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Circassian ethnic cleansing is a modern term that refers to the anti-Circassian campaign by the Russian Empire in the early 1860s under Alexander II and continued in the later years. It was what is called today ethnic cleansing – the systematic emptying of villages by Russian soldiers and the expulsion of hundreds of thousands of Circassians to the Ottoman Empire. ^[1] It was accompanied by the Russian colonization of these lands. ^[2] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... The term Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess (Çerkes), and is not the self-designation of any people. ... Official language Russian Official Religion Russian Orthodox Christianity Capital Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1914-1924) Area Approx. ... // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevitch (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (born April 17, 1818 in Moscow; died March 13, 1881 in St. ... Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem At the height of its power (1683) Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colonialism. ...

Introduction

Former Russian President Boris Yeltsin's May 1994 statement admitted that resistance to the tsarist forces was legitimate, but he did not recognize "the guilt of the tsarist government for the genocide." In 1997 and 1998, the leaders of the Kabardino-Balkaria and of the Adygea sent appeals to the Duma to reconsider the situation and to issue the needed apology; to date, there has been no response from Moscow. On July 5, 2005 the Cherkess Congress, an organization that unites representatives of the various Circassian peoples in the Russian Federation, has recently called on Moscow first to acknowledge and then to apologize for tsarist policies that Circassians say constituted a genocide. Their appeal pointed out that "according to the official tsarist documents more than 400,000 Circassians were killed, 497,000 were forced to flee abroad to Turkey, and only 80,000 were left alive in their native area." ^[3] List of Presidents of Russia Boris Yeltsin1 (July 10, 1991 – December 31, 1999) two terms. ... Yeltsin redirects here. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ... Росси́йская Импе́рия, (also Imperial Russia) covers the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great into the Russian Empire stretching from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... The Kabardino-Balkar Republic or Kabardino-Balkaria (Russian: ; Kabardian: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ; Balkar: Къабарты-Малкъар Республика) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic), located in the northern Caucasus. ... The Republic of Adygea (Russian: ; Adyghe: Адыгэ Республик) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic) enclaved within Krasnodar Krai. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with State Duma. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2005)    - Density 10,415,400   8537. ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

After surrender of Imam Shamil (Chechnya and Dagestan) in 1859, Russia's war campaigns concentrated in the Circassian lands of the North Caucasus and the Black Sea coast, at this time largest Muslim nation in the region. Even before their final victory over the Circassians, Russia decided that all the historical territory of the Circassians, the Kuban plains and the Black Sea coast, were to be cleansed of majority of the indigenous peoples and settled with the Cossacks. The plan on the subject of Circassian question was agreed on a meeting of the Caucasus commanders in October 1860 in Vladikavkaz and officially approved on May 10, 1862 by tsar Alexander II.^[4] Imam Shamil Imam Shamil (1797 - March 1871) was an Avar political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. ... Capital Grozny Area - total - % water Ranked 80th - 15,300 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 49th - est. ... The Republic of Dagestan IPA: (Russian: ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Construction of the Georgian Military Road through disputed territories was a key factor in the eventual Russian success A Scene from the Caucasian War, by Franz Roubaud Russian Invasion of the Caucasus, better known in Russia as the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, was a series of military actions of... The North Caucasus, also called Ciscaucasus, Forecaucasus, or Front Caucasus (Russian: ), is the northern part of the Caucasus region. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Kuban (Russian: ) is a region of Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between Ukraine and the Caucasus. ... The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... Russian Kuban Cossacks (Кубанские козаки, Kubanskie Kozaki) were cossacks that settled in the region around the Kuban River protected the southern borders of the Russian Empire. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Photo of Vladikavkaz cathedral mosque in 1912. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Mass deportations were started in 1860. A humanitarian disaster followed, and the Circassians immediately organized armed resistance. They made Sochi their capital, appealing for Turkey and the Western countries to recognize independent state of Circassia; these appeals were ignored. In 1862, Russia again started violent deportations, and by May 1864, the Circassian resistance had been crushed. The Circassians were given choice to move to the lowlands in the interior parts of the Empire, or flee to Turkey and beyond. Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... A humanitarian crisis, (or, in the language of history; humanitarian disaster) is a health or otherwise natural disaster which mortally threatens a very large number of people. ... Sochi Coat of Arms, adopted on 15 June 1967 Sochi (Russian: Со́чи) is the most popular Russian resort, situated in the Krasnodar Krai, near the Russian border with Abkhazia, Georgia. ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of capital) is the principal city or town associated with a countrys government. ... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ... Circassia, also known as Cherkessia in Russian, is a region in Caucasia. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Most chose exile. ^[5] More than 400,000 Circassians, as well as 200,000 Georgian Abkhazians and Ajars, were compelled to flee for Turkey. ^[5] Between March 6 and May 21, 1864, the entire Ubykh nation had departed the Caucasus; today the group is linguistically vanished. EXILE is a 6-member Japanese pop music band. ... Abkhazians - small ethnic group, which is distinct from Georgian. ... Official language Georgian Capital Batumi Chairman of Interim Council Levan Varshalomidze Area  - Total  - % water 2,900 km² n/a Population  - Total (1989)  - Density 392,432 135. ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Ubykh is a language of the Northwestern Caucasian group, spoken by the Ubykh people up until the early 1990s. ... Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ...

