NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Civil Rights Movement in Omaha, Nebraska

The Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska has roots that extend back until at least 1912. Image File history File links AmericaAfrica. ... Image File history File links AmericaAfrica. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... African American history is the history of an ethnic group in the United States also known as Black Americans. ... Military history of African Americans is that of African Americans in the United States since the arrival of the first black slaves in 1619 to the present day. ... The Atlantic slave trade, started by the Portuguese,[1] was the sale and exploitation of African slaves by Europeans that occurred in and around the Atlantic ocean from the 15th century to the 19th century. ... See also: American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. ... Prominent figures of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. ... The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and Border States of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races. ... Reparations for slavery is a proposal in the United States for the federal government to pay reparations, in various forms, to slave descendants for the suffering and unpaid labor of their ancestors. ... The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Kiswahili word meaning disaster, terrible occurrence or great tragedy. ... For the automotive term, see redline. ... A.U.M.P. Church AME Church National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. ... 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Garveyism is that aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works, words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. ... Black nationalism is a political and social movement arising in the 1960s and early 70s mostly among African Americans in the United States. ... Black supremacy is a racist[1] ideology which holds that black people are superior to other people and is most often thought of in connection with anti-white racism, anti-Semitism and bigotry towards non-black people. ... Pan-African people are all people with African physical features. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... African Americans have had a tremendous impact on left-wing politics in the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Black Capitalism is a name for a movement among African Americans to build wealth through the ownership and development of businesses. ... This article is about the American political organization. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Logo. ... The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the primary institutions of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ... The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1915 as The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History by Carter G. Woodson and Jesse E. Moorland. ... United Negro College Fund logo The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is a Fairfax, Virginia-based American philanthropic organization that fundraises college tuition money for black students and general scholarship funds for 39 historically black colleges and universities. ... The National Pan-Hellenic Council, Inc. ... The Links, Incorporated is an exclusive non-profit organization based upon the ideals of combining friendship and community service and was was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 9, 1946, from a group of ladies known as the Philadelphia Club to have focuses on civic, cultural, and educational endeavors[1... Sigma Pi Phi is the the oldest surviving black fraternity and generally considered to be the first black fraternity. ... National Black Chamber of Commerce The National Black Chamber of Commerce, (NBCC), was â€œincorporated in March of 1993, in Washington D.C.â€ The organizations mission is â€œTo economically empower and sustain African American communities, through the process of entrepreneurship and capitalistic activity within the United States and via interaction with... Bud Fowler, the first professional black baseball player with one of his teams, Western of Keokuk, Iowa The Negro Leagues were American professional baseball leagues comprising predominantly African-American teams. ... logo of Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) is a College athletic conference consisting of historically black colleges located in the southern United States. ... The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) is a collegiate athletic conference which consists of historically black colleges in the southeastern United States. ... The Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) is a college athletic conference made up of historically black universities in the southern United States. ... African American culture is both part of, and distinct from American culture. ... African American studies, or Black studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In the United States, Historically black colleges and universities (HBCU) are colleges or universities that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the African American community. ... African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community. ... African American dances in the vernacular tradition (academically known as African American vernacular dance) are those dances which have developed within African American communities in everyday spaces, rather than in dance studios, schools or companies. ... The Color Purple by Alice Walker African American literature is literature written by, about, and sometimes specifically for African Americans. ... African American music (also called black music, formerly known as race music) is an umbrella term given to a range of musical genres emerging from or influenced by the culture of African Americans, who have long constituted a large ethnic minority of the population of the United States. ... This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co. ... Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843 The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the American Civil War, African Americans in blackface. ... African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called African American English, Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), Black Vernacular English (BVE), or (usually pejoratively) Jive, is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. ... The Gullah language (Sea Island Creole English, Geechee) is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called Geechees), an African American population living on the Sea Islands and the coastal region of the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia. ... Louisiana Creole French (Kreyol Lwiziyen) is a French-based creole spoken in Louisiana. ... Lists of African Americans: // List of African-American writers List of African American authors List of African American nonfiction writers African Americans in the United States Congress (includes a long list) List of African American Republicans List of African-American abolitionists List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction List of... This is a list of landmark legislation, court decisions, executive orders, and proclamations in the United States significantly affecting African Americans. ... This is an alphabetical list of African-American-related topics: Contents: Top - 0â€“9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A African American African American contemporary issues African American culture... See also: American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. ... Nickname: Gateway to the West Location in Nebraska Coordinates: Country United States State Nebraska County Douglas Founded 1854 Incorporated 1857 Government - Mayor Michael Fahey (D) Area - City 118. ...

