The South African Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) was a covert, special forces organisation^[1] during the apartheid era that operated under the authority of Defence Minister General Magnus Malan. According to General Malan, the CCB's three objectives — comparable to those of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) — were: CCB is an acronym that can stand for: Calcium Channel Blocker China Construction Bank Configuration Control Board This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Secrecy is the condition of hiding information from others. ... For other uses, see Special forces (disambiguation). ... For the legal definition of apartheid, see the crime of apartheid. ... General Magnus Malan (b. ... The Special Operations Executive (SOE), sometimes referred to as the Baker Street Irregulars after Sherlock Holmess fictional group of spies, was a World War II organization initiated by Winston Churchill and Hugh Dalton in July 1940 as a mechanism for conducting warfare by means other than direct military engagement. ...

• to infiltrate and penetrate the enemy;
• to gather Information; and
• to disrupt the enemy.

In his testimony before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Malan declared that he had never issued an order or authorised an order for the assassination of anybody, and that the killing of political opponents of the government never formed part of the brief of the South African Defence Force.^[2] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of Apartheid. ... The South African Defence Force (SADF) were the South African armed forces from 1957 until 1994. ...

Forerunners and contemporaries

When South African newspapers first revealed its existence in the late 1980s, the CCB appeared to be a unique and unorthodox security operation: its members wore civilian clothing; it operated within the borders of the country; it used private companies as fronts; and it mostly targeted civilians. However, as the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) discovered a decade later, the CCB's methods were neither new nor unique. Instead, they had evolved from precedents set in the 1960s and 70s by Eschel Rhoodie’s Department of Information (see Muldergate Scandal^[3]), the Bureau of State Security (B.O.S.S.)^[4] and Project Barnacle (a top-secret project to eliminate SWAPO detainees and other "dangerous" operators).^[5] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of Apartheid. ... Dr. Eschel Mostert Rhoodie (1933 - 17 July 1993) was a South African politicical public relations man and spin doctor most famous as being one of the key players in the 1978-79 Information Scandal, also known as Infogate or Muldergate. ... The Muldergate scandal, also known as the Information Scandal, was a famous South African political scandal. ... South African Bureau Of State Security (BOSS) The South African Bureau Of State Security (BOSS) was established in 1969, and replaced by the National Intelligence Service (NIS) in 1980. ... The South African Bureau of State Security (B.O.S.S.) was established in 1969 and replaced by the National Intelligence Service (NIS) in 1980. ... The South West African Peoples Organization is a political party in Namibia. ...

From information given to the TRC by former agents seeking amnesty for crimes committed during the apartheid era, it became clear that there were many other covert operations similar to the CCB, which Nelson Mandela would label the Third Force. These operations included Wouter Basson’s 7 Medical Battalion,^[6] the Askaris, Witdoeke, and C1/C10 or Vlakplaas For other people named Mandela, or other uses, see Mandela. ... For other uses, see Third force. ... Wouter Basson (b. ... Categories: Military stubs ... Vlakplaas is a farm that served as the headquarters of a counterinsurgency unit working for the apartheid government in South Africa. ...

Besides these, there were also political front organizations like the International Freedom Foundation, Marthinus van Schalkwyk's Jeugkrag (Youth for South Africa),^[7] and Russel Crystal's National Student Federation^[8] which would demonstrate that while the tactics of the South African government varied, the logic remained the same: Total onslaught demanded a total strategy.^[9] Front organizations or front companies are organizations or companies set up to do one thing openly, usually a legal business, and another thing secretly, spying or money laundering. ... The International Freedom Foundation (IFF), founded in 1986, was described as a Washington conservative think-tank with branches in Johannesburg and London, but was actually a front organization for apartheid South Africas Directorate of Military Intelligence. ... Marthinus van Schalkwyk is a South African politician, formerly both Premier of the Western Cape Province and Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of South Africa. ... Jeugkrag (or Youth for South Africa) was a short-lived South African youth group, surreptitiously funded by the apartheid governments department of Military Intelligence in an operation known as Project Essay. ... A front organization is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization, such as intelligence agencies, organized crime groups, banned organizations, religious or political groups, advocacy groups, or corporations. ...

Establishment

Inaugurated in 1986 with the approval of General Magnus Malan,^[10][11] the CCB became fully functional by 1988. General Magnus Malan (b. ...

