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Civil rights are the protections and privileges of personal liberty given to all citizens by law. Civil rights are distinguished from "human rights" or "natural rights"—civil rights are rights that are bestowed by nations on those within their territorial boundaries, while natural or human rights are rights that many scholars claim ought to belong to all people. For example, the philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) argued that the natural rights of life, liberty and property should be converted into civil rights and protected by the sovereign state as an aspect of the social contract. Others have argued that people acquire rights as an inalienable gift from the deity or at a time of nature before governments were formed. Image File history File links Nuvola_apps_browser. ...
A right is the power or privilege to which one is justly entitled or a thing to which one has a just claim. ...
The term collective rights refers to the putative rights of peoples to be protected from attacks on their group identity and group interests. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
The term inalienable rights (or unalienable rights) refers to a set of human rights that are absolute, not awarded by human power, not transferable to another power, and incapable of repudiation. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Natural rights are rights derived from natural law. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
Social rights refer to what are usually positive rights, which ensure to all people a fair standard of treatment. ...
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Image File history File links Provided by the LBJ Library. ...
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President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
Natural rights are rights derived from natural law. ...
John Locke (August 29, 1632 – October 28, 1704) was an influential English philosopher and social contract theorist. ...
See also: 1632 (novel) Events February 22 - Galileos Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300 colonists for New France depart Dieppe November 8 - Wladyslaw IV Waza elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Zygmunt III Waza death November 16 - Battle of Lützen...
Events Building of the Students Monument in Aiud, Romania. ...
Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: life, living Life is a multi-faceted concept that may refer to the ongoing process of which living things are a part or the period between fertilisation or mitosis and death. ...
Liberty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
// Use of the term The concept of property or ownership has no single or universally accepted definition. ...
Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ...
A state is an organized political community, occupying a territory, and possessing internal and external sovereignty, that enforces a monopoly on the use of force. ...
Social contract theory (or contractarianism) is a concept used in philosophy, political science and sociology to denote an implicit agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens, or more generally a similar concord between a group and its members, or between individuals. ...
The term inalienable rights (or unalienable rights) refers to a set of human rights that are absolute, not awarded by human power, not transferable to another power, and incapable of repudiation. ...
State of nature is a term in political philosophy used in social contract theories to describe the hypothetical condition of humanity before the states foundation and its monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force. ...
Laws guaranteeing civil rights may be written, derived from custom or implied. In the United States and most continental European counties, civil rights laws are most often written. In the United States, for example, laws protecting civil rights appear in the Constitution, in the amendments to the Constitution (particularly the 13th and 14th Amendments), in federal statutes, in state constitutions and statutes and even in the ordinances of counties and cities. In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, such rights are frequently granted by custom and are not memorialized in written law. "Implied" rights are rights that a court may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom, on the theory that a written or customary right must necessarily include the implied right. One famous (and controversial) example of a right implied from the U.S. Constitution is the "right to privacy", which the U.S. Supreme Court found to exist in the 1965 case of Griswold v. Connecticut. In the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the Court found that state legislation prohibiting or limiting abortion violated this right to privacy. In law, custom, or customary law consists of established patterns of behaviour that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting. ...
Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ...
A statute is a formal, written law of a country or state, written and enacted by its legislative authority, perhaps to then be ratified by the highest executive in the government, and finally published. ...
Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to stop information about themselves from becoming known to people other than those whom they choose to give the information. ...
The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States...
1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...
Holding A Connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. ...
1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...
Holding Texas laws criminalizing abortion violated womens Fourteenth Amendment right to choose whether to continue a pregnancy. ...
States and local governments can expand civil rights beyond the U.S. Constitution, but they cannot diminish Constitutional rights. For example, some American cities make it illegal to discriminate against persons on the basis of their sexual orientation, thus expanding the civil rights of homosexuals; however, cities which create school districts in such a way that the districts discriminate against students on the basis of their race will have injunctions entered against them by the federal courts. States frequently grant civil rights in excess of federal law, such as Article 21 of the Maryland Constitution, which requires that a jury be unanimous in order to convict a person of a crime. The Great Seal of Maryland The current Constitution of Maryland, which was ratified by the people of the state on September 18, 1867, forms the basic law for the U.S. state of Maryland. ...
