Citrus canker is a disease affecting citrus species that is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis. Infection causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus trees, including limes, oranges, and grapefruit. While not harmful to humans, canker significantly affects the vitality of citrus trees, causing leaves and fruit to drop prematurely; a fruit infected with canker is safe to eat but too unsightly to be sold. Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Orders Alpha Proteobacteria    Caulobacterales - e. ... Orders Alpha Proteobacteria    Caulobacterales - e. ... Genera Frateuria Luteimonas Lysobacter Nevskia Pseudoxanthomonas Rhodanobacter Stenotrophomonas Xanthomonas Xylella The Xanthomonadaceae are a family of Proteobacteria, given their own order. ... Genera Frateuria Luteimonas Lysobacter Nevskia Pseudoxanthomonas Rhodanobacter Stenotrophomonas Xanthomonas Xylella The Xanthomonadaceae are a family of Proteobacteria, given their own order. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is a standard convention used for naming species. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... In scientific classification, synonymy is the existence of multiple systematic names to label the same organism. ... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus x aurantifolia - Lime Citrus x aurantium Citrus x hystrix - Kaffir Lime Citrus x ichangensis - Ichang Lemon Citrus x limetta Citrus x limon - Lemon Citrus x limonia - Rangpur Citrus x paradisi - Grapefruit Citrus x... Fruit stall in Barcelona, Spain. ...

The disease, which is believed to have originated in South East Asia, is extremely persistent when it becomes established in an area, making it necessary for all citrus orchards to be destroyed for successful eradication of the disease. Australia, Brazil and the United States are currently suffering from canker outbreaks. Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

Biology

Xanthomonas axonopodis is a rod shaped gram negative bacterium with polar flagella. The bacterium has a genome length approximately 5 Mbp. There are a number of types of citrus canker disease caused by different pathovars and variants of the bacterium^[1]: Bacteria that are Gram-negative are not stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining, in contrast to Gram-positive bacteria. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... In genetics, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). ... A pathovar is a bacterial strain or set of strains with the same or similar characteristics, that is differentiated at infrasubspecific level from other strains of the same species or subspecies on the basis of distinctive pathogenicity to one or more plant hosts. ...

• The Asiatic type of canker (Canker A), X. axonopodis pv. citri, caused by a group of strains originally found in Asia, is the most widespread and severe form of the disease.
• Cancrosis B, caused by a group of X. axonopodis pv. aurantifolii strains originally found in South America is a disease of lemons, key lime, bitter orange, and pomelo.
• Cancrosis C, also caused by strains within X. axonopodis pv. aurantifolii, only infects key lime and bitter orange.
• A* strains, discovered in Oman, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and India, only infects key lime.

World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. ... Bitter Orange is a name used to refer to several citrus or citrus-like fruit trees. ... Binomial name Citrus x grandis The pomelo is a citrus fruit, a cross between the grapefruit and the pummelo. ...

Pathology

Lesions on leaves

Plants infected with citrus canker have characteristic lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit with raised, brown, water-soaked margins, usually with a yellow halo or ring effect around the lesion. Older lesions have a corky appearance, still in many cases retaining the halo effect. The bacterium propagates in lesions in leaves, stems, and fruit. The lesions ooze bacterial cells that, when dispersed by wind and rain, can spread to other plants in the area. Infection may spread further by large storm events including tornadoes and hurricanes. The disease can also be spread by using contaminated equipment on or near infected trees, by workers who have come in contact with infected trees, and by transport of infected or contaminated plants or fruit. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (612x768, 100 KB)Citrus canker is a disease that causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus trees. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (612x768, 100 KB)Citrus canker is a disease that causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus trees. ... Jesus is usually depicted with a round halo bearing a cross, as in this dome mosaic from the Church of Daphni in Athens. ... Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article is about weather phenomena. ...

Citrus canker bacteria can enter through a plant's stomata or through wounds on leaves or other green parts. In most cases, younger leaves are considered to be the most susceptible. Also, damage caused by Citrus Leaf Miner larvae (Phyllocnistis citrella) can be sites for infection to occur. Symptons appear from 14 to 60 or more days after infection. Citrus canker bacteria can stay viable in old lesions and other plant surfaces for several months. This is not about surgically created bowel openings; see stoma (medicine) In botany, a stoma (also stomate; plural stomata) is a tiny opening or pore, found mostly on the undersurface of a plant leaf, and used for gas exchange. ...

