The classification of wine is normally divided into five categories, with the distinctions among the classes based primarily on major differences in their manner of vinification. ^{[citation needed]}

The five categories are: Table wines, Sparkling wines, Dessert wines, Aperitiv wines and Pop wines.

By vinification methods

Dark purple wine grapes on the vine

See also: Winemaking

Wines may be classified by vinification methods. These include classifications such as sparkling, still, fortified, rosé, and blush. The color of wine is not determined by the juice of the grape, which is almost always clear, but rather by the presence or absence of the grape skin during fermentation. ^{[citation needed]} Grapes with colored juice, for example alicante bouchet, are known as teinturier. Red wine is made from red (or black) grapes, but its red color is bestowed by a process called maceration, whereby the skin is left in contact with the juice during fermentation. White wine can be made from any colour of grape as the skin is separated from the juice during fermentation. A white wine made from a very dark grape may appear pink or 'blush'. A form of Rosé is called Blanc de Noirs where the juice of red grapes are allowed contact with the skins for a very short time (usually only a couple of hours). ^{[citation needed]}Sparkling wines, such as champagne, are those with carbon dioxide, either from fermentation or added later. They vary from just a slight bubbliness to the classic Champagne. To have this effect, the wine is fermented twice, once in an open container to allow the carbon dioxide to escape into the air, and a second time in a sealed container, where the gas is caught and remains in the wine. ^{[citation needed]} Sparkling wines that gain their carbonation from the traditional method of bottle fermentation are called Méthode Champenoise or 'Méthode Traditionelle'. Other international denominations of sparkling wine include Sekt or Schaumwein (Germany), Cava (Spain), Spumante or Prosecco (Italy). In most countries except the United States, champagne is legally defined as sparkling wine originating from a region (Champagne, Towns "Reims, Épernay") in France. Download high resolution version (800x689, 179 KB)Dark purple Wine Grapes Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Wine Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (800x689, 179 KB)Dark purple Wine Grapes Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Wine Categories: GFDL images ... Winemakers often use carboys like these for ferment smaller quantities of wine Winemaking, or vinification, is the process of wine production, from the selection of grapes to the bottling of finished wine. ... Teinturier, a french term meaning to dye or stain, is applied to grapes whose juice is red in colour, due to anthocyanin pigments accumulating within the pulp of the grape berry itself. ... Maceration is a process which takes place during the fermentation of alcoholic beverages. ... Rosé is a type of wine that is neither purely red wine nor purely white wine. ... Rosé is a type of wine that is neither purely red wine nor purely white wine. ... Blanc de noirs is a French term (literally white of blacks) for a white wine produced entirely from black grapes. ... A glass of sparkling wine A Sparkling wine cork Sparkling wine is a wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide in it making it fizzy. ... Champagne is often consumed as part of a celebration Champagne is a sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle secondary fermentation of wine to effect carbonation. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Champagne (beverage). ... SEKT (Semantically Enabled Knowledge Technology) is the name of a European Union research project going from 2004 to 2006. ... This article is about a type of wine; Cava is also an island in Scotland and a part of human anatomy. ... Spumante is a type of Italian wine similar to French Champagne. ...

Fortified wines are often sweeter, and generally more alcoholic wines that have had their fermentation process stopped by the addition of a spirit, such as brandy, or have had additional spirit added after fermentation. ^{[citation needed]}Brandy is a distilled wine. Grappa is a dry colorless brandy, distilled from fermented grape pomace, the pulpy residue of grapes, stems and seeds that were pressed for the winemaking process. ^{[citation needed]} A fortified wine is a wine to which additional alcohol has been added, most commonly in the form of brandy (a spirit distilled from wine). ... Brandy pot stills at the Van Ryn Brandy Cellar near Stellenbosch, South Africa. ... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed... Three bottles of varietal grappa Grappa is a grape-based spirit of between 40% and 60% alcohol by volume (80 to 120 proof), of Italian origin. ... Pomace is a substance prepared by pressing or grinding various fruits, for example in the manufacture of olive oil (from olives), wine (from grapes), or cider (from apples). ...

By taste

See also: Wine tasting

Wines may be classified by their primary impression on the drinker's palate. They are made up of chemical compounds which are similar to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. Different grape varieties are associated with the aromas and tastes of different compounds. Wines may be described as 'dry' (meaning they have little or no residual sugar), off-dry, fruity, or sweet, for example. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity present in the wine. Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. Wine degustation is the tasting of wine. ... The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and vertebrate animals. ... Screen shot of Spice OPUS, a fork of Berkeley SPICE SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuits Emphasis) is a general purpose analog circuit simulator. ... Odor receptors on the antennae of a Luna moth An odor is the object of perception of the sense of olfaction. ... The sweetness of a wine is defined by the level of residual sugar (or RS) in the final liquid after the fermentation has ceased. ... The sweetness of a wine is defined by the level of residual sugar (or RS) in the final liquid after the fermentation has ceased. ...

