Norwegian longship

The Civil war era of Norwegian history (Norwegian borgerkrigstida) is a term used for the period between 1130 and 1240 in the history of Norway. During this time, a series of civil wars were fought between rival kings and pretenders to the throne of Norway. The reasons for the wars is one of the most debated topics in Norwegian medieval history. The goal of the warring parties was always to put their man on the throne, starting with the death of king Sigurd the Crusader in 1130. In the first decades of the civil wars, alliances were shifting, and centered around the person of a king or pretender, but eventually, towards the end of the 12th century, two rival parties emerged, known as the birkebeiner and the bagler. After these two parties were reconciled in 1217, a more ordered system of government centered around the king was gradually able to bring an end to the frequent risings. The failed rising of duke Skule Bårdsson in 1240 was the final event of the civil war era. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (837x1303, 133 KB)viking longship photo by uwe kils gfdl self from Oslo Viking Ship Museum This is not only one of the most beautiful structures created by humans, a most stunning expressions of Norse art and craftsmanship, but these structures... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (837x1303, 133 KB)viking longship photo by uwe kils gfdl self from Oslo Viking Ship Museum This is not only one of the most beautiful structures created by humans, a most stunning expressions of Norse art and craftsmanship, but these structures... Events February 13 - Innocent II is elected pope An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II. Innocent flees to France and Anacletus crowns Roger King. ... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... // [edit] Etymology Modern etymologists believe the countrys name means the northward route (the way north), which in Old Norse would be nor veg or *norð vegr. ... Sigurd I Magnusson (1089?-1130), nicknamed Sigurd Jorsalfare (Old Norse Sigurðr Jórsalafari, translation: Sigurd the Crusader, literal translation: Sigurd, the one who went to Jerusalem) was king of Norway 1103-1130. ... Events February 13 - Innocent II is elected pope An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II. Innocent flees to France and Anacletus crowns Roger King. ... The Birkebein Party or Birkebeinar was a contemporary pejorative name for a rebellious party in Norway, formed in 1174 by Eystein Meyla. ... The Bagler faction which was made up of aristocracy, clergy and merchants contested with the Birkebeiners, essentially a faction of peasants, led by the pretender King Sverre, for control in a Norwegian civil war during the late 12th century. ... Events April 9 - Peter of Courtenay crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III May 20 - First Barons War, royalist victory at Lincoln. ... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile...

Events of the civil war era

Background

The unification of Norway into one kingdom is traditionally held to have been achieved by king Harald Fairhair at the battle of Hafrsfjord in 872, but the process of unification took a long time to complete and consolidate. By the mid 11th century, the process seems to have been completed. However, it was still not uncommon for several rulers to share the kingship of Norway. This seems to have been the common way of solving disputes in cases where two or more worthy candidates for the throne existed. The relationship between such co-rulers was often tense, but open conflict was generally averted. Clear succession laws did not exist. The main criterion for being considered a worthy candidate for the throne was to be a descendant of Harald Fairhair through the male line - legitimate or illegitimate birth was not an issue. Harald Fairhair or Harald Finehair (Old Norse:Haraldr hinn hárfagri, Icelandic:Haraldur hinn hárfagri, Norwegian:Harald Hårfagre) (c. ... The Battle of Hafrsfjord has been a very central event in the history of the unification of Norway. ... Events Battle of Hafrsfjord in Norway, Harald Finehair first king of Norway. ...

King Sigurd the Crusader had also shared the kingdom with his brothers, king Øystein and king Olav, but when they both died without issue, Sigurd became sole ruler, and his son, Magnus, heir-apparent. However, in the late 1120s, a man called Harald Gillekrist arrived in Norway from Ireland, claiming to be a son of king Sigurd's father, king Magnus Barefoot. King Magnus had spent some time campaigning in Ireland, and Harald would thus be king Sigurd's brother. Harald proved his case through an ordeal of fire, the common way of settling such claims at the time, and king Sigurd recognised him as his brother. However, Harald had to swear an oath that he would not claim the title of king as long as Sigurd or his son was alive. Sigurd I Magnusson (1089?-1130), nicknamed Sigurd Jorsalfare (Old Norse Sigurðr Jórsalafari, translation: Sigurd the Crusader, literal translation: Sigurd, the one who went to Jerusalem) was king of Norway 1103-1130. ... Øystein I (1088?-1123) was king of Norway 1103-1123. ... Olav Magnusson (1099-1115) was king of Norway 1103-1115. ... Magnus the Blind was the son of King Sigurd Jorsalfar of Norway and Borghild Olavsdotter. ... Harald Gylle (1103–1136), king of Norway, was born in Ireland. ... Magnus Barefoot (1073-1103), son of Olaf Kyrre, was king of Norway from 1093 until 1103 and King of the Isle of Man from 1095-1102. ... Trial by ordeal is a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task. ...

