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A citation index is an index of citations between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. A citation is a credit or reference to another document or source which documents both influence and authority. ...
The first citation indices were legal citators such as Shepard's Citations (1873). In 1960, Eugene Garfield's Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in academic journals, starting with the Science Citation Index SCI, and later expanding to produce the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). As of 2006, there are other sources of such data, such as Google Scholar. In legal research, a citator is a citation index of legal resources, the best-known of which is Shepards Citations. ...
In legal research, Shepards Citations is the best-known citator, a list of all the authorities cited by a particular case. ...
Eugene Garfield (born September 16, 1925 in New York City) is an American scientist and one of the founders of bibliometrics. ...
The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960. ...
Academic publishing describes a system of publishing that is necessary in order for academic scholars to review work and make it available for a wider audience. ...
Science Citation Index (SCI ®) is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 1960, which is now owned by Thomson Scientific. ...
Social Sciences Citation Index ® (SSCI ® ) is a citation index product of Thomson Scientific. ...
The Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) is the registered trademark for a citation index of over 1,000 of the worlds leading arts and humanities journals. ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Google Scholar is a search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and scholarly fields. ...
Major current citation indexing services
There are two publishers of general-purpose academic citation indexes, available to libraries by subscription: - ISI is now part of Thomson Scientific. Though the ISI citation indexes are still published in print and compact disc, they are now generally accessed through the Web under the name Web of Science, which is in turn part of the group of databases in WoK.
- Elsevier publishes Scopus, available online only, which similarly combines subject searching with citation browsing and tracking in the sciences and social sciences.
There are a number of other indexes, more readily available. Some of the currently notable ones are: Connecticut-based Thomson Scientific & Healthcare is one of the four operating divisions of The Thomson Corporation. ...
Web of Science is an online academic database provided by Thomson Scientific. ...
Web of Science ® is an online academic database provided by Thomson Scientific. ...
Elseviers logo Elsevier, the worlds largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. ...
Binomial name Scopus umbretta Gmelin, 1789 The Hammerkop (Scopus umbretta) is a medium sized (56cm) bird with a long shaggy crest. ...
- The CiteSeer system provides citation and other searching in the fields of computer and information science,
- RePec provides this in economics, and other discipline-specific indexes have also begun to include it in their indexes. Even journal publishers often supply the facility to link to late citations, at least from the journals they publish.
- Google Scholar(GS) has citation functionality, limited to the recent articles that are included. There is already discussion about the possibility that GS may in the future have sufficient capabilities to make the commercial products unnecessary, but it is not accepted that 2006 is soon enough.
Each of these products offer an index of citations between publications and a mechanism to establish which documents cite which other documents. The different products offer different ways to access the citation list and also display their citation index differently. They differ widely in cost: WOK and Scopus are among the highest-cost subscription databases; the others mentioned are free. CiteSeer is a public speciality scientific and academic search engine and digital library that was created by researchers Dr. Steve Lawrence, Kurt Bollacker and Dr. Lee Giles while they were at the NEC Research Institute (now NEC Labs), Princeton, New Jersey, USA. CiteSeer crawls and harvests academic and scientific documents...
Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...
Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. ...
Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in 54 countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics. ...
Google Scholar is a search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and scholarly fields. ...
Citation analysis While citation indexes were originally designed for information retrieval purposes, they are increasingly used for bibliometrics and other studies involving research evaluation. Citation data is also the basis of the popular journal impact factor. Bibliometrics is the study, or measurement, of texts and information (Norton, 2001). ...
The Impact factor, very often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the citations to science and social science journals. ...
There is large body of literature on citation analysis, sometimes called scientometrics, a term invented by Vasily Nalimov, or more specifically bibliometrics. The field blossomed with the advent of the Science Citation Index, which now covers source literature from 1900 on. The leading journals of the field are Scientometrics and the Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technology. ASIST also hosts an electronic mailing list called SIGMETRICS at ASIST[1]. This method is undergoing a resurgence based on the wide dissemantion of the Web of Science and Scopus subscription databases in many universities, and the universally-available free citation tools such as CiteBase, CiteSeer, Google Scholar, and Windows Live Academic. Scientometrics is the science of measuring and analysing science. ...
Vasily Nalimov (ВаÑилий ВаÑильевич Ðалимов), born 1910 and died 1997, was a Russian philosopher and humanist. ...
Bibliometrics is the study, or measurement, of texts and information (Norton, 2001). ...
Science Citation Index (SCI ®) is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 1960, which is now owned by Thomson Scientific. ...
Scientometrics is the science of measuring and analysing science. ...
The American Society for Information Science and Technology (also referred to as ASIST or ASIS&T) is a professional organization of information professionals. ...