Examples of civil rights and liberties include the right to get redress if injured by another, the right to privacy, the right of peaceful protest, the right to a fair investigation and trial if suspected of a crime, and more generally-based constitutional rights such as the right to vote, the right to personal freedom, the right to life, the right to freedom of movement and anti-discrimination laws. As civilisations emerged and formalised through written constitutions, some of the more important civil rights were granted to citizens. When those grants were later found inadequate, civil rights movements emerged as the vehicle for claiming more equal protection for all citizens and advocating new laws to restrict the effect of current discriminations. Suffrage is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. ...
The term right to life is a political term used in controversies over various issues that involve the taking of a life (or what is perceived to be a life). ...
To discriminate socially is to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. ...
The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ...
The Equal Protection Clause is a part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, providing that no state shall make or enforce any law which shall. ...
Civil rights can in one sense refer to the equal treatment of all citizens irrespective of race, sex, or other class, or it can refer to laws which invoke claims of positive liberty. An example of the former would be the decision in Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954) which was concerned with the constitutionality of laws which imposed segregation in the education systems of some U.S states. The theories set out below explain why such laws should not be considered legitimate, but do not explain why the case failed to declare the general principle that all manifestations of segregation were a breach of civil rights (that would be more properly a question of politics). The U.S. legislature subsequently addressed the issue through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Sec. 201. which states: (a) All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin. Some other countries have enacted similar legislation, or have given direct effect to supranational treaties and agreements such as the European Convention on Human Rights (with forty-five countries as signatories), which encompass both human rights and civil liberties. A social class is, at its most basic, a group of people that have similar status. ...
Positive liberty is an idea that was first expressed and analyzed as a separate conception of liberty by John Stuart Mill but most notably described by Isaiah Berlin. ...
Holding Racial segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ...
President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ...
Direct effect is a principle of European Union Law stating that European regulations have a direct effect on EU citizens and on the laws of the member states. ...
Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in international organizations, where power is held by independent appointed officials or by representatives elected by the legislatures or people of the member states. ...
A treaty is a binding agreement under international law concluded by subjects of international law, namely states and international organizations. ...
The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, also known as the European Convention on Human Rights, was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe in 1950 to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. ...
Related terminology
The term 'civil rights' is often used synonymously with civil liberties, even though theoretical jurisprudence distinguishes between right and liberty (see below: Hohfeld). The root of the word 'civil' reflects the association between a bundle of rights and 'citizenship'. The term Human rights refers to a broader concept.
This article is in need of attention. ...
Jurisprudence is essentially the theory and philosophy of law. ...
Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (1879-1918) was the author of the seminal Fundamental Legal Conceptions, As Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
In the early legal systems of Ancient Rome,women and slaves had no right to vote whether as a juror or for political purposes, and ownership of property was an aspect of patria potestas, i.e. only the father of the family could own property, his wife, relatives and children having no right of ownership. Similarly, the mediaeval European city-states limited access to the status of citizenship and the civil rights associated with it. This practice of dividing societies by reference to class or caste associates privilege with the upper layers of society and means that civil rights attach to people by virute of their citizenship of a state.
i rule:Forum Romanum panorama 2. ...
Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ...
Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social stratification, such as clans, gentes, or the Indian caste system. ...
A privilege—etymologically private law or law relating to a specific individual—is an honour, or permissive activity granted by another person or a government. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
A state is an organized political community, occupying a territory, and possessing internal and external sovereignty, that enforces a monopoly on the use of force. ...
Today, in most western societies, it is taken for granted that every person has a number of rights and freedoms, which are valued deeply, closely associated to the modern concept of democracy and supported by public policy. Civil rights are claimed to be the pillars of modern societies. Nevertheless, it is domicile that attaches to an individual at birth, regardless of such factors as race, gender or class, and determines status and capacity. As each individual moves from state to state, the extent of the civil rights to be enjoyed will be determined by the interaction between the domicile of origin, and the cultures and laws of those states in which that person resides as a citizen.