In his 1997 submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission,^[12] General Malan described the CCB as follows:

"15.1 Let me now deal with the matter of the CCB. The CCB-organization as a component of Special Forces was approved in principle by me. Special Forces was an integral and supportive part of the South African Defence Force. The role envisaged for the CCB was the infiltration and penetration of the enemy, the gathering of information and the disruption of the enemy. The CCB was approved as an organization consisting of ten divisions, or as expressed in military jargon, regions. Eight of these divisions or regions were intended to refer to geographical areas. The area of one of these regions, Region Six, referred to the Republic of South Africa. The fact that the organization in Region Six was activated, came to my knowledge for the first time in November 1989. The CCB provided the South African Defence Force with good covert capabilities. 15.2 During my term of office as Head of the South African Defence Force and as Minister of Defence instructions to members of the South African Defence Force were clear: destroy the terrorists, their bases and their capabilities. This was also government policy. As a professional soldier, I issued orders and later as Minister of Defence I authorised orders which led to the death of innocent civilians in cross-fire. I sincerely regret the civilian casualties, but unfortunately this is part of the ugly reality of war. However, I never issued an order or authorised an order for the assassination of anybody, nor was I ever approached for such authorization by any member of the South African Defence Force. The killing of political opponents of the government, such as the slaying of Dr Webster, never formed part of the brief of the South African Defence Force." David Webster 1945 - May 1, 1989 was a social anthropologist in South Africa who was murdered by covert forces of the Apartheid state. ...

Reports about the CCB were first published in 1990 by the now-defunct weekly Vrye Weekblad, and more detailed information emerged later in the 1990s at a number of TRC amnesty hearings. General Joep Joubert, in his testimony before the TRC, revealed that the CCB was a long-term special forces project in the South African Defence Force. It had evolved from the 'offensive defence' philosophy prevalent in P.W. Botha's security establishment.^[13] Vrye Weekblad was a groundbreaking progressive, anti-apartheid Afrikaans national weekly newspaper that was launched in November 1988 and forced to close in February 1994. ... The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of Apartheid. ... The South African Special Forces Brigade (popularly known as Recces) is the main Special Forces unit of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). ... The South African Defence Force (SADF) were the South African armed forces from 1957 until 1994. ... P.W. Botha Pieter Willem Botha, (born January 12, 1916) commonly known as P.W. and as die groot krokodil (the great crocodile) was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 and State President of South Africa from 1984 to 1989. ...

Nominally a civilian organisation that could be plausibly disowned by the apartheid government, the CCB drew its operatives from the SADF itself or the South African Police. According to Joubert, many operatives did not know that they were members of an entity called the CCB.^[14] The South African Police Service is the national police force of South Africa. ...

In the wake of the National Party government's Harms Commission, whose proceedings were considered seriously flawed by analysts and the official opposition, the CCB was disbanded in August 1990.^[15] Some members were transferred to other security organs.^[16] No prosecutions resulted.

Structure

The CCB consisted of four groups with different functions^[17]: an executive, a management board, two staff functions, eight operational sections known as regions, and an ad hoc collection of contractors.

The executive

There is much dispute about what senior military officers knew when. However it is common cause that the CCB was a unit of special forces at first controlled by the General Officer Commanding Special Forces, Major-General Eddie Webb ^{[18] [19]} who reported to the Chief of the SADF. For other uses, see Special forces (disambiguation). ...

The management board

The CCB operated as a civilian entity, so it had a chairman of the board and a group of 'directors'. The GOC Special Forces – Major General Joep Joubert (1985–89) followed by Major General Eddie Webb from the beginning of 1989 - was the chairman. The rest of the board included Joe Verster (managing director), Dawid Fourie (deputy MD), WJ Basson, Theuns Kruger, and Lafras Luitingh. General Officer Commanding (GOC) is the usual title given in the armies of Commonwealth (and some other) nations to a general officer who holds a command appointment. ...

The staff functions

Although there is consistent evidence that the CCB had two staff functions^[18] it is not clear what the names of these groups were and whether these remained the same over the life of the CCB. Region 9, is sometimes referred to as Intelligence or Psychological Warfare and elsewhere as Logistics. Region 10 is known as Finance and Administration or simply Administration.^[20] This Staff function does not cite any references or sources. ...

