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Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now usually a state), and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. It is largely coterminous with nationality, although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (i.e. be legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it); it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state - for example a citizen of a Commonwealth country resident in the United Kingdom is entitled to full political rights. Melbourne, Australia by night For alternate meanings see city (disambiguation) A city is an urban area that is differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status. ...
For the purposes of Public International Law and Private International Law, a state is a defined group of people, living within defined territorial boundaries and subject, more or less, to an autonomous legal system exercising jurisdiction through properly constituted courts. ...
For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ...
Nationality is, in English usage, the legal relationship between a person and a country. ...
See subject (grammar) for the linguistic definition of subject. ...
The Commonwealth of Nations, usually known as The Commonwealth, is an association of independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire. ...
See nationality for further discussion of the properties of national citizenship and how it can be acquired. Nationality is, in English usage, the legal relationship between a person and a country. ...
Citizenship also often implies working towards the betterment of the community one lives in through participation, volunteer work and efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, some schools in England and Wales give citizenship lessons – a slight variation of Personal and Social Education. ...
A school is most commonly a place designated for learning. ...
Personal and Social Education (PSE) is a component of the state school curriculum in Wales. ...
Subnational citizenship
Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation state, but the term can also apply at subnational level. Subnational entities may impose requirements, of residency or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity, or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region.
Citizenship as explained above is the political rights of an individual within a society. Thus, you can have a citizenship from one country and be a national of another country. One example might be as follows: A Cuban-American might be considered a national of Cuba due to his being born there, but he could also become an American citizen through naturalization. Some countries like Cuba and the United States of America forbid dual citizenship in the other country because of political tensions between the two nations. However, even though one might acquire another citizenship, one will always be a national of the country in which he was born. Nationality most often derives from place of birth and, in some cases, ethnicity. Citizenship derives from a legal relationship with a state. Citizenship can be changed but nationality will remain forever.
Supranational citizenship In recent years, some intergovernmental organisations have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to international level; where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined. Two examples are given below. As of 2005, citizenship at this level is a secondary concept, with a weaker status than national citizenship. An international organization (also called intergovernmental organization) is an organization of international scope or character. ...
European Union (EU) citizenship The Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of citizenship of the European Union. This citizenship flows from national citizenship — one holds the nationality of an EU member state and as a result becomes a "citizen of the Union" in addition. The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht between the members of the European Community and entered into force on 1 November 1993, under the Delors Commission. ...
The Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of citizenship of the European Union. ...
EU member states and candidates Current members There are currently 25 member states in the European Union. ...
EU citizenship offers certain rights and privileges within the EU; in many areas EU citizens have the same or similar rights as native citizens in member states. Such rights granted to EU citizens include:
- the right of abode
- the right to vote and the right to stand in local and European elections
- the right to apply to work in any position (including national civil services with the exception of sensitive positions such as defence).
EU member states also use a common passport design, burgundy coloured with the name of the member state, national seal and the title "European Union" (or its translation). The right of abode refers to an individuals freedom from immigration control in a particular country. ...
Suffrage is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. ...
A civil servant or public servant is a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency. ...
The title page of European Union passports bears the name European Union, then the name of the issuing country, in the official languages of all EU countries. ...
Union citizenship continues to gain in status and the European Court of Justice has stated that Union citizenship will be the "fundamental status of nationals of Member States" (see Case C-184/99 Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve, [2001] ECR I-6193, para 31). The European Commission has affirmed that Union citizenship should be the fundamental status of EU nationals however this is not accepted by many of the member states of the European Union. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is formally known as the Court of Justice of the European Communities, i. ...
The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive of the European Union. ...
Commonwealth citizenship The concept of "Commonwealth Citizenship" has been in place ever since the establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations. As with the EU, one holds Commonwealth citizenship only by being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state. This form of citizenship offers certain privileges within some Commonwealth countries: The Commonwealth of Nations, usually known as The Commonwealth, is an association of independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire. ...
- Some such countries do not require tourist visas of citizens of other Commonwealth countries.
- In some Commonwealth countries resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e.g., the right to vote in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election.
- In some instances the right to work in any position (including the civil service) is granted, except for certain specific positions (e.g. defence, Governor-General or President, Prime Minister).
Whilst Commonwealth citizenship is sometimes enshrined in the written constitutions (where applicable) of Commonwealth states and is considered by some to be a form of dual citizenship, there have never been, nor are there any plans for a common passport. An entry visa valid in all Schengen treaty countries Visas for Laos, Thailand, and Sri Lanka A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit. ...
Permanent residency refers to a persons status such that the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within the country despite not having citizenship. ...
Suffrage is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. ...
A civil servant or public servant is a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency. ...
Governor-General (or Governor General) is a term used both historically and currently to designate the appointed representative of a head of state or their government for a particular territory, historically in a colonial context, but no longer necessarily in that form. ...
President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. ...
A prime minister may be either: chief or leading member of the cabinet of the top-level government in a country having a parliamentary system of government; or the official, in countries with a semi-presidential system of government, appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of...
