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The word classical has several meanings: Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ...

Culture

• Classical antiquity and the study of "the classics", refers to the culture of Ancient Greece or Rome
  • "High classical" refers to Greek art associated mainly with Athens and the works atop the Acropolis
• "Classical Chinese" or "classical Indian" culture refers to a perceived apex in the development of a society or of its arts and sciences
• "Classical French" culture refers specifically to the 18th century, rather than Ancient Greece or Rome. This causes confusions in translation.
• Classicism can be understood as defining and long-lasting civilizational patterns shaped by belief systems.
• Classical language

Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD... Bust of Homer. ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... Acropolis (Gr. ... Classicism door in Olomouc, The Czech Republic Teatr Wielki in Warsaw Church La Madeleine in Paris Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicist seeks to emulate. ... A classical language, is a language with a literature that is classical—ie, it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature. ...

The arts

Pertaining to the arts (painting, music, literature, etc.), the word classical often refers to a specific time period or artistic style: Painter redirects here. ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ...

• Classical architecture originated from Roman and Greek construction methods, which were later used as a model for "neo–" and "revival" architectural styles
• Classical music
• Classical music era
• Classical dance, or ballet
• Classicism
• Classical education refers to the educational tradition based upon the trivium and quadrivium.
• Classical philosophy
• Indian classical music
• Classical Indian dance
• Classical liberalism
• Non-Western classical music

From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The Classical period in Western music occurred from about 1730 through 1820, despite considerable overlap at both ends with preceding and following periods, as is true for all musical eras. ... For other uses, see Ballet (disambiguation). ... Classicism door in Olomouc, The Czech Republic Teatr Wielki in Warsaw Church La Madeleine in Paris Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicist seeks to emulate. ... Classical education as understood and taught in the Middle Ages of Western culture is roughly based on the ancient Greek concept of Paideia. ... For any other uses see, see Trivium (disambiguation). ... The quadrivium comprised the four subjects taught in medieval universities after the trivium. ... This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, although for Western thinkers prior to Socrates, see Pre-Socratic philosophy. ... The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of scriptures, part of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. ... Indian classical dance is a misnomer, and actually refers to Natya, the sacred Hindu musical theatre styles. ... Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism[1] and laissez-faire liberalism[2]) is a doctrine stressing the importance of human rationality, individual property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitations of government, free markets, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of Adam... Classical music in its widest sense is held to refer to music deriving from learned traditions, taught through institutions either specifically devoted to music (e. ...

Science

The word 'classical' is applied to any mode of scientific thought prevalent up to the time of some radical new innovation, or any scientific area of study that has well established roots, typically pre-nineteenth century.

• Classical mechanics, in physics, as founded by e.g. Galilei, Newton and formalized by Hamilton and Lagrange (developed before the advent of modern quantum mechanics)
  • The Theory of relativity is usually considered as a "classical" theory, reconciling general relativity (the "last word " in classical physics) with quantum mechanics
  • Semiclassical physics, an approximate solution to a problem generated by assuming that for parts of the system, the results of classical physics does not differ too much from that of the quantum mechanics method
• Classical electrodynamics, as formalized by Maxwell
• Classical logic, in mathematical logic includes the family of bivalent logics where every proposition is either true or false. Many non-classical logics exist, the most notable of which is intuitionistic logic
• "Classical control theory" applies control theory to analog systems. Based on classical math methods such as Laplace transforms and calculus, as opposed to the more recent digital control systems theory - based on more modern methods such as the z transforms.
• Classical economics is the school of the first economists starting with Adam Smith. Its modern successor is neoclassical economics

Classical mechanics (commonly confused with Newtonian mechanics, which is a subfield thereof) is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. ... This is a discussion of a present category of science. ... Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who is closely associated with the scientific revolution. ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ... Sir William Rowan Hamilton (August 4, 1805 – September 2, 1865) was an Irish mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who made important contributions to the development of optics, dynamics, and algebra. ... Joseph-Louis Lagrange, comte de lEmpire (January 25, 1736 – April 10, 1813; b. ... Fig. ... Two-dimensional analogy of space-time curvature described in General Relativity. ... For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. ... In physics, the adjective semiclassical has different precise meanings depending on the context. ... Classical electromagnetism is a theory of electromagnetism that was developed over the course of the 19th century, most prominently by James Clerk Maxwell. ... James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist from Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. His most significant achievement was aggregating a set of equations in electricity, magnetism and inductance — eponymously named Maxwells equations — including an important modification (extension) of the Ampères... Classical logic identifies a class of formal logics that have been most intensively studied and most widely used. ... Mathematical logic is a major area of mathematics, which grew out of symbolic logic. ... In logic, the principle of bivalence states that for any proposition P, either P is true or P is false. ... Intuitionistic logic, or constructivist logic, is the logic used in mathematical intuitionism and other forms of mathematical constructivism. ... In engineering and mathematics, control theory deals with the behavior of dynamical systems. ... In mathematics, the Laplace transform is a technique for analyzing linear time-invariant systems such as electrical circuits, harmonic oscillators, optical devices, and mechanical systems. ... Calculus (from Latin, pebble or little stone) is a branch of mathematics that includes the study of limits, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series, and constitutes a major part of modern university education. ... Digital control is a branch of control theory that uses digital computers to act as a system. ... In mathematics and signal processing, the Z-transform converts a discrete time domain signal, which is a sequence of real numbers, into a complex frequency domain representation. ... Classical economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. ... Neoclassical economics refers to a general approach (a metatheory) to economics based on supply and demand which depends on individuals (or any economic agent) operating rationally, each seeking to maximize their individual utility or profit by making choices based on available information. ...

See also

• Neoclassical

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