The succession to Sigurd the Crusader

When Sigurd died in 1130, Harald broke his oath. Sigurd's son Magnus was proclaimed king, but Harald also claimed the royal title, and received much support. A settlement was reached whereby Magnus and Harald would both be kings and co-rulers. Peace between them lasted until 1134, when open war broke out. In 1135 Harald succeeded in defeating and capturing Magnus in Bergen. Magnus was blinded, castrated and mutilated and imprisoned in a monastery. He was thereafter known as Magnus the Blind. At about the same time, another man from Ireland arrived, claiming to be a son of Magnus Barefoot, Sigurd Slembe. He claimed to have gone through an ordeal by fire to prove his claim, in Denmark. Harald did not recognise him as his brother. In 1136, Sigurd murdered Harald in his sleep in Bergen, and had himself proclaimed king. Harald's supporters would not accept him, and had Harald's two infant sons, Sigurd Munn and Inge Crouchback, named king. Sigurd Slembe liberated Magnus the Blind from his enforced monastic life and allied himself with him. The war between Sigurd Slembe and Magnus the Blind on the one side, and Harald Gille's old supporters, with his young sons on the other, dragged on until 1139, when Magnus and Sigurd were defeated in battle at Hvaler. Magnus was killed in the battle, Sigurd was captured and tortured to death. Events Baalbeck taken by Genghis Khan House of Brandenburg begins when Albrecht the Bear is made head of the Nordmark St. ... Events January - Byland Abbey founded Stephen of Blois succeeds King Henry I. Empress Maud, daughter of Henry I and widow of Henry V opposed Stephen and claims the throne as her own Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans at Crug Mawr. ... County Hordaland District Midhordland Municipality NO-1201 Administrative centre Bergen Mayor (2004) Herman Friele (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 215 465 km² 445 km² 0. ... Sigurd Magnusson Slembe (died 1139) or Slembedjakn was a Norwegian pretender and rival king during the era of civil wars. ... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise People of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod and depose him Births Amalric I of Jerusalem William of Newburgh, English historian (died 1198) Deaths November 15 - Margrave Leopold III... Sigurd II (1133–1155) was the son of Harald Gille, king of Norway and his mistress Tora Guttormsdottir. ... Inge Haraldson, krokrygg the crouchback (1135 - 1161) was the king of Norway between 1136 and 1161. ... Events July 26, Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León and Castile declared after the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravides lead by Ali ibn Yusuf: Prince Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after assembling the first assembly of the estates-general of Portugal at Lamego... County Østfold Landscape Municipality NO-0111 Administrative centre Skjærhallen Mayor (2003) Paul Henriksen (Ap) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 393 90 km² 89 km² 0. ...

The reign of Harald Gille's sons

The power-sharing between Sigurd Munn and Inge Crouchback functioned well as long as they were both minors. In 1142, once again, a king's son arrived in Norway from west of the North Sea. This time, it was Øystein Haraldsson, a son of Harald Gille. Øystein claimed part of his father's inheritance, and was given the title of king, with a third of the kingdom. The three brothers ruled together, apparently in peace, until 1155. According to the sagas, Øystein and Sigurd Munn laid plans to depose their brother Inge and divide his share of the kingdom between them. At the urgings of his mother Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter and the influential lendmann Gregorius Dagsson, Inge decided to strike first, at a meeting appointed between the three kings in Bergen. Sigurd Munn was attacked and killed by Inge's men, before Øystein had had time to arrive in the city. Inge and Øystein then reached a tenuous settlement, but conditions between them soon deteriorated into open warfare, ending with Øystein's capture and murder in Bohuslän in 1157. Whether or not Inge himself ordered the killing of his brother seems to have been disputed at the time. The followers of Inge's dead brothers, Øystein and Sigurd Munn, were not inclined to submit to Inge, and instead chose a new pretender (kongsemne), Sigurd Munn's son, Håkon the Broadshouldered. This development has been seen as the first sign of a new stage in the civil wars: The warring parties no longer simply sprung up around a king or pretender, but stayed together after the fall of their leader, and elected a new figurehead, heralding the formation of more firmly organised warring factions. A figurehead is all that Håkon could have been in 1157, as he was only ten years old. However, his followers had him named king and continued the fight against Inge. In 1161, they succeeded in killing Inge in battle in Oslo. Events End of the reign of Emperor Sutoku, emperor of Japan Emperor Konoe ascends to the throne of Japan Henry the Lion becomes Duke of Saxony Births Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim Attar, Persian mystical poet (died 1220) Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (died 1192) Bornin1142, a GameFAQs user... Øystein Haraldson (died 1157), son of king Harald IV of Norway. ... Events Frederick I Barbarossa crowned Holy Roman Emperor. ... Lendmann (old norse lendir maðr), was a title in medieval Norway. ... , (Latin: Bahusia; Norwegian: BÃ¥huslen) is a province (landskap) in West Sweden (Västsverige). ... Events Births September 8 - King Richard I of England (died 1199) Leopold V of Austria (died 1194) Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225) Deaths August 21 - King Alfonso VII of Castile (born 1105) Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria Sweyn III of Denmark Yury... Haakon II Sigurdsson (Herdebrei - Eng. ... Events Bartholomew Iscanus becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... County Oslo NO-03 District Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ...

Magnus Erlingsson, and the involvement of the church

Inge's followers followed the same course of action as Øystein's followers had four years earlier, and elected a new figurehead rather than submit to Håkon. The choice fell upon the five-year-old Magnus Erlingsson, the son of one of their most prominent leaders, the lendmann Erling Skakke, by his wife Kristin, daughter of king Sigurd the Crusader. Erling, with the title jarl, became the real leader of the faction. The next year, in 1162, they succeeded in defeating and killing Håkon in battle at Sekken in the Romsdalsfjord. The year after that, in 1163, another son of Sigurd Munn, Sigurd Markusfostre, who had been set up as a new pretender against Magnus Erlingsson, was captured by Erling Skakke and killed in Bergen. Magnus Erlingsson (1156-1184) was a king of Norway, from Etne in Hordaland. ... Erling Skakke, the son of Kyrpinga-Orm, was a Norwegian strongman and earl during the 13th century. ... An Earl or Jarl was an Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian title, meaning chieftain and it referred especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a kings stead. ... Events June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Part of Romsdalsfjord in the background with Molde and the Moldefjord in the foreground. ... // Events Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales. ... Sigurd Sigurdsson Markusfostre was a pretender and rival king during the Civil War Era in Norway. ...