Image File history File links Flag_of_South_Africa. ...

The operational sections

Each region had an area manager and its own co-ordinator who reported to the managing director.

• Region 1: Botswana - regional manager up to 1988 was Commandant Charl Naudé and thereafter Dawid Fourie, while Christoffel Nel handled the intelligence function.
• Region 2: Mozambique and Swaziland - the manager was Commandant Corrie Meerholtz until the end of 1988. He was replaced by the operational co-ordinator, Captain Pieter Botes. while the intelligence function was performed by Peter Stanton, one of the few remaining ex-Rhodesians from the D40 and Barnacle eras.
• Region 3: Lesotho - Fourie was also the manager in region 3.
• Region 4: Angola, Zambia and Tanzania - Dawid Fourie was also responsible, taking it over in 1988 from Meerholtz. Christoffel Nel handled the intelligence function while Ian Strange was also involved in this region.
• Region 5: International/Europe – Johan Niemoller appears to have been coordinator. In 1987, he was suddenly withdrawn following the arrest of a number of individuals living in England on charges of plotting to kill ANC leaders. Eeben Barlow, the founder of the private military company, Executive Outcomes, then took command of Region 5.^[21]
• Region 6: South Africa - formed on 1 June 1988; Staal Burger was regional manager; operatives included 'Slang' Van Zyl, Chappies Maree and Calla Botha. The TRC later receives eight amnesty applications related to four operations: 1) the attempted killing of Abdullah Omar, 2) the planned killing of Gavin Evans, 3) bombing of the Early Learning Centre in Athlone Cape Town on 31 August 1989, 4) the harassment of Archbishop Desmond Tutu in Cape Town in 1989.
• Region 7: Zimbabwe - Various CCB members co-ordinated this region including WJ Basson and Lafras Luitingh. Others involved in sub-management were Ferdi Barnard (for a brief period) and Alan Trowsdale. Kevin Woods and three members of a CCB cell, Barry Bawden, Philip Conjwayo and Michael Smith conducted a Bulawayo bombing action.
• Region 8: South West Africa - headed by Roelf van Heerden.

Commandant is a military or police title or rank and can mean any of the following: The commander of certain military corps and services, such as the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Commandant of the Coast Guard in the United States or the Commandant of the (now obsolete... Lt-Col. ... Executive Outcomes logo. ... Nickname: Motto: Spes Bona (Latin for Good Hope) Location of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape Province Coordinates: , Country Province Municipality City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality Founded 1652 Government [1]  - Type City council  - Mayor Helen Zille  - City manager Achmat Ebrahim Area [2]  - Total 2,454. ...

Blue plans and red plans

Operatives were required to have a 'blue plan'. This referred to a front operation (mostly a business) funded by the CCB. Slang Van Zyl, for instance, started a private investigation business while Chappies Maree ran an electronic goods export company called Lema. Operatives were allowed to keep the proceeds of their activities.^[22]

Red plans, on the other hand, detailed the activities they would undertake against the enemy. Operations could be of a criminal nature as long as they had prior approval from the CCB bureaucracy. These mostly began with a feasibility study. If the report showed merit it was verified, then reviewed by a panel of five: the operative, the manager or handler, the coordinator, the managing director and in the case of violent operations, the chairman. Where loss of life was anticipated the chairman was required to obtain approval from the Chief of the Army or the Chief of Staff.^[23]

Known and suspected operations

To date there is no published record covering all operations conducted during the CCB's five year existence. It is estimated^[who?] that 85-100 active operations were conducted, including:

• Alleged harassment of
  • Afrikaner dissident and Vrye Weekblad editor Max du Preez by pointing an RPG7 at him while forcing him to consume a large amount of mampoer or moonshine^[24]
  • actor and playwright Hannes Muller for his role in Somewhere on the Border, a play banned by the authorities for its criticism of the South African Border War^[25]
• Alleged shooting of Danger Nyoni - 12 December 1986
• Attempted contamination of drinking water in a Namibian refugee camp, by introducing cholera baterium into it, in an effort to disrupt that country's independence from South Africa^[26] - August 1989^[27]
• Attempted assault on UN Special Representative, Martti Ahtisaari, in Namibia - 1989. According to a hearing in September 2000 of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, two CCB operatives (Kobus le Roux and Ferdinand Barnard) were tasked not to kill Ahtisaari, but to give him "a good hiding". To carry out the assault, Barnard had planned to use the grip handle of a metal saw as a knuckleduster. In the event, Ahtisaari did not attend the meeting at the Keetmanshoop Hotel, where Le Roux and Barnard lay in wait for him, and thus escaped injury.^[28]
• Attempted killing of
  • Jeremy Brickhill in Harare - 13th October 1987^[29]
  • Reverend Frank Chikane by poisoning - 1989
  • Father Michael Lapsley,^[30] who lost both hands and an eye in a letter bomb attack in Harare - 28 April 1990
  • Godfrey Motsepe in Brussels - 4 February 1988
  • January Masilela — known as "Che O'Gara", his Umkhonto we Sizwe nom-de-guerre.^[31] On 30 September 2002, Masilela wrote to the South African Special Forces League conferring the Defence Minister's recognition of the SFL as being "legally representative of the interests of military veterans."
  • Dullah Omar^[32] - 1989
  • Anton Roskam - incorrectly spelled Rosskam in TRC transcripts, received threatening letters, car was set alight^[33]
  • Albie Sachs - by bombing in Maputo in which he lost an arm and sight in one eye while in a car borrowed from Indres Naidoo thought to have been^[34] the actual target - 7 April 1988
• Bombing of a Western Cape kindergarten - the Early Learning Centre - on the evening of 31 August 1989^[35]
• Harassment of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, by hanging a baboon foetus in the garden of his Cape Town home in 1989 in the hope that it would bewitch him^[36]
• Killing of
  • Tsitsi Chiliza, the wife on an ANC member killed in an operation targeted at Jacob Zuma - 11 May 1987
  • Christopher, by injection on the way to Zeerust in a vehicle in which operatives Danie Phaal and Trevor Floyd were traveling^[37]
  • SWAPO activist Anton Lubowski^[38]
  • Jacob 'Boy' Molekwane
  • ANC activist, Gibson Ncube (also known by the surname Mondlane) by poisoning
  • Matsela Polokela^[39] - some TRC documents misspell the surname 'Pokolela'^[40]
  • Dulcie September in Paris - 29 March 1988. French Secret Service involvement is alleged.^[41]
  • Dr. David Webster - Wits University academic and anti-apartheid activist killed by Ferdi Barnard 1 May, 1989, outside the Eleanor Street, Troyeville, Johannesburg home he shared with partner Maggie Friedman^[42]
• Supplying materials to SAP members for the 1986 killing of KwaNdebele cabinet minister Piet Ntuli^[43]