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Public policy or ordre public is the body of fundamental principles that underpin the operation of legal systems in each state. ...
In Conflict of Laws, domicile (termed domicil in the U.S.) is the basis of the choice of law rule operating in the characterisation framework to define a persons status, capacity and rights. ...
The term human rights is not limited to citizenship of one state and reflects the concept of fundamental rights that all human beings can claim. Whereas 'civil rights', 'civil liberties' and 'constitutional rights' are used to denote expectations as to behaviour and treatment by fellow citizens in any one sovereign state, 'human rights' is more often used in the context of international law, the supranational systems of law that may or may not have direct effect in sovereign states depending on the treaties signed by each state and the nature of their legal systems. Human rights include civil rights. The term may also refer to the rights of refugees and the problems of statelessness; however, the debate on the extent of fundamental human rights is much broader subject. Jurist Karel Vasak, for example, discusses a right to peace and the right to a clean environment as fundamental human rights. Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ...
This article or section is missing needed references or citation of sources. ...
A jurist is a professional who studies, develops, applies or otherwise deals with the law. ...
Karel Vasak was a Czechoslovakian international official and university professor. ...
Theoretical background: The concept of right Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (1879–1918) maintained that analysis of legal issues is frequently muddled and inconsistent because the legal concepts are improperly understood. The first question, therefore, is to understand what the rights are in "civil rights". There are two major schools of thought: Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (1879-1918) was the author of the seminal Fundamental Legal Conceptions, As Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays. ...
1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
Look up Analysis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary An analysis is a critical evaluation, usually made by breaking a subject (either material or intellectual) down into its constituent parts, then describing the parts and their relationship to the whole. ...
- Hohfeld proposed a structured system of interrelated concepts
- Nozick and Rawls approached the concept of rights from the perspectives of libertarian and political belief.
Hohfeld's concept of right Hohfeld distinguished right from liberty, and power from immunity—concepts that are often used interchangeably in non-technical discourse, but are philosophically different. By examining the relationships between these concepts, he hoped to explain the legal interests that have evolved in the real world of civil society and to answer the question whether citizens of a state have any right to access any of the possible forms of social security. Liberty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Sociologists usually define power as the ability to impose ones will on others, even if those others resist in some way. ...
In a medical sense, immunity is a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. ...
For specific national programs, see Social Security (United States), National insurance (UK), Social Security (Sweden) Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ...
- Right and duty are corelative concepts, i.e. one must always be matched by the other. If A claims a right against B, this is meaningless unless B has a duty to honour A's right. If B has no duty, that means that B has liberty, i.e. B can do whatever he or she pleases because B has no duty to refrain from doing it, and A has no right to prohibit B from doing so. An individual would be considered to have perfect liberty if no one has a right to prevent the given act.
- Power means the capacity to create legal relationships and to create rights and liabilities. The corelative of power is liability. If A has power over B, B must have liability towards A. For example, properly constituted courts have the power to pass judgements that impose liabilities but, if the defendants are outside the courts' jurisdiction, the judgements are unenforceable. Similarly, a legislature has power to make laws, but those laws that attempt to restrict a fundamental right may be unconstitutional. If the laws are valid, they create a disability; the legal opposite of disability is power. So, children or people suffering from a mental disability should be protected from liability and their power to make a binding contract is removed. A person loses the right to sue another to recover a debt if the period of limitation has expired.
- The legal opposite of liability is immunity. In some countries, government departments exercising sovereign powers cannot be sued in tort and the President or the Prime Minister cannot be personally liable in respect of any contract made or assurance given for the purposes of the state. These are examples of immunities.