The action of Erling and the rest of his party in electing Magnus Erlingsson as their leader was a radical one, as it broke with one of the traditional principles of who might become king: Magnus was only descended from the ancient royal line through his mother - he was not a king's son. To compensate for this short-coming, Erling and Magnus' party allied themselves with the Church, and introduced a new criterion: The king should henceforth be of legitimate birth. Their old leader, Inge Crouchback, had been the only one of the sons of Harald Gille to be legitimate, and king Magnus Erlingsson was also Erling and Kristin's legitimate son. The alliance with the Church, which had recently become better organised in Norway after the establishment of a separate Norwegian archdiocese in Nidaros in 1152, became an important asset for Erling and Magnus. In 1163 in Bergen, Magnus Erlingsson became the first Norwegian king to be crowned, aged 7. A written law of succession was also introduced which only allowed the oldest legitimate son to inherit. For the next decade or so, Magnus Erlingsson's position as king, with Erling Skakke as the real leader of the country, seemed secure. Erling ruthlessly eliminated any potential rivals to his son. He was also allied at times with the Danish king, Valdemar, and according to one source, he at one time took the Oslofjord-area as a fief from him. However, the extent of his subordination to Denmark is questionable. Catholic Church redirects here. ... In some Christian churches, the diocese is an administrative territorial unit governed by a bishop, sometimes also referred to as a bishopric or episcopal see, though more often the term episcopal see means the office held by the bishop. ... Nidaros was the old name of Trondheim, Norway, in the middle ages. ... Events March 4 - Frederick I Barbarossa is elected King of the Germans Eleanor of Aquitaine has her marriage to Louis VII annulled May 18 - Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry of Anjou Church of Ireland acknowledges Popes authority Almohad Dynasty conquers Algeria Establishment of the archbishopric of Nidaros (Trondheim), Norway... // Events Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales. ... The Norwegian Law of Succession was introduced in 1163. ... Valdemar I the Great (1131-1182) was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182. ... The Oslofjord (Oslofjorden) is a bay in the south-east of Norway, stretching from Færder in the south to Oslo at the head. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, often consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a form of allegiance, originally often to give him the means to fulfill his military duties when called upon. ...

Rising of the birkebeiner, and king Sverre

King Sverre crossing the mountains of Voss, as imagined by 19th century painter Peter Nicolai Arbo

In 1174, a new faction arose, in rebellion against Magnus Erlingsson. Their leader was the young Øystein Møyla, a son of Øystein Haraldsson. This new faction was called the birkebeiner, meaning birch-legs, because some of them were so poor that they wound birch-bark around their legs instead of proper footwear. Øystein Møyla was killed by Magnus and Erling's men at the battle of Re in 1177. Soon after, the birkebeiner made Sverre Sigurdsson their leader. Sverre had come to Norway from the Faroe Islands, and claimed to have recently discovered that he was in fact the son of king Sigurd Munn. His claim was widely disbelieved at the time, and also by most modern historians. However, after taking over leadership of the birkebeiner, he became a rallying point for everyone disgruntled with the rule of Erling Skakke and king Magnus. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1194x789, 38 KB)King Sverrir Sigurðssons trek across the Voss mountains. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1194x789, 38 KB)King Sverrir Sigurðssons trek across the Voss mountains. ... Peter Nicolai Arbo (1831–1892) was a Norwegian painter, who specialized in painting historical motifs and images from Norse mythology. ... Events Vietnam is given the official name of Annam by China. ... Eystein the Maiden, Øystein Øysteinsson Møyla was elected a rival king of Norway at Øyratinget in 1176. ... The Birkebein Party or Birkebeinar was a contemporary pejorative name for a rebellious party in Norway, formed in 1174 by Eystein Meyla. ... The municipality Re in the county of Vestfold, Norway, has 8,200 inhabitants as of October 5, 2004. ... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... King Sverres trek across the Voss mountains is imagined in this 19th century painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo. ...

Some materialists among modern historians have tried to read a form of class struggle into Sverre and the birkebeiner's fight against Erling and Magnus. However, the extent to which Sverre's men actually represented the impoverished strata of the population remains disputed. It is clear that most of the lendmenn - the nobility of the time - sided with king Magnus, but Sverre also quickly won several of them over to his side. In any event, the birkebeiner did not try to change the social order of society - they merely wanted to place themselves at its top. Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society, economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818-1883), although Marx himself never used the term. ... Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a Marxist, libertarian socialist, or anarchist perspective. ... Lendmann (old norse lendir maðr), was a title in medieval Norway. ...

In 1179, Sverre won an important victory in the battle of Kalvskinnet, on the outskirts of Nidaros, where Erling Skakke was killed. From then on, the Trøndelag region with Nidaros at its center became a stronghold of Sverre. King Magnus continued the fight after the death of his father, and refused several offers from Sverre to divide the kingdom between them. Sverris saga, which was written by Sverre's supporters, makes much of how popular Magnus was among the common people, and how this made Sverre's fight against him all the more difficult. The war between Sverre and Magnus raged on for several years, and Magnus at one point had to seek refuge in Denmark. The final battle, at Fimreite in the Sognefjord in 1184, resulted in the death of king Magnus and victory for king Sverre. Events Third Council of the Lateran condemned Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first ghettos for Jews Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castillian monarchy Philip II is... Nidaros was the old name of Trondheim, Norway, in the middle ages. ... Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the middle of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. ... Sverris saga (Sverissaga) is a saga about King Sverre Sigurdsson (r. ... Fimreite is a place i Sogn, Norway. ... An arm of the Sognefjord The Sognefjord (Sognefjorden) is the second largest fjord in the world after Scoresby Sund on Greenland, and the largest in Norway. ... // Events Abbeville receives its commercial charter. ...