Vrye Weekblad was a groundbreaking progressive, anti-apartheid Afrikaans national weekly newspaper that was launched in November 1988 and forced to close in February 1994. ... An RPG-7 captured by the US Army The RPG-7 (Russian: ) is a widely-produced and used handheld anti-tank grenade launcher designed by the Soviet Union. ... Revenue men at the site of moonshine stills, Kentucky, 1911 or earlier For other uses, see Moonshine (disambiguation). ... Combatants Republic of Angola, Republic of Cuba, SWAPO, USSR, East Germany, Republic of Zambia Republic of South Africa, UNITA Scope of operations Operational Area: The South African Border War The South African Border War refers to the conflict that took place from 1966 to 1989 in South-West Africa (now... Distribution of cholera Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious gastroenteritis caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (IPA: ) (born June 23, 1937 Viipuri, Finland) is a former President of Finland (1994–2000) and a United Nations diplomat and mediator, noted for his international peace work. ... The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of Apartheid. ... Motto: Pamberi Nekushandria Vanhu (Forward with Service to the People) Map of Zimbabwe showing the location of Harare. ... Frank Chikane (born 1951) is a South African civil servant, writer and cleric. ... Michael Lapsley preaching at St Columbas United Reformed Church, Oxford, England, 2005 Father Michael Allan Lapsley SSM (born 2 June 1949) is an South African Anglican priest and social activist. ... This article is about the settlement itself. ... For other uses of Umkhonto, see Umkhonto (disambiguation) Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated Spear of the Nation, was the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). ... Abdullah Mohamed Omar (May 26, 1934 - March 13, 2004), better known as Dullah Omar was a South African anti-Apartheid activist, lawyer, and a minister in the South African cabinet from 1994 till his death. ... Albie Sachs (1935-) is a justice on the Constitutional Court of South Africa. ... Maputo, formerly Lourenço Marques, is the capital and largest city of Mozambique. ... Capital Cape Town Largest city Cape Town Premier Ebrahim Rasool Area - Total Ranked 4th 129,370 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 5th 4,524,335 35/km² Elevation Highest point: Seweweekspoort Peak at 2325 meters (7628 feet) Lowest point: sea level Languages Afrikaans (55. ... Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. ... Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (born April 12, 1942 at Inkandla, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) is the president of the governing political party, the African National Congress (ANC), and a former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa. ... Zeerust is a commercial town situated in Central district North West Province, South Africa. ... The South West African Peoples Organization is a political party in Namibia. ... Anton Theodor Eberhard August Lubowski (3 February 1952 – 12 September 1989) was a Namibian advocate and SWAPO member [2] assassinated by operatives of South Africa’s Civil Cooperation Bureau. ... Dulcie Evonne September (died March 29, 1988) was a notable murder victim. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... The Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service, SDECE) was Frances external intelligence agency from November 6, 1944 to April 2, 1982 when it was replaced by the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE). ... David Webster 1945 - May 1, 1989 was a social anthropologist in South Africa who was murdered by covert forces of the Apartheid state. ... The University of the Witwatersrand is a leading South African university situated in Johannesburg. ... Flag of KwaNdebele KwaNdebele was a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Matabele people. ...

Operations planned but not executed

According to TRC records,^[44][45][46]CCB operatives were tasked to seriously injure Martti Ahtisaari, UN Special Representative in Namibia,^[47]and to eliminate the following: Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (IPA: ) (born June 23, 1937 Viipuri, Finland) is a former President of Finland (1994–2000) and a United Nations diplomat and mediator, noted for his international peace work. ...

• Gavin Evans
• Theo-Ben Gurirab
• Hidipo Hamutenya
• Dr. Pallo Jordan and Ronnie Kasrils ^[48]
• Gwen Lister
• Winnie Mandela
• Kwenza Mhlaba
• Jay Naidoo
• Joe Slovo
• Oliver Tambo
• Daniel Tjongarero
• Andimba Toivo ya Toivo
• Roland White

Theo-Ben Gurirab (born January 23, 1939) is the second Prime Minister of Namibia, and has been since August 27, 2002. ... Hidipo Hamutenya (born June 17, 1939 in Odibo, Ohangwenya region, Namibia) is a politician from Namibia. ... Zweledinga Pallo Jordan (22 May 1942) is the South African Arts and Culture Minister. ... Ronald Kasrils (commonly known as Ronnie Kasrils or Red Ronnie) (born November 15, 1938) has been the South African Minister for Intelligence Services since 29 April 2004. ... Gwen Lister, born in East London 5 Dec 1953, is a journalist. ... Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (born September 26, 1934 or 1936), born Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela, is the ex-wife of former South African president (May 1994-June 1999) and African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela. ... Jay Naidoo, born on 20 December 1954, was the first secretary general of COSATU and was re-elected for three successive terms. ... Joe Slovo Joe Slovo (May 23, 1926 – January 6, 1995) was a South African Communist politician and long time leader of the South African Communist Party (SACP) and leading member of the African National Congress. ... Oliver Reginald Tambo (27 October 1917 - 24 April 1993) was a South African anti-apartheid politician and a central figure in the African National Congress (ANC). ... Herman Andimba Toivo ya Toivo is a Namibian politician who was active in the independence movement. ... Roland White is an American bluegrass music artist, performing principally on the mandolin. ...

