The Biuro Szyfrów ( ['bjurɔ 'ʃɨfruf]^(?), Polish for "Cipher Bureau") was the Polish agency concerned with cryptology between World Wars I and II. The Bureau enjoyed notable successes against Soviet cryptography during the Polish-Soviet War, helping to preserve Poland's independence. Beginning in December 1932, the Cipher Bureau broke the German Enigma cipher and overcame the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving Enigma machine. Jump to: navigation, search Gwido Langer (died March 30, 1948) was chief of the Polish General Staffs Cipher Bureau from at least mid-1931. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... Maksymilian Ciężki (1899–November 9, 1951) was the head of the German section of the Polish Cipher Bureau during the 1930s, during which time the organisation was able to decrypt German Enigma messages. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... Cryptography has had a long and colourful history. ... The Lacida (or LCD) was a rotor cipher machine designed before World War II by the Polish Cipher Bureau for wartime use by Polish higher commands. ... In telecommunication, the term intercept has the following meanings: 1. ... Maksymilian Ciężki (1899–November 9, 1951) was the head of the German section of the Polish Cipher Bureau during the 1930s, during which time the organisation was able to decrypt German Enigma messages. ... Jump to: navigation, search January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... Jump to: navigation, search January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... Maksymilian Ciężki (1899–November 9, 1951) was the head of the German section of the Polish Cipher Bureau during the 1930s, during which time the organisation was able to decrypt German Enigma messages. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with 30 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... Jerzy Różycki, about 1928. ... September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with 30 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... Henryk Zygalski, about 1930. ... September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with 30 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... Former civilian cryptanalyst with the General Staff Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau) German Section (BS4). ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... Jump to: navigation, search December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Jerzy Różycki, about 1928. ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... Diagram of cyclometer, from Marian Rejewski’s papers The cyclometer was a cryptologic device designed by the Polish Cipher Bureau (BS-4) to help decrypt the German Enigma machine during the 1930s. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... The bomba (plural bomby) was a special-purpose codebreaking machine designed by Polish cryptanalysts and used to crack the German Enigma machine prior to World War II. A bomba was designed to exploit an obscure but fatal weakness in the Enigma cipher. ... Jump to: navigation, search October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The method of perforated sheets was a codebreaking technique used against the Enigma machine (see Cryptanalysis of the Enigma). ... Jump to: navigation, search October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Image File history File links To play the audio file do not click on the image. ... Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ... Jump to: navigation, search State motto (Russian): Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Socialist republics/ Communist state Area  - Total  - % water Largest on the planet 22,402,200 km² ?% Population  - Total  - Density 3rd before collapse... Cryptography has had a long and colourful history. ... The Polish-Soviet War or Russo-Polish War — in Polish, often called the Bolshevik War (Wojna bolszewicka) — was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between two nascent states in post-World War I Europe, Soviet Russia and the Second Polish Republic. ... Jump to: navigation, search December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ...

The Cipher Bureau's purview included both ciphers and codes. In loose Polish parlance, "cipher" (szyfr) is used to refer to either of these two principal categories of cryptography. In the context of cryptography, a code is a method used to transform a message into an obscured form, preventing those not in on the secret from understanding what is actually transmitted. ... Cryptography has had a long and colourful history. ...

History

According to Bury (2004), a Polish Army "Cipher Section" (Sekcja Szyfrów) was created by Lt. Józef Stanslicki on May 8, 1919, and a few months later was renamed the "Cipher Bureau" (Biuro Szyfrów). Reporting to the Polish General Staff, it contributed substantially to Józef Piłsudski's defense of Poland in the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1921). Soviet military cryptography at the time was primitive and, when actually used, was further weakened by Soviet cipher clerks' neglect of elementary security practices. Jump to: navigation, search May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A General Staff is a group of professional military officers who act in a staff or administrative role under the command of a general officer. ... Term of office from November 14, 1918 until December 9, 1922 Profession Statesman and military commander Political party none, see Sanacja for details Spouse Maria PiÅ‚sudska Date of birth December 5, 1867 Place of birth Zułów, in todays Lithuania Date of death May 12, 1935 Place of... The Polish-Soviet War or Russo-Polish War — in Polish, often called the Bolshevik War (Wojna bolszewicka) — was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between two nascent states in post-World War I Europe, Soviet Russia and the Second Polish Republic. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

