The civil war in Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон, Jangi shahrvandii Tojikiston) began in May 1992 when disenfranchised groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions rose up against the national government of President Emomali Rahmonov. Democrats, liberal reformists^{[citation needed]}, and Islamists fought together and later organized under the banner of the United Tajik Opposition. By June 1997 fifty to one hundred thousand people had been killed.^[3][4] Combatants Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh1 Republic of Armenia 2 CIS mercenaries Republic of Azerbaijan Afghan Mujahideen 3 Chechen Volunteers 4 CIS mercenaries Commanders Samvel Babayan, Hemayag Haroyan, Monte Melkonian, Vazgen Sargsyan, Arkady Ter-Tatevosyan Ä°sgandar Hamidov, Suret Huseynov, Rahim Gaziev, Shamil Basayev Casualties 6,000 dead, 25,000 wounded 17... Combatants Ossetian Separatists Russian Forces1 The National Guard of Georgia Casualties ~2,000 dead?, unknown wounded ~800 dead?, unknown wounded 1Involvement Disputed The War in South Ossetia was fought from 1991 to 1992 between Georgia and S. Ossetian separatists. ... For the war in 1998, see War in Abkhazia (1998). ... Ossetian-Ingush conflict - armed conflict between Ossetian and Ingush people in Prigorodny District, region of North Ossetia-Alania, started in 1992. ... Combatants  Transnistria  Russian volunteers Ukrainian volunteers 14 Russian Army  Moldova Casualties 823 Transnistrians[1], 90 Cossacks[2], and an unknown number of other casualties 279 combatants[3], ~400 civilians The War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between PMR Republican Guard, militia and Cossack... Combatants Russian Federation Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Commanders Pavel Grachev Anatoly Kulikov Konstantin Pulikovsky Anatoliy Romanov Vyacheslav Tikhomirov Gennady Troshev Dzhokhar Dudayev  â€  Aslan Maskhadov Strength (December 11, 1994) Up to 50,000 soldiers and Interior Ministry (MVD) (December 11, 1994) 3,000 to 15,000[1] Casualties Military: At least... Combatants Abkhaz military Georgian insurgents Commanders Sergei Bagapsh (MoD) Unknown Strength ~1,500 ~300 The May 1998 War in Abkhazia took place in the Gali district, Abkhazia after ethnic Georgians launched an insurgency against the Abkhaz secessionist government. ... Combatants Russian Federation Daghestani militia Chechen rebels Shura of Dagestan Commanders Viktor Kazantsev Shamil Basayev Ibn al-Khattab Strength 17,000 2000 Casualties At least 279 dead and 987 wounded 1000 killed, wounded or captured The War in Dagestan (in Russia called by the name Chechen invasion of Dagestan) began... Combatants Russian Federation Pro-Russian Chechens Republic of Ichkeria Caucasian insurgents and foreign fighters Commanders Vladimir Putin Akhmad Kadyrov† Ramzan Kadyrov Aslan Maskhadov† Abdul Halim Sadulayev† Doku Umarov Shamil Basayev† Strength At least 93,000 in Chechnya in 1999. ... Tajik or Tadjik (тоҷикӣ, تاجیکی, tojikí) is a descendant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. ... In Norse mythology, Garm was a huge dog that guarded Helheim, the land of the dead, living in a cave called Gnipa (Gnipahellir). ... Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAR) is a mountainous province (region) of Tajikistan. ... Emomali Sharifovich Rahmonov (Tajik: Эмомалӣ Шарифович Раҳмонов or امامعلی شريفويچ رحمانف, Russian: Рахмонов Эмомали Шарипович; name also appears as Imamali Rakhmonov in literature. ... In political science, a democrat (lowercase d) is an advocate, follower, or proponent of democracy. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... The United Tajik Opposition (UTO) was an alliance of democratic, liberal and Islamist forces in the Tajik Civil War of 1992 to 1997, united against the Moscow backed government of Emomali Rahmonov. ...

President Rahmonov, UTO leader Said Abdullah Nuri, and Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General Gerd Merrem signed the "General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan" and the "Moscow Protocol" on 27 June 1997 in Moscow, Russia, ending the war.^[5] Said Abdullah Nuri (March 15, 1947 - August 9, 2006) led the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan from 1993 until he died on cancer in late 2006. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

Background

Main article: History of Tajikistan

Tensions began in the spring of 1992 after opposition members took to the streets in demonstrations against the 1991 presidential election. President Rahmon Nabiyev and Speaker of the Supreme Soviet Safarali Kenjayev orchestrated the dispersal of weapons to pro-government militias while the opposition turned to rebels in Afghanistan for military aid. This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... This December 2006 does not cite any references or sources. ... The Supreme Soviet (Russian: , Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments. ... Safarali Kenjayev was the former speaker of the Supreme Soviet in Tajikistan. ...

