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This article is about the Contemporary classical guitar technique. For the baroque guitar technique see Baroque guitar and for the romantique guitar technique see Romantic guitar

The classical guitar technique is a fingerstyle technique used by classical guitarists to play classical guitar music on a classical guitar. Image File history File links Wiki_letter_w. ... The guitar player (c. ... The Romantic guitar is the guitar of the Romantic period of classical music (c. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Fingerstyle guitar. ... A Classical guitarists generally perform on classical guitars with classical guitar technique. ... // History Renaissance music for vihuela El Maestro by Luis de Milán (1536) Los seys libros del Delphin by Luis de Narváez (1538) Tres Libros de Música by Alonso Mudarra (1546) Silva de sirenas by Enríquez de Valderrábano (1547) Libro de música de Vihuela by... A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones. ...

General

Classical guitar technique can be organised broadly into subsections for the right hand, the left hand, and miscellaneous. In guitar performance elements such as musical dynamic and tonal variation are mostly determined by the hand that physically produces the sound. In other words, the hand that plucks the strings defines the musical expression. Historically this role has been assigned to the dominant hand which, for the majority of players, is the right hand. Similar reasoning is behind string players using the right hand for controlling the bow. In the following discussion the role of the hands should be reversed when considering left-handed players. People who are left-handed are more dextrous with their left hand than with their right hand: they will probably also use their left hand for tasks such as personal care, cooking, and so on. ...

For items such as accessories and construction, see the Classical guitar portal.

Posture

The classical guitar is generally held on the left leg which is supported by a foot stool or the guitar is raised by some other device to bring it to a position central to the player's body. Basic considerations in determining a chosen playing position include:

• the physical stability of the instrument
• ensuring the freedom of both hands such that they have thorough access to the instrument and can meet all technical demands without having to support the instrument
• elimination of general muscular tension in the assumed body position

Right hand technique

The thumb and three largest fingers of the right hand pluck the strings. The normal position is for the hand to be shaped as if it were loosely holding an apple with the wrist slightly bent, the forearm resting on the upper large bout of the guitar, and the fingers near the strings. Plucking the strings usually involves making contact first with the fleshy part of the fingertip and then letting the string glide over the tip of the fingernail as the string is plucked. The two primary plucking techniques are:

• Rest-stroke (apoyando), in which the finger that plucks the string rests on the next string afterwards; and
• Free-stroke (tirando), in which the finger hits nothing after plucking the string.

Rest-stroke produces a more "deliberate" sound and is good for bringing the melody out in music where the harmony competes for attention. Free-stroke sounds "lighter" and makes it possible to play fast passages more easily. Apoyando is a method of plucking used in both Classical guitar and Flamenco guitar. ... Tirando is a method of plucking used in both Classical guitar and Flamenco guitar. ...

One of the tenets of right hand technique in scale passages is alternation. That is, no right hand finger should be used to play two notes in a row (excluding the thumb, which is often called upon to play a sequence of bass notes). Typically, for scale-like passages the index and middle fingers alternate. When an arpeggiated harmony is being played with the thumb (p), index (i) and middle (m) fingers, the ring finger (a) may play a melody above the harmony. In the tremolo technique the thumb plays a bass note followed by the fingers which play the same treble note three times: pami, pami, pami etc (Recuerdos de la Alhambra by Francisco Tárrega is a famous example of this technique). Tremolo is a musical term with two meanings: A rapid repetition of the same note, a rapid variation in the amplitude of a single note, or an alternation between two or more notes. ... Recuerdos de la Alhambra (Spanish: Memories of the Alhambra)is a classical guitar piece composed by Spanish composer and guitarist Francisco Tárrega (November 21, 1852 — December 15, 1909). ... Francisco Tárrega Francisco Tárrega (Francisto Tarrega y Eixea) (November 21, 1852 – December 15, 1909) was a Catalan composer and guitarist. ...