The commonest Russian cipher was broken as early as 1919 by a young mathematician, Stefan Mazurkiewicz, later rector of Warsaw University. Thanks to this, orders issued by Soviet commander Mikhail Tukhachevski's staff were known to Polish Army leaders. Under the auspices of Col. Tadeusz Schaetzel, chief of the Polish General Staff's Section II (Intelligence), the Polish cryptologists enjoyed generous support as they labored at Warsaw's radio station WAR, one of two Polish long-range radio transmitters. Thanks to breaking Russian ciphers, the Poles discovered a large gap in the Red Army's left flank and drove a wedge into that gap during the August 1920 Battle of Warsaw. The cryptologists also subsequently determined that the 4th Red Army had lost contact with its headquarters; as a result, it continued its drive into Pomerania (Pomorze), on the Baltic coast — even after the bulk of Bolshevik forces were in retreat — and was completely destroyed. Jump to: navigation, search 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Stefan Mazurkiewicz (b. ... Warsaw University (Polish Uniwersytet Warszawski) - the biggest and one of the most prestigious universities in Poland. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Mikhail Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (also spelled Tukhachevski, Tukhachevskii, Russian: Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский) (February 16, 1893 - June 11, 1937), Soviet military commander, was one of the most prominent victims of Stalins Great Purge of the late 1930s. ... This article covers the history of Polish Intelligence Services. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union. ... Note: as an adjective (stressed on the second syllable instead of the first), august means honorable. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events WIKIPEDIA EATS VAGINA January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Battle of Warsaw (sometimes referred to as the Miracle at the Vistula, Polish Cud nad WisÅ‚Ä…) was the decisive battle of the Polish-Soviet War, the war that began soon after the end of World War I in 1918 and lasted until the Treaty of...

According to Polish military historian Władysław Kozaczuk (1984 Enigma, p. 23, note 6), the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau was formed in mid-1931 by merger of the Radio Intelligence Office (Referat Radiowywiadu) and the Polish-Cryptography Office (Referat Szyfrów Własnych). Between 1932 and 1936, the Cipher Bureau took over additional responsibilities, including radio communications among military-intelligence posts in Poland and abroad and radio counterintelligence (mobile direction-finding-and-intercept stations for uncovering foreign-intelligence and fifth-column transmitters operating in Poland). Jump to: navigation, search This page is about the year 1984. ... A General Staff is a group of professional military officers who act in a staff or administrative role under the command of a general officer. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Military intelligence (abbreviated MI, int. ... Counterintelligence or counter-espionage is the act of seeking and indentifying espionage activities. ... Direction finding (DF) refers to the establishment of the direction from which a received signal was transmitted. ... In telecommunication, the term intercept has the following meanings: 1. ... Jump to: navigation, search Fifth column refers to any clandestine group of people which works covertly inside a nation to undermine its strength (psychological warfare) while the nation is simultaneously suffering an overt attack by a foreign power or another faction in a civil war. ...

Cyclometer (1934). Diagram from Marian Rejewski’s papers. 1: Rotor lid closed. 2: Rotor lid open. 3: Rheostat. 4: Glowlamps. 5: Switches. 6: Letters.

Major Gwido Langer, after a tour of duty as chief of staff of the 1st Legions Infantry Division, on January 15, 1929, became chief of the Radio Intelligence Office, and subsequently of the Cipher Bureau. The Bureau's deputy chief, and chief of its German section (BS-4), was Capt. Maksymilian Ciężki. Image File history File links Cyclometer_machine_Drawing_from_M_Rejewski’s_papers. ... Image File history File links Cyclometer_machine_Drawing_from_M_Rejewski’s_papers. ... Diagram of cyclometer, from Marian Rejewski’s papers The cyclometer was a cryptologic device designed by the Polish Cipher Bureau (BS-4) to help decrypt the German Enigma machine during the 1930s. ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... Jump to: navigation, search Gwido Langer (died March 30, 1948) was chief of the Polish General Staffs Cipher Bureau from at least mid-1931. ... Jump to: navigation, search Symbol of the division in modern NATO code Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division () was a tactical unit of the Polish Army between the World Wars. ... Jump to: navigation, search January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Maksymilian Ciężki (1899–November 9, 1951) was the head of the German section of the Polish Cipher Bureau during the 1930s, during which time the organisation was able to decrypt German Enigma messages. ...