Fighting broke out in May 1992 between old guard supporters of the government, backed by Moscow, and a loosely organized opposition composed of disenfranchised groups from the regions Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists. Nabiyev resigned his presidency on 7 September 1992.^[6] For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... In Norse mythology, Garm was a huge dog that guarded Helheim, the land of the dead, living in a cave called Gnipa (Gnipahellir). ... Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAR) is a mountainous province (region) of Tajikistan. ... Democracy is a form of government under which the power to alter the laws and structures of government lies, ultimately, with the citizenry. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

With the aid of the Russian military and Uzbekistan, pro-government forces routed the opposition in early and late 1992. In December 1992 a new government was formed under the leadership of Emomali Rahmonov, representing a shift in power from the old power based in Leninabad to the militias from Kulyab, from which Rahmonov came.^[7][8] Emomali Sharifovich Rahmonov (Tajik: Эмомалӣ Шарифович Раҳмонов or امامعلی شريفويچ رحمانف, Russian: Рахмонов Эмомали Шарипович; name also appears as Imamali Rakhmonov in literature. ... Khudjand (also transliterated as Khudzhand) is a city in Tajikistan. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia A Militia is an army composed of ordinary [1] citizens to provide defense, emergency or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ... Kulyab (also transliterated as Kuliab or Kuljab) is a city in Tajikistan. ...

The height of hostilities occurred between 1992 and 1993 and pitted Kulyabi militias against an array of groups, including militants from the Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP) and ethnic minority Pamiris from Gorno-Badakhshan. In large part due to the foreign support they received, the Kulyabi militias were able to soundly defeat opposition forces and went on what has been described by Human Rights Watch as an ethnic cleansing campaign against Pamiris and Garmis.^[9] The campaign was concentrated in areas south of the capital and included the murder of prominent individuals, mass killings, the burning of villages, and the expulsion of the Pamiri and Garmi population into Afghanistan. The violence was particularly concentrated in Qurghonteppa, the powerbase of the IRP and home to many Garmis. Tens of thousands were killed or fled to Afghanistan.^{[10][11][12][13]} The Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP; Tajik: Нашрияи Ҳизби Наҳзати Исломии Тоҷикистон; also known as the Islamic Renaissance of Tajikistan, the Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan, the Islamic Party of Revival, or simply the Islamic Renaissance Party) is an Islamist political party in Tajikistan. ... Pamiri could refer to: Pamiri languages spoken in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China. ... Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAR) is a mountainous province (region) of Tajikistan. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory in order to create a supposedly ethnically pure society. ... The Garmi, or Gharmi people (Tajik: Ғармӣ), originate from the Rasht Valley in central Tajikistan. ... Qurghonteppa (formerly known as Kurgan-Tyube, from the Persian word گرگان تپه meaning Hills of Gurgan) is a city in southwestern Tajikistan. ...

Eden And Bianca

Further reading

• Monica Whitlock. Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia, St. Martin's Press, 2003, ISBN 031227727X.
• Shahram Akbarzadeh. Why did nationalism fail in Tajikistan?, Europe-Asia Studies, 1996.
• Mohammad-Reza Djalili, Frédéric Grare, and Shirin Akiner. Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence, St. Martin's Press, Richmond, U.K.: Curzon, 1997.
• Roy, Olivier. The New Central Asia, the Creation of Nations. London: I. B. Tauris, 2000.

Europe-Asia Studies is an academic peer-reviewed journal published 8 times a year by Routledge on behalf of the Institute of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow, and continuing (since vol. ...

References

Dilip Hiro (born Larkana) is a playwright and analyst specializing in Islamic countries, ranging from Iraq and Lebanon to the Central Asian republics. ... Dilip Hiro (born Larkana) is a playwright and analyst specializing in Islamic countries, ranging from Iraq and Lebanon to the Central Asian republics. ...

External links

• (Russian)/(English) Key texts and agreements in the Tajikistan peace process
• Tajikistan: Opposition criticizes Dushanbe's plan for Commission
• Tajikistan: Two Russian military personnel killed
• Tajikistan: Secular -- not Shari'a -- law prevails in eastern mountains
• Tajikistan Civil War 1992-1994