Citrus canker lesions on fruit.

Image File history File links Fruit infected with canker is too unsightly to be sold, and the bacterium that causes citrus canker weakens the trees and makes their leaves and fruit drop prematurely. ... Image File history File links Fruit infected with canker is too unsightly to be sold, and the bacterium that causes citrus canker weakens the trees and makes their leaves and fruit drop prematurely. ...

Detection

The disease can be detected in orchards and on fruit by the appearance of lesions. Early detection is critical in quarantine situations. Bacteria are tested for pathogenicity by inoculating multiple citrus species with the bacterium. Simultaneously, other diagnostic tests (antibody detection, fatty-acid profiling, and genetic procedures using PCR) are conducted to identify the particular canker strain. An orchard is an intentional planting of trees maintained for food production. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Susceptibility

Most varieties of citrus are susceptible to citrus canker. Some species are more susceptible than others, while a few species are resistant to infection.

Binomial name Citrus × paradisi Macfad. ... Binomial name Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. ... Binomial name Citrus × limon Lemons are the citrus fruit from the tree Citrus × limon, a hybrid of cultivated origin. ... Binomial name Poncirus trifoliata Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliata) is a member of the family Rutaceae, closely related to Citrus, and sometimes included in that genus, being sufficiently closely related to allow it to be used as a rootstock for Citrus. ... Binomial name Citrus reticulata Blanco The Tangerine (Citrus reticulata) is an orange-colored citrus fruit, a type of mandarin orange. ... The tangor is a Citrus which is a hybrid of the Tangerine and the Orange. ... Tangelo segments. ... Orange blossoms and oranges on tree For other uses of orange, see orange (disambiguation) Oranges are the fruits of an orange tree, one of the most common citrus fruits. ... Bitter Orange is a name used to refer to several citrus or citrus-like fruit trees. ... Citron is a citrus fruit of the species Citrus medica. ... Satsuma Mandarin Orange The Mandarin orange is a small citrus tree (Citrus reticulata) with fruit resembling the orange. ... Packaged whole fruits and a popular soft drink made from the fruit known as calamansi Calamondin or calamansi—X Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands—is a fruit tree in the Family Rutaceae that presumably comes from and is very popular throughout Southeast Asia, especially the Philippines. ... Species Fortunella crassifolia - Meiwa Kumquat Fortunella hindsii - Hong Kong Kumquat Fortunella japonica - Marumi Kumquat Fortunella margarita - Nagami Kumquat The kumquat is a small tree and its fruit, related to Citrus, and classified in the flowering plant family Rutaceae. ...

Management

Citrus canker outbreaks are prevented and managed in a number of ways. In countries that do not have canker, the disease is prevented from entering the country by quarantine measures. In countries with new outbreaks, eradication programs that are started soon after the disease has been discovered have been successful; such programs rely on destruction of affected orchards. When eradication has been unsuccessful and the disease has become established, management options include replacing susceptible citrus cultivars with resistant cultivars, applying preventive sprays of copper-based bactericides, and destroying infected trees and all surrounding trees within an appropriate radius. General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance copper, metallic Atomic mass 63. ... A bacteriocide or bactericide is a substance that kills bacteria and, preferably, nothing else. ...

Distribution and economic impact

Citrus canker is thought to originate in the area of Southeast Asia-India. It is now also present in Japan, South and Central Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, some countries in South America, and Florida. Some areas of the world have eradicated citrus canker and others have ongoing eradication programs, but the disease remains endemic in most areas where it has appeared. Because of its rapid spread, high potential for damage, and impact on export sales and domestic trade, citrus canker is a significant threat to all citrus-growing regions. Categories: Africa geography stubs | Southern Africa ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The Pacific Ocean has an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 islands; the exact number is unknown. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... State nickname: Sunshine State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush (R) Official languages English Area 170,451 km² (22nd)  - Land 137,374 km²  - Water 30,486 km² (17. ...