The position of the right hand can be used to influence the tone of the sound produced by a classical guitar. The wealth of sonic possibilities enables performers to add contrast and color to their performances well beyond the simple volume changes available to, say, pianists. When the strings are plucked close to the bridge the position is called sul ponticello and the notes sound "twangy" and "nasal". When the strings are plucked over the fingerboard of the guitar the position is termed sul tasto and the tone becomes fuller and "sweet" (termed dolce in Italian, see List of musical terminology page). The angle at which the fingers hit the strings can also affect the timbre of the sound. This article will be merged with Italian musical terms at some point in the near future. ... This article will be merged with Italian musical terms at some point in the near future. ... This is a list of musical terms that are likely to be encountered in printed scores. ... In music, timbre, also timber (from Fr. ...

The term pizzicato simply refers to plucking the strings in music for bowed instruments. In classical guitar however, it refers to placing the side of the hand below the little finger across all of the strings very close to the bridge and then plucking the strings with the fingers. This produces a muted sound and is referred to as palm-muting in electric guitar parlance. Tambour is the technique where many or all of the strings are played at once by hitting them (usually near the bridge) with the side of the (outstretched) thumb. Both tambor and pizzicato can be heard in Aconquija by Barrios. Pizzicato is a method of playing a bowed string instrument by plucking the strings with the fingers, rather than using the bow. ... Tambour is the technique where many or all of the strings are played at once by hitting them (usually near the bridge) with the side of the (outstretched) thumb. ...

The right hand fingers are used to stop notes from ringing past their duration as indicated by the music. This is more often an issue with open string bass notes which tend to ring on for some time. To stop the notes the right hand thumb (usually) rests on the ringing string to stop it. This can pose a significant challenge to the guitarist as he or she needs to attend to each bass note twice, once to start it and once to stop it. The same technique can be used to create a staccato effect.

Trills are usually played on one string using various combinations of left hand slurs, also known as legados or hammer-on and pull-offs. Cross-string trills utilising two or three strings are also possible. In this case the trill usually takes the form of low-high-low and can be executed thus: The left hand stops, say the D# on the fourth fret of the second string, the right hand middle finger plays that note then the index finger "strums" the first and second strings producing: D#-E-D#. The difference between a cross-string trill and an ordinary trill is that the cross-string trill allows both notes to sound against each other. This technique is often used in Baroque music although it is debatable as to whether it was the most common practice of the period.

Nails

Modern practice generally makes use of the nails of the right hand in combination with the flesh of the fingertips in order to pluck the strings. During the 19th century many players, including celebrated guitarists such as Fernando Sor, Francisco Tárrega and his pupil Emilio Pujol played using the flesh of the fingertip, in common with lute technique. Fernando Sor Fernando Sor (baptized February 14, 1778 – July 10, 1839) was a Spanish guitarist and composer, born in Barcelona. ... Francisco Tárrega Francisco Tárrega (Francisto Tarrega y Eixea) (November 21, 1852 – December 15, 1909) was a Catalan composer and guitarist. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A medieval era lute. ...

Strumming

• Rasgueado See main article Rasgueado. Rasgueado or rasgueo is a technical strum in flamenco and classical guitar that includes the use of the back of the fingernails in sequence to give the impression of a very rapid strum. There are several types of rasgueado that employ differing combinations of fingers and thumb allowing for a variety of rhythmical accentuations and subdivisions of the beat.
• Use the palm-side of the thumb joint to lightly strum strings, producing a soft, low sound.
• Use the thumb nail to produce a bright sound.
• A simple combination of both fingers and thumb, the thumb striking the lowest strings and fingers picking the upper notes of the chord from lowest to highest strings in rapid succession.