Although the word right is often used to describe liberty, power, or immunity, Hohfeld clearly distinguished them. Indeed, Hohfeld described liberty as an a priori condition of the rule of law, coming into existence long before any Bill of Rights and offering an individual power to the extent that it is not restricted by any law. Essentially, Hohfeld believed that anyone who tries to encroach on the liberty of a citizen must be required to demonstrate their clear right to do so. After more than eighty years of consideration, some doubt whether this set of conceptual relationships is philosophically sustainable. But, the core juxtaposition of right, duty and liberty remains a seductive argument. // Ethics Duty is a term loosely applied to any action (or course of action) which is regarded as morally incumbent, apart from personal likes and dislikes or any external compulsion. ...
Corelative is the term adopted by Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld to describe the philosophical relationships between fundamental legal concepts in jurisprudence. ...
In the most general sense, a liability is anything that is a hindrance, or puts one at a disadvantage. ...
In law, jurisdiction from the Latin jus, juris meaning law and dicere meaning to speak, is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted body or to a person to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility. ...
A legislature is a governmental deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ...
A fundamental right is often referred to the rights a person has according to the constitution. ...
The term disability, as it is applied to humans, refers to any condition that impedes the completion of daily tasks using traditional methods. ...
A contract is a promise or an agreement that is enforced or recognized by the law. ...
Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ...
A bill of rights is a statement of certain rights which, under a societys laws, citizens and/or residents either have, want to have, or ought to have. ...
In common speech, the word individual most often refers to a person, or, by analogy, to any specific object in a group of things. ...
Philosopher in Meditation (detail), by Rembrandt Philosophy is a field of study that includes diverse subfields such as aesthetics, epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics, in which people ask questions such as whether God exists, whether knowledge is possible, and what makes actions right or wrong. ...
Juxtaposition (noun) is an act or instance of placing two things close together or side by side. ...
Libertarian and political theory: Nozick and Rawls
Minimal state Robert Nozick (1938–2003) offered a model of a "minimal state", described as libertarianism. Nozick argued that no state is ever justified in offering anything more than the most minimal of state functions, and further, that whatever might exist by way of rights exists only in the negative sense of those actions not yet prohibited. He denied the possibility that any citizen can have rights that require others to offer him or her services at the state's expense, and tested whether exchanges between individuals were legitimate by an entitlement theory: Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher and Pellegrino University Professor at Harvard University. ...
1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...
2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal statism or small government, is the view that the size, role and influence of government in a free society should be minimal - only large enough to protect the liberty of each and every individual, without violating the liberty of any individuals itself, thus maximizing...
This article is about the classical liberal individualist philosophy that strongly emphasizes private property rights conjoined with civil liberties. ...
- The "transfer principle" holds that goods or services "freely acquired from others who acquired them in a just way are justly acquired"
- The "acquisition principle" states that people are entitled to retain all holdings acquired in a just way
- The "rectification principle" requires that any violation of the first two principles be repaired by returning holdings to their rightful owners as a "one time" redistribution (a reference to the Rawlsian Difference Principle).
Nozick, therefore, believed that there are no positive civil rights, only rights to property and the right of autonomy. For him, a just society does as much as possible to protect everyone's independence and freedom to take any action for the benefit of one's self. This is an important teleological protection: the Jeffersonian political philosphy right to the pursuit of happiness is the freedom to engage in any actions so long as they do not infringe upon that same right exercised by others. Positive liberty is an idea that was first expressed and analyzed as a separate conception of liberty by John Stuart Mill but most notably described by Isaiah Berlin. ...
Teleology (telos: end, purpose) is the supposition that there is design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the works and processes of nature, and the philosophical study of that purpose. ...
Critics of the minimal state-model argue that a state which provides no services to citizens is inadequate.
Just society John Rawls (1921–2002) developed a model of a different form of just society which relied on: John Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher, a professor of political philosophy at Harvard University and author of A Theory of Justice (1971), Political Liberalism, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, and The Law of Peoples. ...
1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
For the Cusco album, see 2002 (album). ...
An abstract model (or conceptual model) is a theoretical construct that represents physical, biological or social processes, with a set of variables and a set of logical and quantitative relationships between them. ...
