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The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. In biology, an organ (Latin organum: instrument, tool) is a group of tissues, which perform a specific function or group of functions. ...
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ...
With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual, and contrasts with soul, personality and behavior. ...
Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria Placozoa Subregnum Bilateria Acoelomorpha Orthonectida Rhombozoa Myxozoa Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ...
Functions Following are some basic functions of the human circulatory system: - Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body.
- Collection of metabolic wastes and delivery to the excretory organs, e.g. kidneys.
- Role in the immune system of defense against infection.
- Transport of hormones.
General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...
Nutrients and the body A nutrient is any element or compound necessary for or contributing to an organisms metabolism, growth, or other functioning. ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
The immune system is the organ system that protects an organism from outside biological influences. ...
An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...
A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ...
Types of circulatory systems
Open circulatory system The circulatory system of arthropods and most mollusks is open, meaning that there are no capillaries and veins: one or more hearts pump the blood (more properly called hemolymph in this case) through the arteries to spaces called sinuses which surround the organs, allowing the tissues to exchange materials with the hemolymph. The hemolymph is drawn back into the heart as the heart relaxes. Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - Trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - Spiders, Scorpions, etc. ...
Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora - Chitons Monoplacophora Bivalvia - Bivalves Scaphopoda - Tusk shells Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda - Squids, Octopuses, etc. ...
Capillaries are the smallest of a bodys blood vessels, measuring 5-10 μm. ...
In biology, a vein is a blood vessel which returns blood from the microvasculature to the heart. ...
Hemolymph (or haemolymph) is the blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. ...
A sinus is a pouch or cavity in any organ or tissue, or an abnormal cavity or passage caused by the destruction of tissue. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ...
Closed circulatory system The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squids and octopuses) are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the system of blood vessels consisting of arteries, capillaries and veins. Groups Conodonta Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Thelodonti Anaspida Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Galeaspida Pituriaspida Osteostraci Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Placodermi Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii Osteichthyes (bony fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Tetrapoda Amphibia Amniota Sauropsida/(Reptiles) Aves (Birds) Synapsida Mammalia...
Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata Oligochaeta - Earthworms and others Acanthobdellida Branchiobdellida Hirudinea - Leeches Class Myzostomida Class Archiannelida (polyphyletic) Class Echiura *Some authors consider the subclasses under Clitellata to be classes The annelids, collectively called Annelida (from Latin annellus little ring), are a large phylum of animals, comprising...
Earthworm is the common reference for the larger members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. ...
Orders Sepiida Sepiolida Spirulida Teuthida Octopoda Vampyromorphida Nautilida The Cephalopods (head-foot) are the mollusc class Cephalopoda characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a modification of the mollusc foot into the form of arms or tentacles. ...
Suborders Myopsina Oegopsina Squids are the large, diverse group of marine mollusks, popular as food in cuisines as widely separated as the Korean and the Italian. ...
Families 14 in two suborders, see text. ...
The systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals show various stages of evolution. In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as single circulation. The heart of fish is therefore only a single pump (consisting of two chambers). In amphibians and reptiles, a double circulation is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. Birds and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds evolved independently of that of mammals. Groups Conodonta Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Thelodonti Anaspida Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Galeaspida Pituriaspida Osteostraci Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Placodermi Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii Osteichthyes (bony fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) A fish is a poikilothermic (cold-blooded)* water-dwelling...
For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ...
Orders Crocodilia - Crocodilians Rhynchocephalia - Tuataras Squamata Suborder Sauria - Lizards Suborder Serpentes - Snakes Testudines - Turtles Superorder Dinosauria Saurischia Ornithischia The reptiles are a group of vertebrate animals. ...
Orders Many - see section below. ...
Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of mammary glands...
Charles Darwin, father of the theory of evolution by natural selection. ...
In aquatic organisms, gills are a respiratory organ for the extraction of oxygen from water and for the excretion of carbon dioxide. ...
In the first circuit, the blood is pumped to the lungs, where it acquires oxygen. ...