Electronic mailing lists are a special usage of e-mail that allows for widespread distribution of information to many Internet users. ...
CiteSeer is a public speciality scientific and academic search engine and digital library that was created by researchers Dr. Steve Lawrence, Kurt Bollacker and Dr. Lee Giles while they were at the NEC Research Institute (now NEC Labs), Princeton, New Jersey, USA. CiteSeer crawls and harvests academic and scientific documents...
Google Scholar is a search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and scholarly fields. ...
Windows Live Academic is a part of the Windows Live Search group of tools in Microsofts Windows Live range of services. ...
History In a classic 1965 paper, Derek J. de Solla Price described the inherent linking characteristic of the SCI as "Networks of Scientific Papers" [2]. The links between citing and cited papers became dynamic when the SCI began to be published online. The Social Sciences Citation Index became of the first databases to be mounted on the Dialog system [3] in 1972. With the advent of the CD-ROM edition, linking became even easier and enabled the use of bibliographic coupling (M. M. Kessler) for finding related records. In 1973 Henry Small published his classic work on Co-Citation analysis which became a self-organizing classification system that led to document clustering experiments and eventually an Atlas of Science later called Research Reviews. 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...
Derek John de Solla Price (January 22, 1922 – September 03, 1983) was a science historian and information scientist, credited as the father of scientometrics. ...
Social Sciences Citation Index ® (SSCI ® ) is a citation index product of Thomson Scientific. ...
The term dialogue (or dialog) expresses basically reciprocal conversation between two or more persons. ...
The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
ISI also published Current Contents, a paper publication reproducing journal title pages, widely used at the time for keeping up with the current literature, a technique known as selective dissemination of information (SDI), periodic updates of literature searches based on user profiles . The combination with SCI permitted the first use in 1965 of earlier cited references as a factor in the selection, in a product called Automatic Subject Citation Alert. This continues in electronic form as the ISI Personal Alert; this feature is now almost universally available in any bibliometric database and for most electronic journals. In the case of SCI/SSCI profiles contained not only traditional natural language search terms, but also terms for cited references and cited authors, though this too is now a part of most such systems. Thus, a user can be alerted to any new works which cited the author, paper or book in question. Using journal names in a similar way, customized contents pages could also be provided. Electronic journals are scholarly journals or magazines that can be accessed via electronic transmission. ...
The term natural language is used to distinguish languages spoken and signed (by hand signals and facial expressions) by humans for general-purpose communication from constructs such as writing, computer-programming languages or the languages used in the study of formal logic, especially mathematical logic. ...
The inherent topological and graphical nature of the worldwide citation network which is an inherent property of the scientific literature was described by Ralph Garner at Drexel University in 1965.[1] Scientific literature is the totality of publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the sciences and social sciences. ...
Drexel University is an institution of higher learning located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ...
The use of citation counts to rank journals was a technique used in the early part of the nineteenth century but the systematic ongoing measurement of ths counts for scientific journals was initiated by Eugene Garfield at the Institute for Scientific Information who also pioneered the use of these counts to rank authors and papers. In a landmark paper of 1965 he and Irving Sher showed the correlation between citation frequency and eminence in demonstrating that Nobel Prize winners published five times the average number of papers while their work was cited 30 to 50 times the average. In a long series of essays on the Nobel and other prizes Garfield reported this phenomenon. The usual summary measure is known as impact factor, the number of citations to a journal for the previous two years, divided by the number of articles published in those years. It is widely used, both for appropriate and inappropriate purposes--in particular, the use of this measure alone for ranking authors and papers is therefore quite controversal. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Academic publishing. ...
Nobel Prize medal. ...
The Impact factor, very often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the citations to science and social science journals. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Academic publishing. ...
The Impact factor, very often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the citations to science and social science journals. ...
In an early study in 1964 of the use of Citation Analysis in writing the history of DNA, Garfield and Sher demonstrated the potential for generating historiographs, topological maps of the most important steps in the history of scientific topics. This work was later automated by E. Garfield, A. I. Pudovkin of the Institute of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and V. S. Istomin of Center for Teaching, Learning, and Technology, Washington State University and led to the creation of the HistCite [4] software around 2002. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living things. ...
Historiography is writing about rather than of history. ...
Topological tube map of the London Underground In cartography and geology, a topological map refers to a map that has been simplified so that only vital information remains and unnecessary detail has been removed. ...
Russian Academy of Sciences: main building Russian Academy of Sciences (РоÑÑиÌйÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐкадеÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ ÐауÌк) is the national academy of Russia. ...
Washington State University (WSU) is a major public research university in Pullman, Washington. ...