Sverre was to rule Norway until 1202, but was unable to achieve long periods of piece. The Church, allied to king Magnus and Erling Skakke, remained virulent in its opposition to Sverre throughout his reign. In 1190, the archbishop, Eirik Ivarsson, fled the country, and in 1194 he received papal support to excommunicate Sverre and order the country's remaining bishops to join him in exile in Denmark, which they did. By then, Sverre had been able to coerce bishop Nikolas Arnesson of Oslo, one of his strongest opponents, to crown him, in Bergen in 1194. In 1198, pope Innocent III placed Norway under interdict. Although Sverre forged letters to show that his excommunication had been lifted, he in fact remained excommunicated until his death. // Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Cliffords Tower June 10 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. ... Events November 20 - Palermo falls to Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire December 25 - Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Toba of Japan Emperor Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan January 8 - Pope Innocent III ascends Papal Throne Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, crowned King of Sicily Births August 24 - Alexander II of Scotland (d. ... Innocent III, born Lotario de Conti di Segni (Gavignano, near Anagni, ca. ... The word interdict usually refers to an ecclesiastical penalty in the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Several pretenders arose against Sverre. Among the most serious was Jon Kuvlung, a purported son of king Inge Crouchback. He was named king in 1185 and killed in battle in Bergen in 1188. Sigurd Magnusson, a son of king Magnus Erlingsson, was named king in 1193, in the Orkney Islands. Aged 13, Sigurd was a figurehead leader. He had the support of, among others, Harald Maddadsson. His rising ended after his defeat and death at the battle of Florvåg, outside Bergen, in 1194. Jon Ingesson Kuvlung, a pretender to the crown of Norway, was claimed to be a son of king Inge I of Norway the Hunchback, though this is highly improbable, as Inge was generally known to have been too invalid. ... Events April 25 - Genpei War - Naval battle of Dan-no-ura leads to Minamoto victory in Japan Templars settle in London and begin the building of New Temple Church End of the Heian Period and beginning of the Kamakura period in Japan. ... Events Saladin unsuccessfully besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in modern Syria. ... Sigurd Magnusson was a Norwegian pretender and rival king during the Civil War era. ... Events Saladin dies, and the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are split among his descendants. ... The Orkney Islands, usually called simply Orkney, are one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. ... Events November 20 - Palermo falls to Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire December 25 - Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily. ...

Rising of the bagler

In 1197, the most serious challenge to Sverre's kingdom arose. Several prominent opponents of Sverre, including bishop Nikolas Arnesson of Oslo, who was a halfbrother of king Inge Crouchback and archbishop Eirik Ivarsson met at the marketplace of Halör in Skåne, then part of Denmark. They took a boy called Inge Magnusson, purported son of king Magnus Erlingsson as their figurehead-king. Their party was called the bagler, from an old norse word meaning crosier. The war between the bagler, with the open support of the Church, and the birkebeiner, was to last for the rest of Sverre's reign. They were not able to depose Sverre, but neither was he able to win a decisive victory against them. When Sverre died from disease, in Bergen in 1202, he was the first king of Norway to die of natural causes since king Sigurd the Crusader in 1130. His last act was to advise his son and heir, Håkon Sverresson, to achieve a settlement with the Church. Håkon was taken to be the birkbeiner's new king, and the bishops returned to Norway later the same year, releasing the country from the interdict. Deprived of most of his support, the bagler king Inge was killed the same year. Events Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as king of Jerusalem. ... The Flag of SkÃ¥ne (also known as Scania in English) is the southernmost historical province (landskap) and County (Län) of Sweden. ... Inge Magnusson or Inge Baglar-king, was from 1196 to 1202 Bagler pretender to the Norwegian throne. ... The Bagler faction which was made up of aristocracy, clergy and merchants contested with the Birkebeiners, essentially a faction of peasants, led by the pretender King Sverre, for control in a Norwegian civil war during the late 12th century. ... Old Norse is the Germanic language spoken by the inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300. ... Crosiere of arcbishop Heinrich of Finstingen, 1260-1286 A crosier (crozier, pastoral staff) is the stylized staff of office carried by high-ranking Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican and some Lutheran prelates. ... // Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... Haakon III (HÃ¥kon Sverreson) was a king of Norway from 1202-1204. ...