A rasgueado or rasgueo is a technical strum in flamenco guitar that uses the back of the fingernails in sequence to give the impression of a very rapid strum. ... Bailaora (dancer) of Flamenco Belén Maya, photograph taken by Gilles Larrain at his studio, 2001 Flamenco is one of the great European non-academic musical genres. ... Anatomy In anatomy, a nail is a horn-like piece at the end of a humans or an animals finger or toe. ...

External links

• "Rest Stroke and Free Stroke Revisited" by Ricardo Iznaola, in PDF or HTML
• "120 Studies for Right Hand Development" by Mauro Giuliani

Left hand technique

The fingers of the left hand press on the strings to shorten their effective length and change the pitch of the notes that the right hand plays. In musical notation the fingers are referred to as 1-4 from index to little fingers, with 0 indicating an open string. The basic position for the left hand is much the same as that of the right, except upside down. Unlike many players of steel-string and electric guitars, which have narrower neck and fingerboards, the classical guitarist does not place her or his left hand thumb over the top of the neck, instead placing it directly behind the neck, usually opposite the second finger. Fretted guitar fingerboard. ... classical guitar A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the guitar family. ...

To play a note cleanly the fingertips of the left hand should be pressed against the string just behind (to the headstock side of) the appropriate fretwire. Often the left hand fingers are all required at once and many (sometimes awkward) hand positions are necessary. Chords requiring all six strings usually employ the barre technique. The guitarist places the first finger across all of the strings at a particular fret and uses the remaining three fingers to play other notes.

When playing notes on the treble strings above the twelfth fret (where the shoulders of the guitar meet the neck) the left shoulder is dropped down a little and the thumb is placed on the underside of the fingerboard to the left of the other fingers. For example if the middle finger is playing an F# at the fourteenth fret of the first string the thumb would be pressing upwards somewhere near the eleventh fret.

Slurs

Slurs, trills and other ornaments are often played entirely with the left hand. For example; in a simple case of an ascending semitone slur (Hammer-on), a note stopped by the first finger of the left hand at the fifth fret is first played in normal manner, then, without the right hand doing anything further, the second finger of the left-hand is placed straight down at the sixth fret on the same string, using its momentum to raise the tone of the still-ringing string by a semitone. A descending slur (Pull-off) is simply the opposite of the above, the slur begins on the higher note and it is common that the finger pressing the higher note actively plucks the string as it lifts, causing the string to vibrate from the fret that the lower finger is depressing. The lower finger is usually in position and pressing before the procedure begins. A slur is a symbol in Western musical notation indicating that the notes it embraces are to be played without separation. ... Hammer-on is a stringed instrument playing technique performed (especially on guitar) by sharply bringing a fretting-hand finger down on the fingerboard behind a fret, causing a note to sound. ... A pull-off is a stringed-instrument playing technique performed (usually on an electric guitar) by pulling a fretting finger off the fingerboard. ...

If these procedures are repeated a few times the result is known as a trill. Because the note is being plucked repeatedly it is possible to continue a trill indefinitely. Often the upper note in such a trill is played by alternating fingers thus: 2-1-3-1-2-1-3-1...

Vibrato

Vibrato is possible with a classical guitar by pushing the left hand finger back and forth along the string axis (not across it as for a "bend" in rock or blues music) producing a subtle variation in pitch, both sharper and flatter than the starting note, without noticeably altering the fundamental tonal focus of the note being played. When vibrato is required at the first or second fret it is sometimes beneficial to push the string across its axis as it produces a more noticeable vibrato sound there. This second method will only vary the pitch by raising it sharper than the starting note and is the most common method of vibrato used by steel string and electric guitar players. Finger vibrato is vibrato produced on a string instrument by cyclic hand movements. ... A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones. ...