Known associates

While the CCB was a section of the SADF's Special Forces they were joined on many operations by individuals from other parts of the state's broad security apparatus,^[49] sometimes making it difficult to ascertain whether a specific person was part of the CCB or not. Of the estimated one hundred covert members, evidence exists that the following individuals were deployed as administrators or operatives:^[50]

Senior military decision-makers

• Magnus Malan - General, Minister of Defence (1980-1991)
• Jannie Geldenhuys - General, and Chief of the SADF (1985-1990)^[51]
• Joep Joubert - held the rank of major general, Chairman of the management board (1985–89)
• Eddie Webb - held the rank of major general, Chairman of the management board (1989-1990)
• Pieter Johan Verster - mostly known as 'Joe' Verster, aliases 'Gerhard',^[52] 'Dave Martin', 'Jack van Staden' and 'Rick van Staden', held the rank of colonel, CCB Managing Director or general manager

General Magnus Malan (b. ... General Johannes (Jannie) Geldenhuys SSA SD SOE SM (b 1935) was a South African military commander. ...

Operatives and associates

• Donald Dolan Acheson - an Irish mercenary nicknamed 'The Cleaner'^[53]
• Eeben Barlow - also referred to incorrectly as "Eeban Barlow", intelligence operative, ex-member of 32 Battalion and at one point commander of Region 5^[54]
• Ferdi Barnard - prominent Region 6 operative, convicted and jailed in 1998 for the murder of David Webster^[55]
• Wouter Jacobus Basson - alias Christo Britz, one time coordinator of the Zimbabwe unit, not to be confused with his cousin Dr. Wouter Basson ^[56]
• Johannes Basson ^[57]
• Barry Bawden - cousin of Kit and Gary, Region 4 operative and member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet^[58]
• Guy Bawden - brother of Kit, Region 4 operative and member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet^[58]
• Kit Bawden - Region 4 operative and head of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet^[58]
• Petrus Jacobus Botes - alias Bobby Greeff,^[59] held the rank of captain
• Carl Casteling Botha - nicknamed Calla, a one time forward for the Transvaal rugby team^[60]
• Gray Branfield - alias major Brian, and Mr. Z,^[61] killed 2004 in Kut, Iraq during a gunfight between Shi'ite radicals and Ukrainian forces^[62]
• Phillip Conjwayo - Zimbabwean policeman, Region 4 operative and peripheral member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet^[58]
• José Daniels – CCB operator working for Petrus Botes, in the period just prior to the first democratic elections in Namibia, was instructed to dump four bottles containing cholera bacterium into the water supply of a camp near Windhoek^[63]
• Daniel du Toit Burger - also referred to as Daniël Ferdinand du Toit,^[64] alias Staal (meaning steel in Afrikaans) Burger also the name of an Afrikaans radio comedy of the time,^[65] held the rank of colonel, erstwhile owner of the Breakers Hotel in Berea, Johannesburg [1] and minder of a state-funded brothel[2], recruited into the CCB by Verster on 1 June 1988 after vacating his position as head of the SAP's Brixton Murder and Robbery Unit[3]
• Trevor Floyd[4] - testified in the trial of Wouter Basson that he smeared poisonous ointment received from Basson[5] on the door handle of the car belonging to Peter Kalangula; Basson denied the allegation; Implicated in the same trial by Danie Phaal, a Project Barnacle colleague, of murdering a fellow operator known only as Christopher in February 1983[6]
• Dawid Fourie - alias 'Heine Müller', held the rank of commandant and one time deputy head of the CCB^[66]
• Edward James Gordon - nicknamed 'Peaches', informer, involved in the attempt on the life of Dullah Omar[7]
• Corrie Goosen - associate of Ferdi Barnard, alleged to have been a diamond smuggler[8]
• André Wilhelmus Groenewald - alias Kobus Pienaar[9]
• Isgak Hardien - nicknamed Gakkie, an informer and gangster based in the Western Cape who earned R18,000 for placing a limpet mine on the premises of the Early Learning Centre[10]
• Theodore Hermansen[11]
• André Klopper[12]
• Koos - CCB medical coordinator, who received, on the instructions of Wouter Basson, 16 bottles containing the cholera bacterium on 4 August 1989, and six more twelve days later from Dr. A. Immelman of Roodeplaat Research Laboratories^[67]
• David Komansky, (not to be confused with the Merrill Lynch executive of the same name) a commodities broker from Johannesburg who received R29 million from the CCB to establish a business in Britain for procuring arms.^[68]
• Theuns Kruger - alias 'Jaco Black', financial manager
• Kobus le Roux implicated with Ferdi Barnard in the plot to kill Ahtisaari^[69]
• Jackie Lonte - recruited to deal with United Democratic Front supporters, founder of the 10,000 strong Cape Flats gang 'The Americans'
• Hans Louw[13] [14] - claimed he was involved in the 1986 killing of Samora Machel
• Lafras Luitingh - held the rank of major, one time coordinator of Zimbabwe unit^[70]
• Leon André Maree - nickname ‘Chappies’ (also the name of a popular South African chewing gum)
• Cornelius Alwyn Johannes Meerholz - nicknamed Corrie, alias 'Kerneels Koekemoer', held the rank of commandant, after transferring to 5 Reconnaissance Regiment
• Tai Minnaar[15] - once held the rank of major-general in the SADF, founder member of the Bureau of State Security, had been a CIA operative in 1970s Cuba^[71]
• Mr C - operated in Mozambique and Swaziland, once delivered a parcel to Windhoek on behalf of Pieter (most likely Petrus) Botes [16]
• Mr R - alias 'Frans Brink', medical doctor, member until the beginning of 1990[17]
• Edwin Mudingi, former Selous Scout member of the same cell as Hans Louw^[72]
• Charl Naudé - held the rank of commandant
• Christoffel Nel - alias 'Derek Louw', held the rank of colonel, one time head of intelligence unit ^[38][66]
• Johan Niemoller, jr. - also referred to as Joseph Niemoller, until 1987 coordinator of (European and International) unit
• Nico Palm[18] - foreign operative, involved in the CCB front company Geo International Trading as an explosives expert
• Danie Phaal[19] - or DJ Phaal,^[73] CCB head of security, also known as Frank, James or Johan
• Jao Pinta - involved in the murder of Florence and Fabian Ribeiro[20]
• Ruiz da Silva - involved in the murder of Florence and Fabian Ribeiro[21]
• Eugene Riley[22] - also referred to as Eugene Reilly
• Noel Robey - involved in the murder of Florence and Fabian Ribeiro[23]
• Michael Smith - ex-Rhodesian soldier, Region 4 operative and member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet[24]
• Migiel Sven Smuts-Muller - ex-31 Battalion member[25]
• Peter Stanton - ex-Rhodesian, intelligence operative^[66]
• Pierre Theron - auditor of CCB books and keeper of share transfer certificates for related front companies[26]
• Ian Strange - alias Rodney, involved in the Angola, Zambia and Tanzania region ^[66]
• Alan Trowsdale ^[66]
• Charles Wildschudt (formerly Neelse)^[66]
• Stefaans van der Walt - alias Anton du Randt[27]
• Willie van Deventer - claimed membership of CCB, and to have been part of the Gaborone raid in which ANC member, Matsela Pokolela, was killed[28]
• Roelf van Heerden - alias 'Roelf van der Westhuizen', one time head of South West Africa operations^[66]
• Ferdi van Wyk^[74] - Brigadier, also named as the Military Intelligence contact used by Marthinus van Schalkwyk in the covert funding of the front organization Jeugkrag^[75]
• Abram van Zyl - aliases 'Thinus de Wet'^[76] and 'Andries Rossouw', nickname 'Slang' (pronounced 'slung', means snake in Afrikaans), responsible for the Western Cape operations of Region Six, and for Ferdi Barnard; left the CCB in October 1989
• Leonard Veenendal[29]
• Athol Visser[30] - nickname 'Ivan the Terrible', a high-ranking CCB operative, posted to London in the 1980s to plan the elimination of key opponents of apartheid that allegedly included Swedish prime minister Olof Palme.
• Kevin Woods - Region 4 operative and member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet^[58]