In 1929, while the Cipher Bureau's predecessor was headed by Major Franciszek Pokorny, Ciężki, Pokorny and civilian Bureau employee Antoni Palluth taught a secret cryptology course at Poznań University for selected mathematics students. (Marian Rejewski later discovered in France, during World War II, that the entire course had been taught from French General Marcel Givièrge's book, Cours de cryptographie, published in 1925.) Jump to: navigation, search 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Former civilian cryptanalyst with the General Staff Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau) German Section (BS4). ... Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ... The University of PoznaÅ„ (Polish: Uniwersytet im. ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that... Jump to: navigation, search 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Subsequently, in September 1932, Ciężki hired for the Cipher Bureau three young graduates of the course: Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski. September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with 30 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... Jerzy Różycki, about 1928. ... Henryk Zygalski, about 1930. ...

Zygalski (perforated) sheet (1938).

Rejewski made one of the great advances in cryptology in December 1932 by applying mathematics — group theory — to breaking the German armed forces' Enigma machine ciphers (the Navy had adopted a modified civilian Enigma machine in 1926, the Army in 1928). The Bureau commissioned the AVA Radio Manufacturing Company, co-owned by Palluth, to build "doubles" of the German Enigma to Rejewski's specifications, as well as cryptologic devices such as Rejewski's "cyclometer" and "cryptologic bomb." "Zygalski sheets" were produced by Cipher Bureau personnel. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Zygalski_sheet_diagram. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Zygalski_sheet_diagram. ... The method of perforated sheets was a codebreaking technique used against the Enigma machine (see Cryptanalysis of the Enigma). ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... Jump to: navigation, search December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Mathematics Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mathematics Look up Mathematics on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Mathematics Bogomolny, Alexander: Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles. ... Group theory is that branch of mathematics concerned with the study of groups. ... Jump to: navigation, search Wehrmacht listen â–¶(?) was the name of the armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... Diagram of cyclometer, from Marian Rejewski’s papers The cyclometer was a cryptologic device designed by the Polish Cipher Bureau (BS-4) to help decrypt the German Enigma machine during the 1930s. ... The bomba (plural bomby) was a special-purpose codebreaking machine designed by Polish cryptanalysts and used to crack the German Enigma machine prior to World War II. A bomba was designed to exploit an obscure but fatal weakness in the Enigma cipher. ... The method of perforated sheets was a codebreaking technique used against the Enigma machine (see Cryptanalysis of the Enigma). ...

The Cipher Bureau's German section, BS-4, was housed in the Polish General Staff building (the stately 18th-century "Saxon Palace") in Warsaw until 1937. That year, for reasons of space and security, BS-4 moved into specially constructed new facilities in the Kabaty Woods near Pyry, south of Warsaw. A General Staff is a group of professional military officers who act in a staff or administrative role under the command of a general officer. ... Rendering of the Saxon Palace, as it is to be rebuilt. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Kabaty is the southernmost neighbourhood of the city of Warsaw, located in the borough of Ursynów. ...

Cipher Bureau building constructed in 1937 in the Kabaty Woods, south of Warsaw.