- The "liberty principle" which holds that citizens require minimal civil and legal rights to protect themselves
- The "difference principle" which states that every citizen would want to live in a society where improving the condition of the poorest becomes the first priority.
For Rawls, a right is an "entitlement or justified claim on others" which comprises both negative and positive obligations, i.e. both that others must not harm anyone (negative obligation), and surrender a proportion of their earnings through taxation for the benefit of low-income earners (positive). This blurs the relationship between rights and duties as proposed by Hohfeld. For example if a citizen had the right to free medical care, then others (through the agency of the government) would be obligated to provide that service. An obligation can be legal or moral. ...
In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ...
See also Healing, North East Lincolnshire Healing is the process where the cells in the body regenerate and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or necrotic area. ...
Critics of Rawls' approach doubt whether the difference principle is congruous with a state consistently applying the capitalist model. Rawl's ideas however have influenced the implementation of social market economies within a capitalist system in European countries like Germany. A critic (from Greek κÏιτικός, kritikós - one who discerns, from Ancient Greek κÏιτής, krités, a judge) is a person who offers reasoned judgement or analysis, value judgement, interpretation, or observation. ...
As an abstract term, congruence means similarity between objects. ...
Capitalism has been defined in various, but similar, ways by different theorists. ...
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The Social market economy was the German and Austrian economic model during the Cold War era. ...
The difference between Rawls and Nozick is that Rawls thought that a state should always provide the basic fundamentals of physical existence, whereas Nozick gave no guarantee save that an individual always had the freedom to pursue his or her own ends.
Concepts applied: an example The rights that evolve through history will be the product of the culture in the given state and they will exist independently of the legal system. The extent to which the state decides to give any of these rights some legal enforcement will be determined by the balance struck between the competing interests within the society. As an example, let us take a proposal to make it illegal to treat people differently on the basis of race. This fits into the context of a general freedom of association and has relevance to freedom of thought. So, one view would be that employment is a personal contract and, because employer and employee must work together well if the business is to prosper, the employer should be free to employ whoever he or she wishes. Similarly, so long as a person keeps his thoughts to him or herself, no change should be necessary. What philosophical justifications would there be for imposing duties and liabilities to modify behaviour and correct thought? The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ...
- In Nozick's model, there would be no justification. Every citizen is free to offer employment and/or to offer their labour, and any interference with these freedoms would diminish autonomy. In capitalist countries, this philosophy resonates powerfully with citizens who oppose any restriction on their right to use, for their own benefit, what they consider ”justly acquired” wealth .
- For Rawls, the Liberty Principle means that no one person should be any less "equal" than any other. Therefore, it would be appropriate to restrict liberty and impose duties to promote social justice. This model works best in countries where the principle of wealth distribution is accepted by the majority. Hence, particular notions of what may constitute fairness or justice will always drive public calls for coercive anti-discrimination laws to fill in the gap where the naming and shaming of "offenders" is not an effective deterrent.
- Hohfeld's analysis would be apolitical. Unlike Nozick and Rawls, the method does not depend on particular political assumptions, but applies rigor to identify the issues of principle. Hence, Hohfeld would begin with an unregulated society in which the employer has a power but no duty to offer employment to all citizens. This is enshrined in the fundamental principle, freedom of contract, which requires that every contract be a consensual bargain. If the codified practice of employers is not to offer employment to a class of citizens, this denial of opportunity is the equivalent of a disability and, as such, a state could act to remove the de facto immunity protecting the employers from appropriate legal redress. What form would this redress take? It cannot be the grant of an absolute right to employment in every citizen of the affected class. There may be many employers in the society but not every one of them may require additional employees. So the earliest time that a corelative duty to offer employment could attach to an employer is when a vacancy arises. But this is only one vacancy and there may be many seeking it. Which among those offering their labour has the best right to the one job? In the reality of this theoretical society, this has to be a decision made by the employer since only the employer has the power to create the contract (i.e. to define the terms and conditions of the work to be done and the wage or salary to be paid). So the only right that the state can give members of the affected class is the right to be judged fairly as against other job applicants and, if successful, to be offered the same terms and conditions applied to those already employed. Anything more than that would be to give job seekers rights and powers that no other part of the law of contract allows — a clearly unjustified outcome since this would be encroaching on the standard package of rights and liberties enjoyed by all citizens in all the other areas of commercial activity within the state. So, a balance is struck. The need for general certainty in the operation of the law outweighs the benefit from introducing a limited exception for the benefit of one group. Yet, a way is found within the law as it stands, for some relief to be given to a disadvantaged class. It is a compromise struck in expediency, but which achieves the desired outcome.