All circulatory systems frequently employ countercurrent exchange systems to drive the diffusion of chemicals into or out of the bloodstream. Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism used to transfer some component of a fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across a permeable barrier between them. ...
Diffusion is the spontaneous spreading of something such as particles, heat, or momentum. ...
No circulatory system An example of an animal with no circulatory system is the flatworm (class Tubellaria). They have a mouth leading into a digestive system. The digestive system is very branched, and because the worm is so flat, digested materials can be diffused to all the cells of the flat worm. Oxygen can diffuse from water into the cells of the flatworm. Thus every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system.
Humans The human circulatory system is comprised of the blood, the vascular system, and the heart. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ...
The heart is the muscular organ which pumps the blood. The vascular system is made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, and are where the exchange of nutrients and gases takes place between the red blood cells and the body tissues. Section of an artery An artery or arterial is also a class of highway. ...
In biology, a vein is a blood vessel which returns blood from the microvasculature to the heart. ...
Capillaries are the smallest of a bodys blood vessels, measuring 5-10 μm. ...
The arterial system The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
// Description Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen to body tissues via the blood. ...
Humans have a double circulatory system which consists of separate but connecting circulations: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. In the first circuit, the blood is pumped to the lungs, where it acquires oxygen. ...
The pulmonary circulation is a circuit of blood circulation in the cardiovascular system, serving exclusively the lungs, where red blood cells pick up oxygen and releasecarbon dioxide during respiration. ...
Systemic circulation is a circuit of circulation in the cardiovascular system. ...
Pulmonary circulation The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries. These arteries carry the blood to the lungs, where it passes through a capillary network close to air-filled alveoli. This enables the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of oxygen from the air. The now oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium in the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs. ...
The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ...
The alveoli (singular:alveolus), tiny hollow sacs which are continuous with the airways, are the sites of gas exchange with the blood. ...
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...
The pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. ...
Systemic circulation Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins, flows into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle, which then pumps the blood through the aorta, the major artery which supplies blood to the body. This page is about the muscular organ, the Heart. ...
In the heart, a ventricle is a chamber which collects blood from an atrium (another heart chamber) and pumps it out of the heart. ...
The largest artery in the human body, the aorta originates from the left ventricle of the heart and brings oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ...
Smaller arteries branch off the aorta.
Splanchnic circulation Also called visceral circulation, the splanchnic circulation is the part of the systemic circulation that supplies the digestive organs. The major arteries of the splanchnic circulation branch directly off the aorta and include the celiac artery (celiac axis), superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery. celiac artery ...
The superior mesenteric artery arises from the anterior surface of the aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the duodenum and pancreas to the left colic flexure. ...
In anatomy, inferior mesenteric artery supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum. ...
Portal circulation There are two exceptions to the system of double circulation.
The deoxygenated blood from the capillaries of the gastrointestinal tract drains into the portal vein which, instead of going directly back to the heart, leads to the liver. This allows the liver to take up the nutrients that were extracted by the intestines from food. The liver also neutralizes some toxins taken up by the intestines. Blood from the liver drains via the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava and then the right side of the heart. The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ...
The portal vein is a major vein in the human body draining blood from the digestive system and its associated glands. ...
The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ...
A toxin, in a scientific context, is a biologically produced substance that causes injury to the health of a living thing on contact or absorption, typically by interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes and receptors. ...
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava (IVC), azygos vein and their tributaries. ...
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ...
There is also a small portal flow from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland. In the anatomy of mammals, the hypothalamus is a region of the brain located below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon and functioning to regulate certain metabolic processes and other autonomic activities. ...
The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ...
Fetal circulation The circulatory system of the fetus is different, as the fetus does not use its lungs yet and obtains oxygen and nutrients from the placenta through the umbilical cord. After birth, the fetal circulatory system undergoes several anatomical changes, including closure of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale. See also: coronary circulation Fetus at eight weeks A fetus (alternatively foetus or fœtus) is an unborn vertebrate offspring after the embryonary stage. ...