The second bagler war and the settlement of Kvitsøy

Håkon Sverresson appeared to have pacified the whole country, but died suddenly in 1204. His successor was the infant Guttorm, who died himself later the same year. The birkebeiner knew of no other direct descendants of king Sverre, and chose one of his nephews, Inge Bårdson as their new king. By then, a revived bagler party had formed in Denmark, taking another son of king Magnus Erlingsson, Erling Stonewall as their king. Helped by the Danish king, Valdemar II, they launched an invasion of Norway in 1204, taking control of the Oslofjord-area. This second bagler war lasted until 1208. When Erling Stonewall fell ill and died in 1207, he was succeded as bagler king by Philippus Simonsson, a nephew of king Inge Crouchback and bishop Nikolas of Oslo, and the war continued uninterrupted. The bagler were strongest in the Oslofjord-area, while Trøndelag was a stronghold of the birkebeiner, but battles and ambushes took place throughout the country. In the end, the bishops were able to negotiate a settlement between the two sides, confirmed at a meeting at Kvitsøy in 1208. The bagler king Philippus was to remain in control of eastern Norway, but renounce the title of king, leaving the birkebeiner king Inge nominally sole ruler of the country. In the event, Philippus continued to style himself king until his death, but peace between the bagler and birkebeiner was still preserved until 1217. // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Guttorm Sigurdsson was king of Norway in 1204. ... Inge Baardson (1185 - 1217) was a king of Norway between 1205 and 1217. ... Erling Magnusson Steinvegg was the candidate of Bagler to the Norwegian throne from 1204 to 1207. ... Valdemar II (1170–1241), called Valdemar the Conqueror or Valdemar the Victorious, was the King of Denmark from 1202 until 1241. ... The Oslofjord (Oslofjorden) is a bay in the south-east of Norway, stretching from Færder in the south to Oslo at the head. ... Events Philip of Swabia King of Germany and rival Holy Roman Emperor to Otto IV, assassinated June 21 in Bamberg by German Count Otto of Wittelsbach because Philip had refused to give him his daughter in marriage. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Philip Simonsson the Bagler King was a son of queen Ingrid and Arne of Stodreim. ... The Oslofjord (Oslofjorden) is a bay in the south-east of Norway, stretching from Færder in the south to Oslo at the head. ... Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the middle of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. ... County Rogaland Landscape Ryfylke Municipality NO-1144 Administrative centre Ydstebøhavn Mayor (2004) Ole Olsen (KrF) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 432 6 km² 6 km² 0. ... Events Philip of Swabia King of Germany and rival Holy Roman Emperor to Otto IV, assassinated June 21 in Bamberg by German Count Otto of Wittelsbach because Philip had refused to give him his daughter in marriage. ... Events April 9 - Peter of Courtenay crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III May 20 - First Barons War, royalist victory at Lincoln. ...

Reconciliation between bagler and birkebeiner

In 1217, the birkebeiner king Inge Bårdsson died. The birkebeiner, nervous of being left without a leader in case of a bagler attack, chose the 13-year-old Håkon Håkonsson as their new king, while the jarl Skule Bårdsson was made leader of the army. Håkon Håkonsson was a posthumously born son of Håkon Sverresson, of whom the birkebeiner had not been aware when electing Inge their king in 1204 - he had arrived at king Inge's court in 1206. Skule was the brother of king Inge, and had designs on the throne for himself, however, he contented himself for the time being with leadership of the army, which made him, de facto, the most powerful man of the kingdom. When the bagler king Philippus died later the same year, Skule moved quickly. He managed to persuade the bagler not to elect a new king of their own. Instead, they officially dissolved their party, and swore fealty to Håkon Håkonsson, thus reuniting the kingdom. Discontented elements remained, and a revolt in eastern Norway, led by a son of Erling Stonewall, called Sigurd Ribbung, dragged on until 1227. After Sigurd died a natural death, the rest of his party gave up their revolt. 1227 is sometimes considered the end of the civil war era, but most often, the term is extended to include the revolt of Skule Bårdsson in 1239-40. An illustration of Hákon, King of Norway, and his son Magnus, from Flateyjarbók HÃ¥kon IV (1204 – December 16, 1263), (Norwegian HÃ¥kon HÃ¥konsson, Old Norse Hákon Hákonarson) also called Haakon the Old. ... An Earl or Jarl was an Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian title, meaning chieftain and it referred especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a kings stead. ... Skule Baardsson or Duke Skule (old norse Skúli Bárðarson) was an earl and a duke in Norway during the reign of king Haakon Haakonsson. ... Events Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, founding the Mongol Empire Qutb ud-Din proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ... Events Henry III of England declares himself of age and assumes power Births September 30 - Pope Nicholas IV Deaths March 18 - Pope Honorius III (b. ...

Young Håkon Håkonsson being transported to safety from his enemies, as imagined by 19th century painter Knud Bergslien (1869)

The election of Håkon as king in 1217 seems to have been considered something of a temporary solution, until a permanent arrangement could be reached, and Skule undoubtedly hoped that he would soon take over the throne. At a gathering of all the most important men of the kingdom in Bergen in 1223, Skule launched his candidacy to the throne of Norway in opposition to Håkon, along with Sigurd Ribbung and two other pretenders. However, the meeting ended with Håkon being confirmed as king of Norway. As Håkon grew up and gradually took the reins of power into his own hands, Skule's position steadily declined. As an attempt at preserving the peace between the two, Håkon married Skule's daughter Margaret in 1225. In 1237 Skule was given the title of duke (hertogi), the first time the title was used in Norway. This was not sufficient to placate him, and in 1239 he had himself declared king of Norway and launched a war against king Håkon. His revolt was unsuccessful, and in 1240 he was killed by king Håkon's men after seeking refuge in a monastery in Nidaros. The civil war era was at an end. // Events August 6 - Louis VIII is crowned King of France. ... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ... // Events Thomas II of Savoy becomes count of Flanders. ... // Events Births June 17 - King Edward I of England (died 1307) December 17 - Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (died 1256) Peter III of Aragon (died 1285) John II, Duke of Brittany (died 1305) Ippen, Japanese monk (died 1289) Deaths March 3 - Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (born 1187) March... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... Nidaros was the old name of Trondheim, Norway, in the middle ages. ...

Views on the civil wars

Contemporary views

Civil wars and internal strife in royal families was a common occurrence in the middle ages, in Norway as well as in other countries of Europe. However, there are examples that contemporary people also viewed the period as special, different from what had gone before. Theodoricus the monk, who wrote a latin history of Norway c. 1180 ended his narrative with the death of king Sigurd the Crusader in 1130 as he considered it:
Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

"...utterly unfitting to record for posterity the crimes, killings, perjuries, parricides, desecrations of holy places, the contempt for God, the plundering no less of the clergy than of the whole people, the abductions of women and other abominations which it would take long to enumerate" ^[1]

which had occurred since then. The English historian William of Newburgh, writing c. 1200, writes of Norway that:
Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq... William of Newburgh (1136?-1198?), also known as Nubrigensis, was a 12th century English historian, and monk, from Yorkshire. ...