Background

Omaha's African American community has been established since the late 1800s. In the early 1880s Omaha's original "Negro district" was located at Twentieth and Harney Streets^[2]. The oldest African American churches in Omaha are St. John's African Methodist Episcopal Church, organized 1880); St. Phillip the Deacon Episcopal Church, organized in 1878, and; Zion Baptist, organized in 1884. Several local newspapers openly editorialized against the presence of blacks in Omaha, for the Confederacy and against the election and re-election of Abraham Lincoln.^[3] An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the AME Church, is a Christian denomination founded by Bishop Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816. ... The Episcopal Church may refer to several members of the Anglican Communion, including: Episcopal Church in the United States of America Scottish Episcopal Church Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East Episcopal Church of Cuba idk of the Sudan Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (traditional) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861â€“April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Government Republic President... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 â€“ April 15, 1865) was an American politician elected from Illinois as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ...

Omaha's history of overt racism extends at least to 1891, when a large white mob lynched an African American named George Smith for "leering at a white woman."^[4] This event was reinforced by the psychological effect of a second lynching in 1919, that of African-American Willy Brown. Brown was accused of raping Agnes Loebeck, a white woman, at gunpoint, and the event required the intervention of the National Guard to ensured a calm, although racial segregation persisted throughout the city, reinforced by redlining and housing covenants that kept African Americans isolated in North Omaha^[5] The South Omaha Stockyards also employed African American workers from the South, often forcing them to work under brutal working conditions. These workers made significant gains after organizing with the I.W.W. in the 1920s; however, they were setback again after major packinghouse closures in the 1930s.^[6] With a recorded history that pre-dates the rest of Omaha, Nebraska, North Omaha has roots back to 1806 with the founding of Fort Lisa. ... Lynching is a form of violence, usually murder, conceived of by its perpetrators as extra legal punishment for offenders or as a terrorist method of enforcing social domination. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The Omaha Race Riot occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, on September 28, 1919. ... The Rex Theatre for Colored People Racial segregation is characterized by separation of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or... For the automotive term, see redline. ... Covenant, in its most general sense, is a word for a solemn contract or similar undertaking. ... North Omaha is in the Missouri River bluffs above Eppley Airfield and Carter Lake North Omaha is a staggeringly diverse area in Omaha, Nebraska that is defined by its historical and modern neighborhoods, as well as its diverse racial and socio-economic composition. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... The IWW Label The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ...

During this time period several "black schools" were established. That list eventually included Kennedy School, Lake School, Lothrop School and Long School^[7].

There are reports of African Blood Brotherhood-related action in Omaha, particularly around the time of the Willy Brown lynching. Harry Haywood is said to have become radicalized by the mob rule that overtook the city at the time, which drove him to become involved with the ABB, and later, the Communist Party of America - all of which happened for him in the Omaha of the 1920s. The African Blood Brotherhood (ABB) was a radical black liberation organization which developed ties to the Communist Party. ... The Omaha Race Riot occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, on September 28, 1919. ... Harry Haywood // Harry Haywood (February 6, 1898 - January 1985) was born in South Omaha, Nebraska to former slaves, Harriet and Haywood Hall. ... The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is one of several Marxist-Leninist groups in the United States. ...

Dr. Matthew Ricketts, the first African American in the Nebraska State Legislature, was elected in 1892. The Legislature of Nebraska is the U.S. state of Nebraskas legislative branch, seated at Nebraskas capital, Lincoln. ...