It was there, on July 25, 1939, with World War II looming only five weeks off, that the Cipher Bureau's chiefs, Lt. Col. Gwido Langer and Major Maksymilian Ciężki, the three civilian mathematician-cryptologists, and Col. Stefan Mayer (Polish General Staff intelligence chief), on General Staff instructions, revealed Poland's Enigma-decryption achievements to intelligence representatives of France (Major Gustave Bertrand, the French radio-intelligence and cryptology chief, and Capt. Henri Braquenié of the French Air Force staff) and Britain (Commander Alastair Denniston, chief of Britain's Government Code and Cypher School; Alfred Dillwyn Knox, chief British cryptologist; and Commander Humphrey Sandwith, chief of the Royal Navy's intercept and direction-finding stations). Image File history File links Kabaty_Biuro_Szyfrow. ... Image File history File links Kabaty_Biuro_Szyfrow. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Kabaty is the southernmost neighbourhood of the city of Warsaw, located in the borough of Ursynów. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Gwido Langer (died March 30, 1948) was chief of the Polish General Staffs Cipher Bureau from at least mid-1931. ... Maksymilian Ciężki (1899–November 9, 1951) was the head of the German section of the Polish Cipher Bureau during the 1930s, during which time the organisation was able to decrypt German Enigma messages. ... Military intelligence (abbreviated MI, int. ... Jump to: navigation, search Gustave Bertrand (died 1976) was a French military intelligence officer who made a vital contribution to the decryption, by Polands Cipher Bureau, of German Enigma ciphers beginning in December 1932. ... Alexander Guthrie (Alastair) Denniston (1 December 1881–1 January 1961) was a British codebreaker in Room 40 and first head of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS). ... The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) (previously named the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS)) is the main British intelligence service providing signals intelligence (SIGINT). ... Alfred Dillwyn Dilly Knox (1884–27 February 1943) was a British codebreaker and Greek scholar at Kings College, Cambridge. ... Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services, being the oldest of its three branches. ... In telecommunication, the term intercept has the following meanings: 1. ... Direction finding (DF) refers to the establishment of the direction from which a received signal was transmitted. ...

France, during the Phony War (October 1939 - May 1940).
From left: Polish Lt. Col. Gwido Langer, French Major Gustave Bertrand, and British liaison officer Capt. Kenneth McFarlan)

Cryptologic bomb (1938). Diagram from Marian Rejewski's papers. 1: Rotors (for clarity, only one 3-rotor set is shown). 2: Electric motor. 3: Switches.

Rejewski had ultimately solved a crucial element in the Enigma machine's structure, the wiring of the letters of the alphabet into the entry drum, with the inspired guess that they might be wired in in simple alphabetical order. Now, at the trilateral meeting — Rejewski was later to recount — "the first question that... Dillwyn Knox asked was: 'What are the connections in the entry drum?'" Knox was mortified to learn how simple the answer was. Jump to: navigation, search Ministry of Home Security Poster The Phony War, or in Winston Churchills words the Twilight War, was the phase of World War II marked by no military operations in Continental Europe, that followed the collapse of Poland. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Download high resolution version (445x640, 65 KB) Description: 1: Rotors (for clarity, only one 3-rotor set is shown). ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Download high resolution version (445x640, 65 KB) Description: 1: Rotors (for clarity, only one 3-rotor set is shown). ... The bomba (plural bomby) was a special-purpose codebreaking machine designed by Polish cryptanalysts and used to crack the German Enigma machine prior to World War II. A bomba was designed to exploit an obscure but fatal weakness in the Enigma cipher. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ...

The Poles' gift, to their western Allies, of Enigma decryption, a little over a month before the outbreak of World War II, came not a moment too soon. Former Bletchley Park mathematician-cryptologist Gordon Welchman has written: "Ultra [the British Enigma-decryption operation] would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military... Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use." Britain's Prime Minister Winston Churchill was to tell King George VI after the war: "It was thanks to Ultra that we won the war." During World War II, British and American cryptographers at Bletchley Park broke a large number of Axis codes and ciphers, including the German Enigma machine. ... William Gordon Welchman (15 June 1906–8 October 1985) was a British mathematician and World War II codebreaker at Bletchley Park. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalised ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, FRS, PC (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George) (December 14, 1895 - February 6, 1952) was the third British monarch of the House of Windsor, reigning from December 11, 1936 to February 6, 1952. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalised ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ...

AVA factory.

On September 5, 1939, as it became clear that Poland was unlikely to halt the German invasion, B.S.-4 received orders to destroy part of its files and evacuate essential personnel. On September 17, upon the Soviet Army's entry into eastern Poland, they crossed the border, with other Polish military and government personnel, into Romania. Subsequently they made their way to France, where at PC Bruno, outside Paris, they continued breaking German Enigma ciphers in collaboration with the Ultra operation at Bletchley Park, fifty miles northwest of London, England. In the interest of security, the allied cryptological services corresponded, by teletype, in Enigma. Braquenié often closed messages with a "Heil Hitler!" Image File history File links AvaFact_1939_Enigma_Copies. ... Image File history File links AvaFact_1939_Enigma_Copies. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union. ... PC Bruno was the code name for the intelligence station operated at a farmhouse in the west of France to which French cryptanalysts retired after Paris was captured by the Germans in 1940. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalised ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ... During World War II, British and American cryptographers at Bletchley Park broke a large number of Axis codes and ciphers, including the German Enigma machine. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK...