"...for more than a century back, although the succession of kings there had been rapid, yet none of them had ended his days by age or sickness, but all had perished by the sword, leaving the dignity of empire to their assassins as their lawful successors; so that, indeed, the expression, "Hast thou killed, and also taken possession?" [cf. 1 Kings 21:19] may seem to apply to all who reigned there for so long a space of time." [1]

Modern views

Modern historians have put forward many views and explanations of the civil war era. The contemporary sources, the sagas, strongly emphasise the personal nature of the conflicts - wars arose as a result of the struggle between different people for the possession of the throne. The unclear succession laws, and the practice of power-sharing between several kings simultaneously, gave personal conflicts the potential to become full-blown wars. More recently, historian Narve Bjørgo has suggested that the practice of power-sharing was actually a good way of governing the kingdom in the first period after its unificaiton, and that tendencies towards centralisation, and a unitary kingdom, were important factors in triggering the wars. Edvard Bull has also emphasised geographical animosities as a factor, pointing to the fact that different pretenders often found their main support in certain parts of the country. Also important was the involvement of foreign powers: Danish, and to a lesser extent, Swedish kings were always ready to lend their support to factions in the Norwegian wars, with an eye to extending their own influence, particularly in the Viken- (Oslofjord-)area.

A popular explanation in early Norwegian historiography (late 19th, early 20th century), was a conflict between the royal power and the aristocracy (the lendmenn). According to this view, by historians such as P.A. Munch, J.E. Sars, and Gustav Storm, the aristocracy saw the king as a tool by which they governed the country. Consequently, they supported weak kings, but were eventually beaten by the strong king Sverre. The same views are expounded concerning the involvement of the Church. These explanations lost credence as it became clear that the lendmenn seemed to be evenly split on different sides, both before and after king Sverre. Even Sverre himself had some of the lendmenn on his side. Knut Helle has emphasised how the Church, after Sverre's death, seems to work hard to bring about reconciliation between warring parties, and stability. Lendmann (old norse lendir maðr), was a title in medieval Norway. ...

Towards the middle of the 20th century, historical materialism gained much popularity in Norwegian historiography. Its proponents, e.g. Edvard Bull and Andreas Holmsen, sought to explain the civil wars on a social and economic basis. They assumed that Norwegian society became more stratified in the 12th century, with large groups of previously self-owning farmers sinking to the status of tenant-farmers, while the lendmenn and the Church amassed great land-holdings. This created conflicts which found an outlet in the civil wars. There is also an assumption that certain regions, such as Trøndelag and inner parts of eastern Norway, were more egalitarian and therefore opposed the more stratified regions of the country. These attempts to introduce a form of class struggle-explanation to the conflicts have lost ground more recently, as they seem to have little foundation in the sources. It has not been possible to show empirically that an increased stratification of society in fact took place at all in this period. Recent studies seem to indicate that this indeed was not the case. Knut Helle emphasises the steady strengthening of royal power, throughout the civil war era. When the period ended, the concept of a unitary kingdom (as opposed to power-sharing) had been accepted, the beginnings of a centralised administration had appeared, and the king's power had increased so that a strong king would be able to contain social and geographical splits without them leading to open war. In this perspective, the civil wars can be seen as the final phase in the unification of Norway into one kingdom. Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society, economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818-1883), although Marx himself never used the term. ... Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a Marxist, libertarian socialist, or anarchist perspective. ...

Sources to the civil war era

Our main sources to the events of the civil war era are the kings' sagas. Heimskringla, Fagrskinna and Morkinskinna all describe the period up to the year 1177, although the parts of Morkinskinna that are preserved only extend to 1157. These three sagas were written c. 1220-1230, and in using them as historical sources, it has to be remembered that they were thus written a fair amount of time after the events they describe. However, they are likely to have been based on earlier works, in particular the saga Hryggjarstykki, written c. 1150, which is lost to us, but was available to the authors of the three aforementioned sagas. The brief Ágrip also describes the civil war era, but has only been preserved up to the events of c. 1136. The period 1177 to 1240 (and beyond) is treated in detail in contemporaneous sagas: Sverris saga (from 1177 to 1202) the Bagler sagas (1202 to 1217) and Håkon Håkonsson's saga (1217 to 1263). These sagas were written very shortly after the events they describe. However, as they don't overlap, we are given only one version of events (with the partial exception of the bagler sagas, which exist in two versions for the period 1202 to 1209), and this version tends to be from the viewpoint of the main character of the saga. From the later part of the period, fragments of documentation start to appear. The oldest Norwegian royal letter which is preserved was made out by Philippus the bagler king. [2] Also, a couple of runic inscriptions written by central figures survive: A rune letter, probably written by king Sverre's son, Sigurd Lavard c. 1200 has been found during excavations in Bergen, [3] and an inscription by Magnus Erlingsson's brother, Sigurd jarlsson, dated 18 June 1194, has been preserved from a portal of the now dismantled Vinje stave church. The Kings sagas are Norse Sagas which tell of the lives of Scandinavian kings. ... Heimskringla is the Old Norse name of a collection of sagas recorded in Iceland around 1225 by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179-1242). ... The Fagrskinna is a Norse saga from the Fornmanna Sogur. ... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... Events Births September 8 - King Richard I of England (died 1199) Leopold V of Austria (died 1194) Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225) Deaths August 21 - King Alfonso VII of Castile (born 1105) Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria Sweyn III of Denmark Yury... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise People of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod and depose him Births Amalric I of Jerusalem William of Newburgh, English historian (died 1198) Deaths November 15 - Margrave Leopold III... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... Sverris saga (Sverissaga) is a saga about King Sverre Sigurdsson (r. ... The Bagler Sagas (Bøglunga søgur) are Norse sagas relating to the civil wars in Norway in the early 13th century. ... Younger Futhark inscription on the Vaksala Runestone The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes, formerly used to write Germanic languages, mainly in Scandinavia and the British Isles, but before Christianization also on the European Continent. ... Sigurd Lavard (d. ... The Bryggen inscriptions are a find of some 600 runic inscriptions on wood (mostly pine) and bone found from 1955 and forth at Bryggen (and its surroundings) in Bergen, Norway. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... Events November 20 - Palermo falls to Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire December 25 - Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily. ... County Telemark Landscape Vest-Telemark Municipality NO-0834 Administrative centre Vinje Mayor (2003) Arne Vinje (SV) Official language form Nynorsk Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 12 3,106 km² 2,732 km² 0. ... Urnes stave church in Luster, listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO A stave church is a medieval wooden church with a post and beam construction related to timber framing. ...