Lt-Col. ... 32 Battalion (sometimes nicknamed Buffalo Battalion or Os Terriveis - Portuguese for The Terrible Ones) was a highly decorated infantry battalion of the South African Army, composed of black and white officers and NCOs. ... Wouter Basson (b. ... Kūt (كوت; also known as Kut-Al-Imara and Kut El Amara) is a city in eastern Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris River, about 100 miles south east of Baghdad, at 32. ... This article is about the city in South Africa. ... Wouter Basson (b. ... Peter Tanyangenge Kalangula (born 12 March 1926) was a Namibian political and religious leader. ... Wouter Basson (b. ... Distribution of cholera Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious gastroenteritis caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Roodeplaat Research Laboratories (RRL) (Afrikaans: Roodeplaat Navorsings Laboratoriums) was a front company established in 1983 by the South African Defence Force to research, test and produce biological weapons within a covert operation known as Project Coast. ... Landsat image of Cape Town and environs, looking roughly east. ... Samora Machel Samora Moisés Machel (September 29, 1933 – October 19, 1986) was a Mozambican military commander, revolutionary socialist leader and eventual President of Mozambique. ... This article is about the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia, todays Zimbabwe. ... Marthinus van Schalkwyk is a South African politician, formerly both Premier of the Western Cape Province and Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of South Africa. ... Jeugkrag (or Youth for South Africa) was a short-lived South African youth group, surreptitiously funded by the apartheid governments department of Military Intelligence in an operation known as Project Essay. ... Look up Appendix:Afrikaans and Dutch Swadesh lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Memorial plaque at the place of the assassination. ...