The anti-Circassian ultimately campaign ended in 1880s. Suddenly, as in the case of the Crimean Tatars, Russia stopped the persecution of the remaining populations, and crushed the voluntary emigration movements by deporting the organizers to Siberia. ^[5] // Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... The Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar (aka Qırım, Qırımlı and Qırım türkü), Pl. ... Look up Persecution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Immigration. ... Siberian Federal District (dark red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia. ...

Death toll

In all, some 90 percent Circassians (estimated at more than three million ^[6]) had been expelled from the territories occupied by Russia. During these events and the preceding Caucasian War hundreds of thousands people were killed or starved to death, but the exact numbers are unknown. ^[7] Construction of the Georgian Military Road through disputed territories was a key factor in the eventual Russian success A Scene from the Caucasian War, by Franz Roubaud Russian Invasion of the Caucasus, better known in Russia as the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, was a series of military actions of...

See also

• Adyghe people
• Caucasian War
• Colonialism
• Cultural genocide
• Ethnic cleansing
• Genocides in history
• Muhajir (Caucasus)

The Adyghe or Adygs are a people of the northwest Caucasus region, principally inhabiting Adygeya (23 %) (now a constituent republic of the Russian Federation) and Karachay-Cherkessia (11 %) (where they are named as Cherkess). Shapsigh Autonomous District, an autonomous district founded for Shapsigh (or Shapsugh) tribe living on the Black... Construction of the Georgian Military Road through disputed territories was a key factor in the eventual Russian success A Scene from the Caucasian War, by Franz Roubaud Russian Invasion of the Caucasus, better known in Russia as the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, was a series of military actions of... See colony and colonisation for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism. ... Cultural genocide is a term used to describe the deliberate destruction of the cultural heritage of a people or nation for political or military reasons. ... Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory. ... Genocide is defined by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) article 2 as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing... Muhajirism was the emigration of Muslim indigenous peoples of the Caucasus into the Ottoman Empire and Middle East following the Caucasian War. ...

References

1. ^ A new war in the Caucasus?. Review of book Bourdieu’s Secret Admirer in the Caucasus by Georgi M. Derluguian The Times February 1, 2006
2. ^ DISPUTABLE ANNIVERSARY COULD PROVOKE NEW CRISIS IN ADYGEYA Jamestown Foundation September 13, 2006
3. ^ CIRCASSIANS DEMAND RUSSIAN APOLOGY FOR 19TH CENTURY GENOCIDE. Radio Free Europe, July 15, 2005
4. ^ Defeat and Deportation University of Southern California, 1994
5. ^ ^{a b c} The Background of Chechen Independence Movement II: The Sufi Resistance The Eurasian Politician (non-profit independent web-based journal ), October 2003
6. ^ From Terror to Terrorism: the Logic on the Roots of Selective Political Violence The Eurasian Politician July 2004
7. ^ The Circassian Genocide The Eurasian Politician - Issue 2 (October 2000)

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External links

• The Circassian Genocide Genocide Watch
• Russian and foreign 19th Century reports and testimonies Circassian World