Following the capitulation of France to Germany in June 1940, the Poles continued their cryptologic work in the unoccupied "Free Zone" of southern France under the sponsorship of Gustave Bertrand until southern, Vichy France was occupied by the Germans in November 1942. Jump to: navigation, search June is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with a length of 30 days The month is named after the Roman goddess Juno (mythology), wife of Jupiter and equivalent to the Greek goddess Hera. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Presidential flag of Vichy France Vichy France, or the Vichy regime (in French, now called: Régime de Vichy or Vichy; at the time, called itself: État Français, or French State) was the de facto French government of 1940-1944 during the Nazi Germany occupation of World War II... Jump to: navigation, search Gustave Bertrand (died 1976) was a French military intelligence officer who made a vital contribution to the decryption, by Polands Cipher Bureau, of German Enigma ciphers beginning in December 1932. ... Presidential flag of Vichy France Vichy France, or the Vichy regime (in French, now called: Régime de Vichy or Vichy; at the time, called itself: État Français, or French State) was the de facto French government of 1940-1944 during the Nazi Germany occupation of World War II... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ...

Before the war, as mentioned, Antoni Palluth (a Warsaw Polytechnic civil-engineering graduate who had been a lecturer in the secret Poznań University cryptology course), had been co-owner of AVA, a radio-manufacturing enterprise that produced equipment for the Cipher Bureau. Under German occupation, some AVA workers were interrogated by the Germans but managed to say nothing that might lead them to suspect that the Enigma cipher had been compromised. Former civilian cryptanalyst with the General Staff Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau) German Section (BS4). ... Warsaw University of Technology is the largest academic school of technology in Poland, employing 2. ... The University of PoznaÅ„ (Polish: Uniwersytet im. ... Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ...

A German Enigma machine.

German Enigma machine, copied by the Biuro Szyfrow File links The following pages link to this file: Enigma machine Biuro Szyfrów Categories: Polish government site pictures ... German Enigma machine, copied by the Biuro Szyfrow File links The following pages link to this file: Enigma machine Biuro Szyfrów Categories: Polish government site pictures ... Jump to: navigation, search In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ...

See also

• Cryptologic bomb: a machine designed in 1938 by Marian Rejewski to facilitate the retrieval of Enigma keys.
• Bombe: a machine, inspired by Rejewski's "bomb," that was used by British and American cryptologists during World War II.
• Cryptanalysis of the Enigma, and Enigma machine.
• Zygalski sheets: invented in 1938 by Henryk Zygalski and called "perforated sheets" by the Poles, the device made possible the reconstitution of the Enigma's entire cipher key.
• Polish School of Mathematics.

The bomba (plural bomby) was a special-purpose codebreaking machine designed by Polish cryptanalysts and used to crack the German Enigma machine prior to World War II. A bomba was designed to exploit an obscure but fatal weakness in the Enigma cipher. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Marian Rejewski as second lieutenant (signals), Polish Army in Britain, in late 1943 or in 1944. ... The Bombe replicated the action of several Enigma machines wired together. ... Enigma is the name of a family of ciphering machines made famous by their use in World War II and the successful analysis of the cipher by Allied codebreakers. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... The method of perforated sheets was a codebreaking technique used against the Enigma machine (see Cryptanalysis of the Enigma). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Henryk Zygalski, about 1930. ... Jump to: navigation, search Polish School of Mathematics is the appellation given to the remarkably productive and creative mathematics community that has flourished in Poland since the two decades between the World Wars. ...

References

• Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984.
• Jan Bury, "Polish Codebreaking during the Russo-Polish War of 1919–1920," Cryptologia, vol. 28, no. 3 (July 2004), pp. 193–203.

Christopher Kasparek (born 1945) is a writer and a translator from Polish into English. ... Cryptologia is a journal in cryptography published quarterly since 1977. ...

External links

• About the Enigma (National Security Agency)
• "The Enigma Code Breach" by Jan Bury