For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...
Autonomous citation indexing was introduced in 1998 by Giles, Lawrence and Bollacker and enabled automatic algorithmic extraction and grouping of citations for any digital academic and scientific document. Where previous citation extraction was a manual process, citation measures could now be computed for any scholarly and scientific field and document venue, not just those selected by organizations such as ISI. This led to the creation of new systems for public and automated citation indexing, the first being CiteSeer, soon followed by Cora (recently reborn as Rexa), which focused primarily on the field of computer and information science. These were later followed by large scale academic domain citation systems such as the Google Scholar and more recently Microsoft Academic. Such autonomous citation indexing is not yet perfect in citation extraction or citation clustering with an error rate estimated by some at 10%. It should be noted that SCI has also been prepared through purely programmatic methods, and the older record particulary have a similar magnitude of error. CiteSeer is a public speciality scientific and academic search engine and digital library that was created by researchers Dr. Steve Lawrence, Kurt Bollacker and Dr. Lee Giles while they were at the NEC Research Institute (now NEC Labs), Princeton, New Jersey, USA. CiteSeer crawls and harvests academic and scientific documents...
New Measures of Citation Impact Today, there are alternative measures of citation impact. Jorge E. Hirsch recently developed the H-index, also known as the Hirsch number, for the quantification of scientific output of individual scientific authors. It is based on the citations each article (paper) of an author gets. Hirsch writes: Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
Wikinews has news related to: Jorge E. Hirsch Jorge E. Hirsch is a physics professor (Ph. ...
In economics, the Herfindahl index is a measure of the size of firms in relationship to the industry and an indicator of the amount of competition among them. ...
The Hirsch number is a newly proposed measure of scientific productivity that attempts to go beyond simple publication-counting. ...
- A scientist has index h if h of his/her Np papers have at least h citations each, and the other (Np - h) papers have fewer than h citations each.[5]. (In other words, a scholar with an index of h has published h papers with at least h citations each.)
Online tools are available to directly calculate a scientist's H-index number using Google Scholar. Google Scholar and Web of Science can also be used to manually determine the H-index, although some degree of calculation is required as the H-index is the result of the maximum of the balance between the number of publications and the number of citations per publication.
The Google Pagerank system has also been proposed to assess citation impact (see Impact factor to learn more). There are an increased number of interactive tools available (such as the Scopus Citation Tracker [6] in 2006), and the corresponding tool for Science Citation index, Results analysis. In different ways, they rank the retrieved documents by year, journal, institution, or author. How PageRank Works PageRank is a link analysis algorithm which assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a hyperlinked set of documents, such as the World Wide Web, with the purpose of measuring its relative importance within the set. ...
The Impact factor, very often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the citations to science and social science journals. ...
See also The Impact factor, very often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the citations to science and social science journals. ...
In economics, the Herfindahl index is a measure of the size of firms in relationship to the industry and an indicator of the amount of competition among them. ...
The Hirsch number is a newly proposed measure of scientific productivity that attempts to go beyond simple publication-counting. ...
Bibliometrics is the study, or measurement, of texts and information. ...
An acknowledgment index keeps track of which articles in scientific journals acknowledge which persons or organizations. ...
CiteSeer is a public speciality scientific and academic search engine and digital library that was created by researchers Dr. Steve Lawrence, Kurt Bollacker and Dr. Lee Giles while they were at the NEC Research Institute (now NEC Labs), Princeton, New Jersey, USA. CiteSeer crawls and harvests academic and scientific documents...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ...
References - ^ The American Society for Information Science & Technology. The Information Society for the Information Age. Retrieved on 2006-05-21.
- ^ Derek J. de Solla Price (July 30, 1965). "Networks of Scientific Papers". SCIENCE 149 (3683): 510–515. PMID 14325149.
- ^ Dialog, A Thomson Business. "Dialog invented online information services". Retrieved on 2006-05-21.
- ^ Eugene Garfield, A. I. Pudovkin, V. S. Istomin (2002). Algorithmic Citation-Linked Historiography—Mapping the Literature of Science. Presented the ASIS&T 2002: Information, Connections and Community. 65th Annual Meeting of ASIST in Philadelphia, PA. November 18-21, 2002. Retrieved on 2006-05-21.
- ^ An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output (PDF). J. E. Hirsch. Retrieved on 2006-05-21.
- ^ Scopus Citation Tracker. Reed Elsevier Press Release: "Scopus Empowers Researchers with new Citation Tracker". Retrieved on 2006-05-21.
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ...
Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ...
Bibliography - Eugene Garfield, Citation Indexing, 1979. Reprinted in 1983 by ISI. Full text available at Garfield's Web site.
1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
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