Significant events in the history of North Omaha include the Pawnee, Otoe and Sioux nations; the African American community; Irish, Czech, and other European immigrants, and; several other populations. ...

1912-1962

The first recorded efforts within the African American community in Omaha was the creation of the Omaha chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1912, continuing to this day.^[9] In the 1920s the Omaha chapter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association was founded by Earl Little, a Baptist minister and the father of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was born in Omaha in 1925. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) is, according to its 1929 constitution, a social, friendly, humanitarian, charitable, educational, institutional, constructive and expansive society, and is founded by persons desiring to the utmost to work for the general uplift of the people of African ancestry of the... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 â€“ February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... The Malcolm X House Site marks the house site where Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska. ...

The Urban League of Nebraska the first chapter of the national organization founded in the American West.^[10] It was started in North Omaha in 1928, and continues today.^[11] The National Federation of Colored Women had five chapters in North Omaha with more than 750 members. They actively conducted a variety of social, political and charitable work throughout the city of Omaha.^[12] National Urban League Logo The National Urban League is a non-profit, nonpartisan, civil rights and community-based movement that advocates on behalf of Black Americans and against racial discrimination. ... The Western United States, also referred to as the American West or simply The West, traditionally refers to the region constituting the westernmost states of the United States (see geographical terminology section for further discussion of these terms). ... North Omaha is in the Missouri River bluffs above Eppley Airfield and Carter Lake North Omaha is a staggeringly diverse area in Omaha, Nebraska that is defined by its historical and modern neighborhoods, as well as its diverse racial and socio-economic composition. ...

An interesting instance of student activism and community organizing in Omaha was the development of the DePorres Club. Founded at Creighton University in 1947^[13], this club was a group of African American high school students and white Creighton University students that actively sought to fight racial discrimination in housing and the workplace.^[14] The club hosted a community center called The Omaha DePorres Center to meet the needs of low-income families, and eventually started branches in Denver and Kansas City. According to one historian, "Their goals and tactics foreshadowed the efforts of civil rights activists throughout the nation in the 1960s."^[15] In 1958 the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. preached at Salem Baptist Church in North Omaha. Students occupying Sheffield town hall over the introduction of higher education fees Student activism is work done by students to effect political, environmental, economic, or social change. ... Community organizing is a process by which people are brought together to act in common self-interest. ... Creighton University, founded in 1878, is a Jesuit-Catholic college located in Omaha, Nebraska. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Martin Luther King redirects here. ...

1963-1971

In the summer of 1963 the 4CL, Citizens Civic Committee for Civil Liberties, rallied together to demand change equal rights for all African Americans throughout Omaha through the influence of the national civil rights movement. Their picketing, stand-ins during city council meetings and other efforts provided a powerful mechanism for social change, including new jobs and housing opportunities, in Omaha.^[16] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

According to the Nebraska Legislature, civil rights demonstrations in Omaha in 1963 led to the creation of the Omaha Human Rights Commission^[18]. According to a period documentary, this commission was set up only to placate civil rights activists, and because of that, failed. The Nebraska Legislature is the U.S. state of Nebraskas legislative branch. ... A Time for Burning is a 1966 documentary film which expores the attempts of the minister of Augustana Lutheran Church in Omaha, Nebraska, to persuade his all-white congregation to reach out to negro Lutherans in the city. ...

Malcolm X spoke in Omaha in 1964.^[19] During the 1960s popular locations in North Omaha for community activists to gather included the Fair Deal Cafe on 24th Street and Goodwin’s Spencer Street Barbershop at 3116 N. 24th Street, where young Ernie Chambers was a barber.^[20] Ernie Chambers (born July 10, 1937) is a Nebraska state senator from Omaha, representing legislative District 11. ...