Australia

The citrus industry is the largest fresh-fruit exporting industry in Australia^[2]. Australia has had three outbreaks of citrus canker; two were successfully eradicated and one is ongoing. The disease was found twice during the 1900s in the Northern Territory and was eradicated each time. During the first outbreak in 1912, every citrus tree north of latitude 19° South was destroyed, taking 11 years to eradicate the disease^[3]. In 2004, Asiatic citrus canker was detected in an orchard in Emerald, Queensland, and was thought to have occurred from the illegal import of infected citrus plants. The state and federal governments have ordered that all commercial orchards, all non-commercial citrus tress, and all native lime trees (C. glauca) in the vicinity of Emerald be destroyed rather than trying to isolate infected trees. Motto: None Nickname: ? Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Emerald is a town and Local Government Area located in the Central Highlands district of Queensland, Australia. ... Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Nickname: Sunshine State/Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Governor Premier Const. ...

Brazil

Citrus is an important domestic and export crop for Brazil. Citrus agriculture is the second most important agricultural activity in the Brazillian state of São Paulo, the largest sweet orange production area in the world^[4]. There are over 100,000 orchards in São Paulo, and the area planted with citrus is increasing. Of the ~2 million trees, greater than 80% of the trees are a single variety of orange, and the remainder is made up of tangerine and lemon trees. Because of the uniformity in citrus variety the state has been adversely affected by canker, causing crop and monetary losses. In Brazil rather than destroying entire orchards to eradicate the disease contaminated trees and trees within a 30 m radius are destroyed, up to 1998 over half a million trees had been destroyed. The 1988 constitution grants broad powers to the federal government, of which the President and Vice-President are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms. ... This article is about the Brazilian state, São Paulo. ...

United States

Citrus canker was first found in the United States in 1910 not far from the Georgia - Florida border. Carried by wind and rain, the disease spread southward swiftly, reaching Dade County, more than 400 miles away, in just two years. Beyond Florida, the pathogen spread throughout the Gulf States and reached as far north as South Carolina. It took more than 20 years to eradicate that outbreak of citrus canker, from 1914 through 1931, $2.5 million in State and private funds were spent to control it—a sum equivalent to $28 million in 2000 dollars^[5]. In 26 counties, some 257,745 grove trees and 3,093,110 nursery trees were destroyed by burning, but a great deal of controversy arose. In several counties, the Department of Agriculture in Florida was allowed to walk into citrus owners' backyards, examine and mark their trees, and cut them down, all without their consent. While few opposed the cutting down of trees, the main objection was that Department of Agriculture employees went onto citrus owners' property without consent or notification with little reason. Citrus Canker was detected again on the Gulf Coast of Florida in 1986 and was successfully eradicated. 1910 in topic: Arts Architecture- Art- Film- Literature- Music- Television Science and technology Aviation- Rail transport- Science Other topics Australia- Canada- Ireland- South Africa- Sport Births- Deaths Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious leaders 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... County slogan: Delivering Excellence Every Day Location of county in the state of Florida County Seat Miami, Florida Area  - Total  - Water 6,297 km² (2,431 mi²) 1,257 km² (485 mi²) 19. ... Gulf States refers to the United States states along the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida. ... State nickname: Palmetto State Other U.S. States Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Governor Mark Sanford (R) Official languages English Area 82,965 km² (40th)  - Land 78,051 km²  - Water 4,915 km² (6%) Population (2000)  - Population {{{2000Pop}}} (26th)  - Density 51. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The most recent outbreak of Citrus Canker was discovered in Florida in 1995 in a residential area near Miami International Airport. Active eradication programs continue in 13 Florida counties and "sentinel trees" surveys are being conducted across the state to detect new infections^[6]. Miami International Airport (IATA: MIA, ICAO: KMIA), is located in unincorporated Miami, Florida between the suburbs of Hialeah, Doral, Fontainbleau, and Miami Springs. ...

References

1. ^ Gottwald, T.R, Graham, J.H. and Schubert, J.S. (2002). Citrus canker: The pathogen and its impact. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2002-0812-01-RV
2. ^ Australian Citrus Growers Inc.
3. ^ Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. Exotic plant pests - citrus canker
4. ^ Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri GENOME PROJECT
5. ^ Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Citrus Canker
6. ^ APHIS. The Sentinel Tree Survey Program: Standing Guard