Social justice is a philosophical definition of justice, that is, giving individuals or groups their due within society as a whole. ...
Freedom of contract is the key public policy that underpins the law of contract and justifies a legally enforceable system of bargaining as a benefit to society. ...
Civil rights movement See: Civil Rights Movement Historically, the Civil Rights Movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately one generation (1960-1980) wherein there was much worldwide civil unrest and popular rebellion. ...
References - Hohfeld, W. N., Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning, ed. by W.W. Cook (1919); reprint, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964.
- Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Basic Books. 1974.
- Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice (Revised edition, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 1999), ISBN 0-674-00077-3.
- Smith, Jean Edward & Levine, Herbert M., Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Debated, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (1879-1918) was the author of the seminal Fundamental Legal Conceptions, As Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays. ...
1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ...
Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher and Pellegrino University Professor at Harvard University. ...
1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1974 calendar). ...
John Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher, a professor of political philosophy at Harvard University and author of A Theory of Justice (1971), Political Liberalism, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, and The Law of Peoples. ...
1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...
The International Standard Book Number, or ISBN (sometimes pronounced is-ben), is a unique identifier for books, intended to be used commercially. ...
Jean Edward Smith is an accomplished educator and biographer having authored such works as Grant, John Marshall: Definer of a Nation, and Presently he is the John Marshall Professor of Political Science at Marshall University. ...
1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
See also - Agencies
- People
- Politics
- American Civil Rights Movement (1896-1954)
- American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)
- List of anti-discrimination acts
- Related Topics
The Commission on Civil Rights (USCCR) is an independent federal agency of the United States government. ...
Ronald Dworkin (born 1931) is an American philosopher, especially noted for his contributions to jurisprudence including legal philosophy, political philosophy, and moral philosophy. ...
Corliss Lamont was born in Englewood, New Jersey in 1902. ...
Martin Luther King, Jr. ...
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Jo Ann Robinson was a black woman in Montgomery, Alabama she joined the Womens Political Council in 1946. ...
Fannie Lou Hamer speaks at the 1964 Democratic National Convention Fannie Lou Hamer (born Fannie Lou Townsend on October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an American voting rights activist and civil rights leader. ...
Winson Hudson (1916-2004) was a civil rights activist born and raised in Harmony, Mississippi. ...
Ella Josephine Baker (December 13, 1903 - December 13, 1986) was an African-American Civil Rights activist. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into African American history. ...
Martin Luther King is perhaps most famous for his I Have a Dream speech, given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom The Civil Rights Movement refers to a set of noted events and reform movements in the United States aimed...
This is a list of anti-discrimination acts (often called discrimination acts), which are laws designed to prevent discrimination. ...
The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
Natural rights are rights derived from natural law. ...
The term inalienable rights (or unalienable rights) refers to a set of human rights that are absolute, not awarded by human power, not transferable to another power, and incapable of repudiation. ...
The movement for Prisoners rights is based on the principle that prisoners, even though they are deprived of liberty, are still entitled to basic human rights. ...
For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ...
Second class citizen is an informal term used to describe a person who is discriminated against or generally treated unequally within a state or other political jurisdiction. ...
A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ...
Feminism is a diverse collection of competing and often opposing social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women. ...
The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also...
Womens rights typically refers to the legal, social and human rights of women. ...
The term minority rights embodies two separate concepts: first, normal individual rights as applied to members of racial, ethnic, class or religious minorities, and second, collective rights accorded to minority groups. ...
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