List of kings and pretenders during the civil war era

Pretenders who had themselves named king, but are not counted in the official line of kings[4] are written in italics. This article is a list of rulers of Norway up until the present, including: The Norwegian kingdom (with the Faroe Islands) The Union with Iceland and Greenland (1262-1814) The Norwegian kingdom (with Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands 1262-1814) The Union of Sweden and Norway (1319-1343) The...

• Magnus the Blind (1130–1135) (-1139)
• Harald Gille (1130–1136)
  • Sigurd Slembe : 1135-1139
• Sigurd Munn (1136–1155)
• Inge Crouchback (1136–1161)
• Øystein Haraldsson (1142–1157)
• Håkon the Broadshouldered (1157–1162)
• Magnus Erlingsson (1161–1184)
  • Sigurd Markusfostre : 1162-1163
  • Olav Ugjæva : 1166-1169
  • Eystein Meyla : 1174-1177
• Sverre Sigurdsson (1177–1202)
  • Jon Kuvlung : 1185-1188
  • Sigurd Magnusson : 1193-1194
  • Inge Magnusson : 1196-1202
• Håkon Sverresson (1202–1204)
• Guttorm Sigurdsson (1204)
• Inge Bårdsson (1204–1217)
  • Erling Stonewall : 1204-1207
  • Filippus Simonsson : 1207-1217
• Håkon Håkonsson (1217–1263)
  • Sigurd Ribbung : 1220-1226
  • Knut Håkonsson: 1226-1227
  • Skule Bårdsson : 1239-1240