Harmonics

Natural harmonics can be played by touching a left hand finger upon specific points along an open string without pressing it down, then playing the note with the right hand. The positions of both the left and right hand are important. The left hand must be placed at a nodal point along the string. Nodal points are found at integral divisions of the string length. The simplest example would be when the left hand finger divides the string in two and is placed at the twelfth fret. The note then played is one octave higher than the open string. If the string is divided in three (left hand finger near the seventh fret) the note played is one octave and one fifth above the open string. The player must be careful not to pluck the string at another node (nearer the bridge) otherwise the harmonic will not sound. This can be easily demonstrated by resting a left hand finger on the fifth fret and trying to play the note by plucking the string at the twelfth fret with the right hand - no note will be produced. Ideally the right hand should pluck the string at an antinode. A standing wave. ...

Artificial harmonics are played by stopping the string as usual with the left hand then resting (not pressing) the index finger of the right hand on the string at a nodal position (commonly 5, 7, 9, or 12 frets above the left hand finger) and plucking the string with the ring finger or thumb of the right hand.

Left hand positions

In common with other classical stringed instruments, classical guitar playing and notation use formal positions of the left hand. The 'nth position' means that the hand is positioned with the first finger over the nth fret.

Fretboard Knowledge

• EDCAGE

// The EDCAGE system EDCAGE is a way to structure the practice of scales and arpeggios on the classical guitar. ...

External links

• Left-Hand Trouble Shooting by Peter Kun Frary, Professor of Music • University of Hawaii, Leeward.

• The Classical Guitar Express Free newsletter on practicing Classical Guitar by Tom Prisloe

Studies

There are many exercises that can be used to develop right and left hand technique on the classical guitar. A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones. ...

• Leo Brouwer
  • Etudes Simples - Volumes 1-4
• Matteo Carcassi
  • 25 Etudes Opus 60
• Mauro Giuliani
  • Etudes Instructives Faciles Et Agreables, Opus 100
  • Xviii Lecons Progressives, Opus 51 (18 Progressive Lessons)
  • Studio Per La Chitarra, Opus 1 (The Study Of The Guitar)
  • Studi Dilettevoli, Opus 98 (Entertaining Studies)
  • Esercizio Per La Chitarra, Opus 48 (Training for the Guitar) 24 Studies
  • Primi Lezioni Progressive, Opus 139 (First Progressive Lessons)
  • 120 Studies for Right Hand Development
• Fernando Sor
  • 12 Studies, Opus 6
  • Douze Etudes, Opus 29
  • Vingt Quatre Leçons, Opus 31
  • Vingt Quatre Exercises, Opus 35
  • Introduction a l' Etude de la Guitare, Opus 60
  • 20 Studies for Guitar, (a compilation by Andres Segovia)
• Heitor Villa-Lobos
  • Douze Etudes (1929)

Leo Brouwer (born March 1, 1939) is a Cuban composer, guitarist and conductor. ... Matteo Carcassi (Florence, Italy, 1792 - Paris, France, January 16, 1853), was a famous guitarist and composer. ... 25 Etudes op. ... Mauro Giuliani Mauro Giuliani (July 27, 1781 – May 8, 1829) was an Italian guitarist and composer, and is reckoned by many to be one of the leading guitar virtuosos of the 19th century. ... Fernando Sor Fernando Sor (baptized February 14, 1778 – July 10, 1839) was a Spanish guitarist and composer, born in Barcelona. ... Heitor Villa-Lobos (March 5, 1887 - November 17, 1959) was a Brazilian composer, possibly the best-known classical composer born in South America. ...

Classical guitar playing Injuries

External links

• The Humane Guitarist Site dedicated to the technique and health of the classical guitarist.
• Musicians and Injuries

See also

• Classical guitar pedagogy

// Gaspar Sanz (1640-1710) - Instucción de música sobre la Guitarra Española Federico Moretti - Principios para tocar la guitarra de seis òrdenes (Madrid, 1799) Ferdinando Carulli (1770-1841) (Italy) - Méthode complette, op. ...

Bibliography

External links

• Classical Guitar Technique:A Selected Bibliography - Peter Kun Frary, Professor of Music, University of Hawaii, Leeward