reforms, the failure of the Cimbri and Teutones to follow up on their victory would give him the time he needed to finish them. They would soon be confronted by an army of organized, highly trained, professional killers under the leadership of a brilliant and ruthless commander.

The Roman Republic strikes back

By 102 BC, Marius was ready to move against the Teutones. He chose his ground carefully and built a well fortified camp on the top of a hill near Aquae Sextiae, where he enticed the Teutones and their Ambrones allies to attack him. Once they did, they were attacked in the rear by a select force of five cohorts Marius had hidden in a nearby wood. The Teutones were routed and massacred and their king, Teutobod, placed in Roman chains. But Aquae Sextiae had only evened the score: while the Teutones had been eliminated, the Cimbri remained a formidable threat. Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 107 BC 106 BC 105 BC 104 BC 103 BC - 102 BC - 101 BC 100 BC... Combatants Teutones Roman Republic Commanders King Teutobod Gaius Marius Strength over 110,000 about 40,000 (6 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 90,000 killed 20,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence) took place in 102 BC. After a string... The tribe of the Ambrones appears briefly in the sources relating to the 2nd century BC, splashes meteorically across the pages of Roman history, and just as quickly disappears. ... The migrations of the Teutons and the Cimbri Teutobod was King of the Teutons. ...

The Defeat of the Cimbri, by Alexandre Gabriel Décamps

In 101 BC, the Cimbri returned to Gaul and prepared for the final act of their drama with Rome. For the first time they penetrated through the Alpine passes, which Marius' co-consul for that year, Quintus Lutatius Catulus, had failed to fortify, into northern Italy. Catulus withdrew behind the Po River, leaving the countryside open to the invaders. But the Cimbri took their time ravishing this fertile region, which gave Marius time to arrive with reinforcements — his victorious legions from Aquae Sextiae. It would be at Vercellae near the confluence of the Sesia River with the Po on the Raudine Plain, where the superiority of the new Roman legions and their cavalry would be clearly demonstrated. In the devastating defeat the Cimbri were virtually annihilated, and both their main leaders, Boiorix and Lugius, fell. The women killed both themselves and their children in order to avoid slavery. Thus the war which began with migration, ended in genocide and mass suicide. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1069x700, 132 KB) Summary The Defeat of the Cimbri, by DECAMPS, Alexandre Gabriel (1803-1860) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1069x700, 132 KB) Summary The Defeat of the Cimbri, by DECAMPS, Alexandre Gabriel (1803-1860) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 106 BC 105 BC 104 BC 103 BC 102 BC - 101 BC - 100 BC 99 BC... Quintus Lutatius Catulus Caesar was a Roman general and was consul with Marius in 102 BC. He was originally Sextus Julius Caesar, son of Sextus Julius Caesar (brother of Gaius Julius Caesar, who was father of Gaius Julius Caesar, who was in turn father of Julius Caesar) and brother of... The Po (Latin: Padus) is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. ... Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix † Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine... Sesia is a river in north-western Italy, tributary to the Po River. ... Boiorix was a king of the Cimbri tribe. ... Lugus was a deity attested to by inscriptions in Gaul, Germany and Switzerland and worshipped in Britain, in Ireland (compare Lugh), and in other ancient Celtic regions. ...

Aftermath

The Cimbri were not completely wiped off the face of the map or from the pages of history. A small remanant population of Cimbri and Teutones remained in northern Jutland, southern Scandinavia and the Baltic coast until at least until the 1st century. Their allies, the Boii, with whom they intermixed, settled in southern Gaul and Germany and would be there to welcome and confront Julius Caesar, Marius' nephew, in his campaigns of conquest. A map of Gaul showing the relative position of the Boii tribe. ... Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. ...

It would be over century later before Rome would suffer another great defeat at the hands of Germanic tribes, at the Teutoburg Forest. And it would be several centuries more before Germanic migrations would again seriously breach the Roman frontiers and threaten the Eternal City itself. Combatants Germanic tribes (Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, and Bructeri) Roman Empire Commanders Arminius Publius Quinctilius Varus † Strength Unknown, but probably 18,000 3 Roman legions, 3 alae and 6 auxiliary cohorts, probably 24,000 Casualties Unknown, maybe 7,000 About 23,000 The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (Schlacht im Teutoburger...

The political consequences resulting from the war, however, would have a much more immediate and lasting impact on Rome. The end of the Cimbrian war would mark the beginning of the rivalry between Marius and Sulla, which would eventually lead to the first of Rome's great civil wars. Moreover, following the final victory at Vercellae, and without first asking permission from the Senate, Marius granted Roman citizenship to his Italian allied soldiers, claiming that in the din of battle he could not distinguish the voice of Roman from ally from the voice of the law. Henceforth all Italian legions would be Roman legions and henceforth the allied cities of the Italian peninsula would seek a greater say in the external policy of the Republic, leading eventually to the Social War. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: L·CORNELIVS·L·F·P·N·SVLLA·FELIX)[1] ( 138 BC–78 BC) Roman general and dictator, was usually known simply as Sulla. ... There were several Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late Republic. ... Template:Campaignbox Social War This article is about the conflict between Rome and her allies between 91 and 88 BC The Social War (also called the Italian War or the Marsic War, Social come from Socii meaning ¨Allies¨) was a war from 91 – 88 BC between the Roman Republic and...

Marius may have saved Rome from the Proto-Germans, but he had also initiated the beginning of the end of its Republican form of government. The new soldier class he created of landless, often impoverished legionaries, though they swore an oath to the SPQR, really owed their loyalty to the generals who raised, led and, most importantly, paid them. Generals such as Marius himself, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony and of course Octavian, who would lead the way from Republic to Autocracy. See also the SPQR series of murder mystery novels and the SPQR board game. ... Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives (Latin: M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS[1]) (c. ... Marble bust of Pompey the Great Pompey or Pompey the Great (Classical Latin: CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS¹, Gnaeus or Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (September 29, 106 BC – September 29, 48 BC), was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman republic. ... For his relatives, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ... Augustus Caesar The title Caesar Augustus, given to every emperor of the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, originates from this person. ... An Autocracy is a form of government in which unlimited power is held by a single individual. ...

References

• Mommsen, Theodor, History of Rome, Book IV "The Revolution", pp 66-72.
• Dupuy, R. Ernest, and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia Of Military History: From 3500 B.C. To The Present. (2nd Revised Edition 1986) pp 90-91.