The National Guard was called to North Omaha to quell two days of rioting on July 5, 1966 that are frequently addressed as race riots.^[21] Riots erupt again in North Omaha in April, 1968 in response to assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. Later that year Robert Kennedy visited North Omaha in his quest to become president, speaking at Creighton University in support of Omaha's civil rights activists. A race riot is any riot which occurs due to real or perceived inequality or oppression between members of different races. ... Martin Luther King redirects here. ... Robert Kennedy Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, also called RFK (November 20, 1925–June 6, 1968) was the younger brother of President John F. Kennedy, and was appointed by his brother as Attorney General for his administration. ...

On June 24, 1969 riots erupt after an Omaha police officer fatally shot teenager Vivian Strong in the Logan Fontenelle Public Housing Projects^[22].

Throughout the 1960s the Black Association for Nationalism Through Unity (BANTU) was a unique Omaha youth activism group that organized African American students in the city's high schools. Focusing on black power and self-determination, BANTU claimed concessions from the Omaha City Council with Senator Edward R. Danners lobbying that Nebraska State Legislature on their behalf. BANTU maintained a unique relationship with the Omaha chapter of the Black Panther Party, which may have included being a recruiting group for the BPP.^[23] Youth activism is best summarized as youth voice engaged in community organizing for social change. ... Tommie Smith (gold medal) and John Carlos (bronze medal) famously performed the Black Power salute on the 200 m winners podium at the 1968 Olympics. ... Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ... The Legislature of Nebraska is the U.S. state of Nebraskas legislative branch, seated at Nebraskas capital, Lincoln. ...

The Black Panthers were active in Omaha, with many crediting them for the race riots of the 1960s.^[24] In 1970, Omaha police officer Larry Minard was killed in an explosion in North Omaha blamed on the Black Panther Party. David Rice and Ed Poindexter were given life sentences in a controversial case about the explosion (see Rice/Poindexter Case). Omahans David Rice (who later changed his name to Wopashitwe Mondo Eyen we Langa) and Edward Poindexter were accused and convicted of the murder of Omaha Police Officer Larry Minard, father of five, who died when a suitcase containing dynamite exploded in North Omaha on August 17, 1970. ...

While the Omaha civil rights movement did not gain its popularly stated goals of gaining a law from the Nebraska State Legislature ensuring equal housing opportunities or a separate law ensuring equal job opportunities, it is seen as successful for raising awareness of the inequities facing African Americans in Omaha.^[25] Where the film A Time for Burning tracked the sentiment of 1960s white Omaha towards African Americans, recent actions of Senator Ernie Chambers illustrate the sentiment today. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Time for Burning is a 1966 documentary film which expores the attempts of the minister of Augustana Lutheran Church in Omaha, Nebraska, to persuade his all-white congregation to reach out to negro Lutherans in the city. ... Ernie Chambers (born July 10, 1937) is a Nebraska state senator from Omaha, representing legislative District 11. ...

1972-present

Desegregation busing and racial integration in public schools has been a particularly contentious issue in Omaha. From 1976 to 1999, Omaha had a forced busing plan as an effort to integrate the schools^[26]. This was an early goal of civil rights leaders in Omaha, including 4CL, who particularly lauded busing as improving race relations^[27]. For instance, Concerned and Caring Educators, a 100-member group of black administrators and supervisors advocated against the cessation of forced busing and praised the system as improving race relations and the education of Omaha's students^[28]. Desegregation busing, referred to as forced busing by opponents to desegregated schools in some areas, is the practice of remedying past racial discrimination in American public schools by busing children to specific schools in an effort to counteract discriminatory school construction and district assignments. ... Children at a parade in North College Hill, Ohio Racial integration, or simply integration includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation). ...