Multiple citizenship is simultaneous citizenship in two or more countries (whether it is recognized by all countries or not). ...
The title page of European Union passports bears the name European Union, then the name of the issuing country, in the official languages of all EU countries. ...
Although the Republic of Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1949, it is often treated as if it were a member, with references being made in legal documents to 'the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland', and its citizens are not classified as foreign nationals, particularly in the United Kingdom. 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ...
Honorary citizenship Some countries extend "honorary citizenship" to those whom they consider to be especially admirable or worthy of the distinction.
By Act of Congress and presidential assent, honorary United States citizenship has been awarded to: An Act of Congress is a bill or resolution adopted by both houses of the United States Congress to which one of the following events has happened: Acceptance by the President of the United States, Inaction by the President after ten days from reception (excluding Sundays) while the Congress is...
Public Law 88-6 (1963) granted honorary citizenship to Winston Churchill. ...
A bill was introduced in Congress to grant such status to the Russian nuclear physicist and prisoner of conscience Dr. Andrei Sakharov in 2002 but it was not made law. The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ...
Raoul Wallenberg Raoul Wallenberg ▶(?) (born August 4, 1912, in Stockholm, Sweden — date of death uncertain) was a Swedish diplomat and a member of the influential Swedish Wallenberg family. ...
For the British admiral, see William Penn (admiral). ...
Portrait of Anna Callowhill Penn, c. ...
Mother Teresa was born Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxhiu Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta, OM (August 27, 1910 – September 5, 1997) was an Indian Catholic nun of Albanian origin who founded the Missionaries of Charity. ...
Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette (September 6, 1757–May 20, 1834), was a French aristocrat most famous for his participation in the American Revolutionary War and early French Revolution. ...
Andrei Sakharov, 1943 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (ÐндреÌй ДмиÌтриевич СаÌхаров, May 21, 1921 – December 14, 1989), was an eminent Soviet-Russian nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. ...
The only people to ever receve honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985, and Nelson Mandela in 2001. Raoul Wallenberg Raoul Wallenberg ▶(?) (born August 4, 1912, in Stockholm, Sweden — date of death uncertain) was a Swedish diplomat and a member of the influential Swedish Wallenberg family. ...
Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, (born July 18, 1918), was the first democratically elected President of South Africa, having previously been a prominent anti-apartheid activist there. ...
American actress Angelina Jolie received an honorary Cambodian citizenship in 2005 due to her humanitarian efforts. Jolie on French Glamour 2005 cover Angelina Jolie (born Angelina Jolie Voight on June 4, 1975 in Los Angeles, California) is an Oscar-winning American actress and humanitarian. ...
2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Historical citizenship Historically, many states limited citizenship to only a proportion of their nationals, thereby creating a citizen class with political rights superior to other classes, but equal with each other. The classical example of a limited citizenry was Athens where slaves, women, and metics were excluded from political rights, but the Roman Republic forms another example, and, more recently, the szlachta of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had some of the same characteristics. The speakers platform in the Pnyx, the meeting ground of the assembly where all the great political struggles of Athens were fought out during the Golden Age. Here Athenian statesmen stood to speak, such as Pericles and Aristides in the 5th century BC and Demosthenes and Aeschines in the...
In ancient Greece, the term metic meant resident alien, someone who did not have citizen rights in the Greek city-state where he resided. ...
See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ...
Polish szlachcic. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
See also The United Kingdom has arguably the worlds most complex nationality laws, because of its former status as an imperial power. ...
Citizenship in Canada can be obtained by a permanent resident who lives in Canada for three out of four years before applying for citizenship and be able to speak English or French. ...
Indian citizenship/nationality law: The Constitution of India provides for a single citizenship for the entire country. ...
A foreign-born Japanese is a person who was originally born outside Japan and later acquired Japanese citizenship. ...
Jus sanguinis (Latin for right of blood) is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state. ...
Jus soli (Latin for right of the territory) is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born in the territory of the related state. ...
To become a Citizen of Malaysia, a person must meet the requirements of the Malaysia Citizenship Rules 1964. ...
Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality, is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen under the laws of more than one state. ...
Nationality law is that branch of a countrys legal system wherein legislation, custom and court precendent combine to define the ways in which that countrys nationality and citizenship are transmitted, acquired or lost. ...
Barbados achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 as a commonwealth with HM the Queen Elizabeth II remaining the head of state. ...
For the biology usage, see Naturalisation (biology). ...
Naturalized TRNC Citizens are persons granted TRNC Citizenship by the Government of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ...
Permanent residency refers to a persons status such that the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within the country despite not having citizenship. ...
In the Roman Empire, the following people could become citizens: People who were from the Latin states were granted citizenship. ...
South Africa rewrote its nationality law since the end of apartheid in 1994 and the establishment of majority (i. ...
Swiss citizenship is status of being a citizen of Switzerland and it can be obtained by birth, marriage or naturalization. ...
// Possession of Citizenship U.S. citizens have the right to participate in the political system of the United States (with reservations for prisoners, ex-prisoners, and naturalized persons), are represented and protected abroad by the United States (through U.S. embassies and consulates), and are allowed to reside in the...
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