Associates who died mysteriously

• Edward James Gordon - killed 1991[31]
• André Klopper - murdered Thursday 11 May 1995 a week after amnesty ensured his release from jail; found next to a road in Elandsfontein; ex-SADF Special Forces members Mathys de Villiers (Kaalvoet Thysie) and Heckie Horn were tried for his murder and acquitted^[77]
• Jackie Lonte - murdered in the 1990s[32]
• "Corrie" Alwyn Meerholtz - died in a car crash on 24 November 1989^[78]
• Tai Minnaar - died in September 2002[33] after a chemical and biological weapons deal in which he was involved went wrong[34]
• Eugene Riley – was killed in January 1994[35] after probing the killing of Chris Hani[36]
• Dave Drew - (Major - SADF attached to Special Forces^[79]) - Died under suspicious circumstances [37]

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Although the entire truth about the Civil Cooperation Bureau may never be known, South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission(TRC) concluded that:^[80] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of Apartheid. ...

"...the CCB was a creation of the SADF and an integral part of South Africa’s counter-insurgency system which, in the course of its operations, perpetrated gross violations of human rights, including killings, against both South African and non-South African citizens. The Commission finds that the activities of the CCB constituted a systematic pattern of abuse which entailed deliberate planning on the part of the leadership of the CCB and the SADF. The Commission finds these institutions and their members accountable for the aforesaid gross violations of human rights."

As per the policy of the TRC, its findings were set out, but no action was taken.

See also

• Boipatong Massacre
• Dirk Coetzee
• Eugene de Kock
• Delta G Scientific Company
• Executive Outcomes
• Lema
• National Intelligence Service
• Project Coast
• Protechnik
• Roodeplaat Research Laboratories
• State Security Council
• Craig Williamson

Boipatong is a township near Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa. ... Dirk Coetzee was co-founder and commander of the covert South African Police unit based at Vlakplaas. ... Eugene de Kock was an assassin for the apartheid government in South Africa. ... Delta G Scientific Company was originally a front company established April 1982 in Weldegraan by the South African Defence Force to research, and produce chemical weapons within a covert operation known as Project Coast. ... Executive Outcomes logo. ... Lema is a common misspelling of Lemma. ... The National Intelligence Service is the name of one defunct, and three operating state security agencies: National Intelligence Service (South Africa) Hellenic National Intelligence Service (Greece) National Intelligence Service (Albania) National Intelligence Service (South Korea) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise... Project Coast was a top-secret chemical and biological (CBW) weapons program instituted by South Africas minority white government during the Apartheid-era. ... Protechnik was a front company established on 24 June 1987 by the South African Defence Force to perform quality assurance testing of chemical protective materials and equipment within a covert operation known as Project Coast[1]. Founded by Dr. Jan Lourens, a bio-engineering consultant at Roodeplaat Research Laboratories, as... Roodeplaat Research Laboratories (RRL) (Afrikaans: Roodeplaat Navorsings Laboratoriums) was a front company established in 1983 by the South African Defence Force to research, test and produce biological weapons within a covert operation known as Project Coast. ... The State Security Council (SSC) presided over the National Security Management System (NSMS) of president P W Bothas apartheid regime in South Africa. ... Former South African police major Craig Williamson was exposed as a spy in 1980, and was involved in a series of state-sponsored overseas bombings, burglaries, kidnapping, assassinations, sabotage and black propaganda during the apartheid era. ...

References