Magnus the Blind was the son of King Sigurd Jorsalfar of Norway and Borghild Olavsdotter. ... Events February 13 - Innocent II is elected pope An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II. Innocent flees to France and Anacletus crowns Roger King. ... Events January - Byland Abbey founded Stephen of Blois succeeds King Henry I. Empress Maud, daughter of Henry I and widow of Henry V opposed Stephen and claims the throne as her own Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans at Crug Mawr. ... Events July 26, Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León and Castile declared after the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravides lead by Ali ibn Yusuf: Prince Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after assembling the first assembly of the estates-general of Portugal at Lamego... Harald Gylle (1103–1136), king of Norway, was born in Ireland. ... Events February 13 - Innocent II is elected pope An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II. Innocent flees to France and Anacletus crowns Roger King. ... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise People of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod and depose him Births Amalric I of Jerusalem William of Newburgh, English historian (died 1198) Deaths November 15 - Margrave Leopold III... Sigurd Magnusson Slembe (died 1139) or Slembedjakn was a Norwegian pretender and rival king during the era of civil wars. ... Events January - Byland Abbey founded Stephen of Blois succeeds King Henry I. Empress Maud, daughter of Henry I and widow of Henry V opposed Stephen and claims the throne as her own Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans at Crug Mawr. ... Events July 26, Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León and Castile declared after the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravides lead by Ali ibn Yusuf: Prince Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after assembling the first assembly of the estates-general of Portugal at Lamego... Sigurd II (1133–1155) was the son of Harald Gille, king of Norway and his mistress Tora Guttormsdottir. ... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise People of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod and depose him Births Amalric I of Jerusalem William of Newburgh, English historian (died 1198) Deaths November 15 - Margrave Leopold III... Events Frederick I Barbarossa crowned Holy Roman Emperor. ... Inge Haraldson, krokrygg the crouchback (1135 - 1161) was the king of Norway between 1136 and 1161. ... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise People of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod and depose him Births Amalric I of Jerusalem William of Newburgh, English historian (died 1198) Deaths November 15 - Margrave Leopold III... Events Bartholomew Iscanus becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... Øystein Haraldson (died 1157), son of king Harald IV of Norway. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Sutoku, emperor of Japan Emperor Konoe ascends to the throne of Japan Henry the Lion becomes Duke of Saxony Births Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim Attar, Persian mystical poet (died 1220) Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (died 1192) Bornin1142, a GameFAQs user... Events Births September 8 - King Richard I of England (died 1199) Leopold V of Austria (died 1194) Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225) Deaths August 21 - King Alfonso VII of Castile (born 1105) Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria Sweyn III of Denmark Yury... Haakon II Sigurdsson (Herdebrei - Eng. ... Events Births September 8 - King Richard I of England (died 1199) Leopold V of Austria (died 1194) Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225) Deaths August 21 - King Alfonso VII of Castile (born 1105) Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria Sweyn III of Denmark Yury... Events June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Magnus Erlingsson (1156-1184) was a king of Norway, from Etne in Hordaland. ... Events Bartholomew Iscanus becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... // Events Abbeville receives its commercial charter. ... Sigurd Sigurdsson Markusfostre was a pretender and rival king during the Civil War Era in Norway. ... Events June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury. ... // Events Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales. ... // Events Marko III succeeds Yoannis V as patriarch of Alexandria. ... Events Nur ad-Din invades Egypt, and his nephew Saladin becomes the sultan over the territory conquered by Nur ad-Din. ... Eystein the Maiden, Øystein Øysteinsson Møyla was elected a rival king of Norway at Øyratinget in 1176. ... Events Vietnam is given the official name of Annam by China. ... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... King Sverres trek across the Voss mountains is imagined in this 19th century painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo. ... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... // Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... Jon Ingesson Kuvlung, a pretender to the crown of Norway, was claimed to be a son of king Inge I of Norway the Hunchback, though this is highly improbable, as Inge was generally known to have been too invalid. ... Events April 25 - Genpei War - Naval battle of Dan-no-ura leads to Minamoto victory in Japan Templars settle in London and begin the building of New Temple Church End of the Heian Period and beginning of the Kamakura period in Japan. ... Events Saladin unsuccessfully besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in modern Syria. ... Sigurd Magnusson was a Norwegian pretender and rival king during the Civil War era. ... Events Saladin dies, and the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are split among his descendants. ... Events November 20 - Palermo falls to Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire December 25 - Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily. ... Inge Magnusson or Inge Baglar-king, was from 1196 to 1202 Bagler pretender to the Norwegian throne. ... Events Spring, London, popular uprising of the poor against the rich led by William Fitz Osbern. ... // Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... Haakon III (Håkon Sverreson) was a king of Norway from 1202-1204. ... // Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Guttorm Sigurdsson was king of Norway in 1204. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Inge Baardson (1185 - 1217) was a king of Norway between 1205 and 1217. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Events April 9 - Peter of Courtenay crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III May 20 - First Barons War, royalist victory at Lincoln. ... Erling Magnusson Steinvegg was the candidate of Bagler to the Norwegian throne from 1204 to 1207. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Philip Simonsson the Bagler King was a son of queen Ingrid and Arne of Stodreim. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Events April 9 - Peter of Courtenay crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III May 20 - First Barons War, royalist victory at Lincoln. ... An illustration of Hákon, King of Norway, and his son Magnus, from Flateyjarbók Håkon IV (1204 – December 16, 1263), (Norwegian Håkon Håkonsson, Old Norse Hákon Hákonarson) also called Haakon the Old. ... Events April 9 - Peter of Courtenay crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III May 20 - First Barons War, royalist victory at Lincoln. ... Events Detmold, Germany was founded. ... // The world in 1220 Middle Ages in Europe Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) Events Mongols first invade Abbasid caliphate - Bukhara and Samarkand taken End of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, destroyed by Genghis Khans Mongolian cavalry Dominican Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope... Events Carmelite Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II calls Imperial Diet of Cremona Births June 21 - King Boleslaus V of Poland (died 1279) Abul-Faraj, Syriac scholar (died 1286) Bar-Hebraeus, Syriac historian and bishop (died 1286) Deaths March 7 - William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English... Events Carmelite Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II calls Imperial Diet of Cremona Births June 21 - King Boleslaus V of Poland (died 1279) Abul-Faraj, Syriac scholar (died 1286) Bar-Hebraeus, Syriac historian and bishop (died 1286) Deaths March 7 - William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English... Events Henry III of England declares himself of age and assumes power Births September 30 - Pope Nicholas IV Deaths March 18 - Pope Honorius III (b. ... // Events Births June 17 - King Edward I of England (died 1307) December 17 - Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (died 1256) Peter III of Aragon (died 1285) John II, Duke of Brittany (died 1305) Ippen, Japanese monk (died 1289) Deaths March 3 - Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (born 1187) March... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile...

Notes

1. ^ Theodoricus monachus (translated and annotated by David and Ian McDougall with an introduction by Peter Foote) (1998). The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings. Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN 0-903521-40-7, p. 53.

External links

• Heimkringla in English on Wikisource
• The Saga of King Sverri of Norway — a translation from 1899
• Of Sverre, King of Norway — from William of Newburgh's History of English Affairs, Book three, chapter six

William of Newburgh (1136?-1198?), also known as Nubrigensis, was a 12th century English historian, and monk, from Yorkshire. ...

References

Primary sources

• Matthew James Driscoll (ed.); (1995). Agrip Af Noregskonungasogum. Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN 0-903521-27-X
• Kari Ellen Gade & Theodore Murdock Andersson (eds.); (2000) Morkinskinna : The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157). Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3694-X
• Alison Finlay; editor and translator (2004). Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-13172-8
• Snorri Sturluson; translator Lee M. Hollander (repr. 1991). Heimskringla : History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
• Karl Jónsson; translator J. Stephton. The Saga of King Sverri of Norway. Llanerch Press. ISBN 1-897853-49-1
• Sturla Þórðarson; translation to English by G.W. Dasent (1894, repr. 1964). The Saga of Hakon and a Fragment of the Saga of Magnus with Appendices. London (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, vol.88.4).
• Finn Hødnebø & Hallvard Magerøy (eds.); translator Gunnar Pedersen; (1979). Soga om baglarar og birkebeinar (Noregs kongesoger 3). Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo. ISBN 82-521-0891-1 (in Norwegian)

Secondary sources

• Geoffrey Malcolm Gathorne-Hardy; (1956). A royal impostor: King Sverre of Norway. London: Oxford University Press. ASIN B0007IYKOM
• Sverre Bagge; (1996). From Gang Leader to the Lord's Anointed: Kingship in Sverris Saga and Hakonar Saga Hakonarsonar. Univ Pr of Southern Denmark. ISBN 87-7838-108-8
• Knut Helle; (1974). Norge blir en stat 1130-1319. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 82-00-01323-5 (in Norwegian)