Specific flavors may also be sensed, at least by an experienced taster, due to the highly complex mix of organic molecules, such as esters, that a fully vinted wine contains.^{[citation needed]} Experienced tasters will also distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape (e.g., Cabernet Sauvignon and blackcurrant) and flavors that are imparted by other factors in wine making, either intentional or not. The most typical intentional flavor elements in wine are those that are imparted by aging in oak casks, and virtually every element of chocolate, vanilla, or coffee are actually a factor of oak and not the native grape.^{[citation needed]} Banana flavors are almost always imparted by use of a specific yeast, and are not characteristic of any grape. Many people are very sensitive to animal scents in wine, and with possible exception of mourvedre almost all of these flavors, whether viewed positively or not, are the result of natural yeasts producing these scents.^{[citation needed]} General formula of a carboxylate ester. ... Mourvèdre is a variety of wine grape grown around the world, and is Spains second-most important red wine grape after Garnacha, and was once Provences most popular grape. ...

Generally an experienced taster will distinguish between the aromas that the natural grape produces (called primary qualities) and the bouquet that is imparted by secondary effects such as wine making practices or aging. The scent is determined by the molecular vapors in the wine. The higher molecular weight of red wine makes it less volatile and less aromatic then white wines. Being served at room temperature, opens up the vapor molecules and makes the wine more aromatic. For some red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinon and Beaujolais, the volatility of the wine makes it better served chilled.^[1] Chinon is a town and commune of the Indre-et-Loire département in France. ... Beaujolais is a historical province and a wine-producing region in France. ...

By vintage

Main article: Vintage

A vintage wine is one made from grapes that were all, or primarily, grown in a single specified year, and are accordingly dated as such. Many wines, particularly good quality red table wines, can improve in flavor with age if properly stored.^{[citation needed]} Consequently, it is not uncommon for wine enthusiasts and traders to save bottles of an especially good vintage wine for future consumption. However, there is some disagreement and research about the significance of vintage year to wine quality.^[2] Most countries allow a vintage wine to include a portion of wine that is not from the labeled vintage. The Vintagers, after a miniature of the Dialogues de Saint Gregoire (thirteenth century)—manuscript of the Royal Library of Brussels. ... The Vintagers, after a miniature of the Dialogues de Saint Gregoire (thirteenth century)—manuscript of the Royal Library of Brussels. ... The Vintagers, after a miniature of the Dialogues de Saint Gregoire (thirteenth century)—manuscript of the Royal Library of Brussels. ...

For some types of wine, the best-quality grapes and the most care in wine-making are employed on vintage wines and they are therefore more expensive than non-vintage wines. Whilst vintage wines are generally made in a single batch so that each and every bottle will have a similar taste, climatic factors can have a dramatic impact on the character of a wine to the extent that different vintages from the same vineyard can vary dramatically in flavor and quality.^{[citation needed]} Thus, vintage wines are produced to be individually characteristic of the vintage and to serve as the flagship wines of the producer. Non-vintage wines, however, are blended from a number of vintages for consistency, a process which allows wine makers to keep a reliable market image and also maintain sales even in bad vintage years.^{[citation needed]} Superior vintages, from reputable producers and regions, will often fetch much higher prices than their average vintages. Some vintage wines are only made in better-than-average years. Conversely, wines such as White Zinfandel, which do not age well, are made to be drunk immediately and may not be labeled with a vintage year, though there are exceptions. White Zinfandel, often abbreviated to White Zin, is an off–dry to sweet rosé wine that is pink in color. ...