However, busing and racial tension has been a factor in Omaha's white flight^[29]. Nebraska State Senator Ernie Chambers has been critical of the ineffective nature of busing in Omaha, as well as the shortcomings of the predominately white administration of the Omaha Public School District to the point of proposing the seperation of the district into three subdistricts, one for the predominately white western part of Omaha, one for the predominately Hispanic South Omaha, and one for predominately black North Omaha ^[30]. White flight is a term for the demographic trend where upper and middle class white people move away from non-white inner-city neighborhoods to predominantly white suburbs and exurbs. ... Ernie Chambers (born July 10, 1937) is a Nebraska state senator from Omaha, representing legislative District 11. ... Omaha Public Schools is the largest school district in the state of Nebraska. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... North Omaha is in the Missouri River bluffs above Eppley Airfield and Carter Lake North Omaha is a staggeringly diverse area in Omaha, Nebraska that is defined by its historical and modern neighborhoods, as well as its diverse racial and socio-economic composition. ...

Important individuals in Omaha's Civil Rights Movement

Prior to the formal founding of the Civil Rights Movement in Omaha, several African Americans secured status that was relevant to later struggles. The first African American born in Omaha was William Leper, born in 1872 at 13th and Jackson Streets. The first black physician in Omaha was a Dr. Stephenson who came to Omaha in 1890.^[31] The first African American fair ever held in the United States took place in Omaha July 3-4, 1894. According to a report, "Only Negro-owned horses were entered in the races, and all exhibits were restricted to articles made or owned by Negroes."^[32] African Americans in Omaha also took care of their own: The community built an "Old Colored Folks Home" in North Omaha in the 1910s, and sustained it for a number of years.^[33]

Malcolm X, one of the primary civil rights movement leaders of the 1960s, was born in North Omaha and spoke there on at least one occasion. George Wells Parker attended college at Creighton University and founded the Hamitic League of the World in Omaha. Whitney Young was Omaha's Urban League president for several years, eventually encouraging the national organization to become more aggressive in its efforts to secure civil rights for African Americans. Harry Haywood was a leading African American member of both the Communist Party of the United States from the 1920s through to his death in 1981, known for his significant theoretical contributions to the question of Marxist nation-building around the world. Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 â€“ February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... North Omaha is in the Missouri River bluffs above Eppley Airfield and Carter Lake North Omaha is a staggeringly diverse area in Omaha, Nebraska that is defined by its historical and modern neighborhoods, as well as its diverse racial and socio-economic composition. ... George Wells Parker (September 18, 1882 - 1931) was an African American political activist who co-founded the Hamitic League of the World. ... Creighton University, founded in 1878, is a Jesuit-Catholic college located in Omaha, Nebraska. ... Hamitic League of the World was an African American nationalist organsiation. ... Whitney M. Young Jr. ... National Urban League Logo The National Urban League is a non-profit, nonpartisan, civil rights and community-based movement that advocates on behalf of Black Americans and against racial discrimination. ... Harry Haywood // Harry Haywood (February 6, 1898 - January 1985) was born in South Omaha, Nebraska to former slaves, Harriet and Haywood Hall. ... The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is one of several Marxist-Leninist groups in the United States. ... This article or section should be merged with nation-building Nation building is the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy. ...

Gale Sayers of Omaha was the first African American NFL player to share a room with a white player. Senator Ernie Chambers is a long-time civil rights activist from Omaha and the longest-serving State Senator in Nebraska history. His early views about race, Omaha and civil rights were illustrated in the 1960s documentary A Time for Burning. They have recently been brought to the spotlight by his controversial school separation plan. Gale Eugene Sayers (born May 30, 1943 in Wichita, Kansas), also known as The Kansas Comet, was a professional football player in the National Football League who spent his entire career with the Chicago Bears. ... Ernie Chambers (born July 10, 1937) is a Nebraska state senator from Omaha, representing legislative District 11. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... A Time for Burning is a 1966 documentary film which expores the attempts of the minister of Augustana Lutheran Church in Omaha, Nebraska, to persuade his all-white congregation to reach out to negro Lutherans in the city. ...

Contents

Background

1912-1962

1963-1971

1972-present

Important individuals in Omaha's Civil Rights Movement

See also

References

External links

Contents

Background GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

1912-1962

1963-1971

1972-present

Important individuals in Omaha's Civil Rights Movement

See also

References

External links

Background