Human placenta shown a few minutes after birth. ...
Newborn at 45 seconds. ...
Fetus at eight weeks A fetus (alternatively foetus or fœtus) is an unborn vertebrate offspring after the embryonary stage. ...
In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus (DA) is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch that allows much of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus fluid-filled lungs. ...
Two structures in the human body are called foramen ovale, meaning circular hole. ...
The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from, the heart. ...
Physiology Circulation refers to the movement of the blood through the heart and blood vessels.
Mechanisms The mechanisms can be further subcategorized.
General mechanisms of the cardiovascular system Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ...
Cardiac output is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart in a minute. ...
Homeostasis or homoeostasis is the property of an open system, especially living organisms, to regulate its internal environment so as to maintain a stable condition, by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. ...
Mechanisms specific to the blood vessels The arterial system The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
Measurement techniques Lead II An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG, abbreviated from the German Elektrokardiogramm) is a graphic produced by an electrocardiograph, which records the electrical voltage in the heart in the form of a continuous strip graph. ...
Mechanical sphygmomanometer with aneroid manometer and stethoscope Digital sphygmomanometer A sphygmomanometer is an inflatable cuff used to measure blood pressure. ...
Health and disease See heart disease There are different forms of heart disease: Coronary heart disease Ischaemic heart disease Cardiovascular disease The study of heart disease is Cardiology This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
See also
History of discovery The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air. (5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Invasion of the Celts into Ireland Gauls sack Rome Kingdom of Macedon conquers Persian empire The Scythians are beginning to be absorbed into the Sarmatian people. ...
Herophilus distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood. Herophilos, sometimes Latinized Herophilus (335-280 BC), was a Greek physician. ...
Galen in the 2nd century AD knew that blood vessels carry blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. Claudius Galenus of Pergamum (131-201 AD), better known as Galen, was an ancient Greek physician. ...
(1st century - 2nd century - 3rd century - other centuries) Events Roman Empire governed by the Five Good Emperors (96–180) – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius. ...
Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled. A pore, in general, is some form of opening, usually very small. ...
Ibn Nafis in 1242 was the first person to accurately describe the process of blood circulation in the human body. Contemporary drawings of this process have survived. In 1552 Servetus described the same and Realdo Colombo proved the concept. All these results were not widely accepted however. Ibn Nafis (1210-1288) was the first person to accurately describe the process of blood circulation in the human body (in 1242). ...
// Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Chudskoye Lake, Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ...
Events April - War between Henry II of France and Emperor Charles V. Henry invades Lorraine and captures Toul, Metz, and Verdun. ...
Matteo Realdo Colombo or Renaldus Columbus (c. ...
Finally William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments and announced in 1628 the discovery of the human circulatory system as his own and published an influential book about it. This work with its essentially correct exposition slowly convinced the medical world. Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later described by Marcello Malpighi. William Harvey William Harvey (April 1, 1578 - June 3, 1657) was a medical doctor who first correctly described in exact detail the circulatory system of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. ...
Hieronymus Fabricius Hieronymus Fabricius is the Latin name by which the Italian anatomist Girolamo Fabrici (1537-1619) is better known. ...
Events March 1 - writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date. ...
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, (An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals) is physician William Harveys most well-known work. ...
Marcello Malpighi (March 10, 1628 - November 29, 1694) was an Italian doctor, who gave his name to several physiological features. ...
See also Cardiology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. ...
In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ...
External links
References
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ...
The largest artery in the human body, the aorta originates from the left ventricle of the heart and brings oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ...
Section of an artery An artery or arterial is also a class of highway. ...
An arteriole is a blood vessel that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries. ...
Capillaries are the smallest of a bodys blood vessels, measuring 5-10 μm. ...
A venule is a small blood vessel that allows blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins. ...
In biology, a vein is a blood vessel which returns blood from the microvasculature to the heart. ...
The superior and inferior venae cavae are the veins that return the blood from the body into the heart. ...
The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs. ...
The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ...
The pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. ...
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ...
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