By style

See also: :Category:Wine styles

Main article: List of wine styles by country

By quality

High quality

Gold lettering on collectible Sydney Opera House wine

At the highest end, rare, super-premium wines are amongst the most expensive of all foodstuffs, and outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of dollars per bottle. Red wines, at least partly because of their ability to form more complex subtleties, are typically more expensive. Some of the most expensive come from Bordeaux and Burgundy. However, some white dessert wines like German trockenbeerenauslese or French Sauternes for example, cost hundreds of dollars for a half bottle. Such premium wines are often at their best years or even decades after bottling. On the other hand, they may spoil after such long storage periods, unknown to the drinker about to open the bottle. Part of the expense associated with high-end wine comes from the number of bottles which must be discarded in order to produce a drinkable wine. Restaurants will often charge between two and five times the price of what a wine merchant may ask for an exceptional vintage. This is for a reason: diners will often return wines that have spoiled and not bear the expense. For restaurateurs, serving old vintages is a risk that is compensated through elevated prices. Some high-end wines may be "Veblen goods", desirable because they are expensive. Exclusive wines come from all the best winemaking regions of the world. Secondary markets for these wines have consequently developed, as well as specialized facilities for post-purchase storage for people who either collect or "invest" in wine. The most common wines purchased for investment are Bordeaux, California cult wines and Port. The importance of the secondary wine market has led the rise of so-called "supercritics", most notably Robert M. Parker, Jr. The shift towards a perceived single-scale of wine analysis (the 100-point scale, or similar) has caused some traditionalists to claim that this process encourages a reduction in variety, as winemakers world-wide try to produce the allegedly single style of wine that will find favour with Mr. Parker and the many consumers who are influenced by his evaluations. The rise, in the late 1990s, of wines produced by the garagistes in Bordeaux, and the heavily tannic, highly fruit-driven wines of the New World, especially in California, Washington State, Australia and New Zealand, all selling for prices above that of the First Growths appear to reflect the influence of Parker and changing wine tastes. (The First Growths were classified by the French government in 1855 as the four best wines in Bordeaux. A fifth was added in 1973 after decades of lobbying by its owner.) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (401x659, 128 KB)Photo taken by Moriori for Wikipedia to illustrate section on Wine article File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (401x659, 128 KB)Photo taken by Moriori for Wikipedia to illustrate section on Wine article File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Internationally, the Sydney Opera House is one of the most recognised symbols of Sydney Sydney Opera House at Night The Sydney Opera House is located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... Trockenbeerenauslese is a German and Austrian wine term and type of dessert wine meaning selected dried berries. ... A wine fault or defect is an unpleasant characteristic of a wine often resulting from poor wine making practices or storage conditions, and leading to wine spoilage. ... A négociant is a wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name. ... A wine fault or defect is an unpleasant characteristic of a wine often resulting from poor wine making practices or storage conditions, and leading to wine spoilage. ... A commodity is a Veblen good if peoples preference for buying it increases as a direct function of its price. ... The following is a list of regions where wine grapes are grown and wine is made from them. ... Bordeaux wine, refers to all wine produced in the Bordeaux region of France. ... California cult wine refers to any of the California wines typically but not exclusively Napa Valley Cabernets for which collectors, investors and highly enthusiastic consumers will pay very high prices. ... A glass of tawny port. ... Robert M. Parker, Jr. ... The garagistes refers to a group of innovative winemakers in Bordeaux. ... First Growth (French Premier Cru) status refers to the greatest wines of the Bordeaux region. ... First Growth (French Premier Cru) status refers to the greatest wines of the Bordeaux region. ... Château Mouton Rothschild, located 50 km (30 mi) north-west of the city of Bordeaux, France in an area known as the Médoc, specifically the village of Pauillac. ...

Investment in fine wine has attracted a number of fraudsters who play on fine wine's exclusive image and their clients' ignorance of this sector of the wine market. ^{[citation needed]} Wine fraud scams often work by charging excessively high prices for the wine, while representing that it is a sound investment unaffected by economic cycles. Like any investment, proper research is essential before investing. False labeling is another dishonest practice commonly used. Wine fraud has probably existed since the earliest trading and commerce in wine, but it appears to increase when there is widespread prosperity and the prices of some wines become very high. ... An abstract business cycle The business cycle or economic cycle refers to the ups and downs seen somewhat simultaneously in most parts of an economy. ...

Some wines, produced to mark significant events in a country or region, can also become collectible because of labeling design. An example is the Mildara Rhine Riesling produced in 1973 to mark the opening of the Sydney Opera House. Instead of labels, the bottles (red, as well as white) had printing in gold on them, as seen in the illustration. 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Internationally, the Sydney Opera House is one of the most recognised symbols of Sydney Sydney Opera House at Night The Sydney Opera House is located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ...

Low quality

At the lower end of the quality spectrum, bulk wine or cooking wine is usually sold cheaply and in large quantities. Cleanskin wine is a type of cheap wine, of ever-increasing popularity in Australia, whose label does not feature the winery nor the winemaker's name. Cleanskin wine is not necessarily of low quality, and over-produced premium wines are often sold as cleanskins (mainly on online auctions) rather than turned into vinegar. ^{[citation needed]} Cooking wine refers to inexpensive wine that has been treated with salt as a preservative. ... In Australia, cleanskin wine is a term for wine whose label does not indicate the winery or the winemakers name. ...

Rating scales

There are several numerical wine rating scales in use today. The most widely used scale is by Robert Parker, a 100-point wine rating scale, which actually starts at 50 (lowest quality) and goes up to 100 (highest). ^{[citation needed]}

References

1. ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 44-45 Mitchell Beazley ISBN 1840003324
2. ^ Roman L. Weil, Parker v. Prial: The Death of the Vintage Chart