Limpieza de sangre (in Spanish), Limpeza de sangue (in Portuguese), both meaning "cleanliness of blood" was a concept of Iberian Modern History. It referred to being ethnically pure "Old Christian", without Jewish or Muslim ancestors. Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism · Supremacism Anti... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

The Reconquista

After the end of the Reconquista and the expulsion of Sephardic Jews, the population of Portugal and Spain was all nominally Christian. However, the descendants of the Christian conquerors despised the New Christians, descendants of baptized Jews (Conversos or Marranos) or Mudejars (Moriscos). Besides social and economic causes, the accusation was that the New Christians were false converts, keeping their former religion in their homes (Crypto-Jews). This was sometimes true, but even people later declared to be saints by the Church could be suspected. Cleanliness of blood was an issue of ancestry, not of personal religion. The first statute of purity of blood appears in Toledo, 1449^[1], where an anti-Converso riot bans Conversos from most official positions. Initially these statutes were condemned by the monarchy and the Church. In 1496, Alexander VI approves a purity statute for the Hieronym Order^[1]. Conquista redirects here. ... In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the... Jews were banished from Portugal in 1496. ... Converso (Spanish and Portuguese for a convert, from Latin conversus, converted, turned around) and its feminine form conversa referred to Jews or Muslims or the descendants of Jews or Muslims who had converted, sometimes unwillingly, to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal, particularly during the 1300s and 1400s. ... Marranos (Spanish and Portuguese, literally pigs in the Spanish language, originally a derogatory term from the Arabic محرّم muharram meaning ritually forbidden, stemming from the prohibition against eating the flesh of the animal among both Jews and Muslims), were Sephardic Jews (Jews from the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt... Mudejar Medieval Spanish corruption of the Arabic word Mudajjan مدجن, meaning domesticated. The term means those who accepted submission to non Muslim authorities in lands taken over by Christians in the Mediterranean. ... Morisco (Spanish Moor-like) or mourisco (Portuguese) is a term referring to a kind of New Christian in Spain and Portugal. ... Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as crypto-Jews. The many Marranos who publicly professed Catholicism but privately adhered to Judaism during the Spanish Inquisition, and particularly after the Alhambra decree of... This article is about the city in Spain. ... Alexander VI, né Rodrigo Borgia (January 1, 1431 - August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), is the most memorable of the secular popes of the Renaissance. ...

This stratification meant that the Old Christian commoners could assert a right to honor even if they were not in the nobility. The religious and military orders, guilds and other organizations incorporated in their bylaws clauses demanding proof of cleanliness of blood. Upwardly mobile New Christian families had to either contend with their plight, or bribe and falsify documents attesting generations of good Christian ancestry. The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions was more concerned with repressing the New Christians and heresy than chasing witches, which was considered to be more a psychological than a religious issue, or Protestantism, which was promptly suffocated. A commoner, in British law, is someone who is neither the Sovereign nor a noble. ... Honor (or honor) comprises the reputation, self-perception or moral identity of an individual or of a group. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Flag of the Knights Templar A military order is a Christian order of knighthood that is founded for crusading, i. ... A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade. ... A bylaw (sometimes also seen as by-law or Byelaw) was originally the Viking town law in the Danelaw. ... An Inquisition - Auto-da-fe. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The claim to universal hidalguía (lowest nobility) of the Basques was justified by erudites like Manuel de Larramendi (1690-1766)^[2] because the Arab invasion hadn't reached the Basque territories, so it was believed that Basques had maintained their original purity, while the rest of Spain was suspect of miscegenation. In fact, the Arab invasion also reached the Basque country and there had been a significant Jewish minority in Navarre, but the hidalguía helped many Basques to official positions in the administration^[3]. Only a small territory in present-day Asturias managed to be always independent. Even in the 19th century, the Basque nationalism of Sabino Arana^[4] demanded a list of original Basque surnames to rule out mixes with Spaniards. In this case the motivation was to create a Basque identity to claim independence from Spain, depicting often other Spaniards as imperialistic invaders and oppressors of the Basque people. An hidalgo or fidalgo was a member of the lower Spanish and Portuguese nobility. ... Languages Basque - few monoglots Spanish - 1,525,000 monoglots French - 150,000 monoglots Basque-Spanish - 600,000 speakers Basque-French - 76,000 speakers [4] other native languages Religions Traditionally Roman Catholic The Basques (Basque: Euskaldunak) are an indigenous people[] who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. ... It has been suggested that Anti-miscegenation laws be merged into this article or section. ... The Gernika oak is a symbol of Basque freedoms. ... Sabino Arana Goiri, self-styled as Arana ta GoiritaÅ• Sabin (January 26, 1865 – November 25, 1903), Spain, founder of the Basque Nationalist Party and a inventor of previously non-existent Basque nationalism. ...

In spite of the abolition of the rules with the demise of the Ancien Regime, the discrimination was still present into the twentieth century in some places like Majorca. No Xueta (descendant of the Majorcan Conversos) priest was allowed to say Mass in the cathedral until the 1960s^[5]. Ancien R gime means Old Regime or Old Order in French; in English, the term refers primarily to the social and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties, and secondarily to any regime which shares the formers defining features: a feudal system under the control... Xueta, or xuetó. This is how inhabitants of the island of Mallorca used to call the descendants of the Jewish people who converted into Catholicism in the 14th century and on. ...

Spanish colonies

Limpieza de sangre was a very important concept among Spaniards who settled in the Americas. The Laws of the Indies repeatedly banned descendants of Conversos and those reconciliated with the Inquisition of settling in the Americas (the reiteration suggests that the laws were often ineffectual)^[1]. It led to the separation of the various peoples in the colonies and created a very intricate list of nomenclature to describe one's precise race and, by consequence, one's place in society. To illustrate how complex this nomenclature became the following list was in use in New Spain (Mexico) during the eighteenth century: ^[6] World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... It has been suggested that New Laws be merged into this article or section. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

• Spaniard and Indian = Mestizo (50% European and 50% Native American)
• Mestizo and Spanish woman = Castizo (75% European and 25% Native American)
• Castizo woman and Spaniard = Spaniard (87.5% European and 12.5% Native American)
• Spanish woman and black man = Mulatto (50% European and 50% African)
• Spaniard and Mulatto = Morisco (75% European and 25% African)
• Morisco woman and Spaniard = Albino (87.5% European and 12.5% African)
• Spaniard and Albino woman = Torna atrás (lit. "turn back") (75% European and 25% African)
• Indian man and Torna atrás woman = Lobo (50% Native American, 37.5% European, and 12.5% African)
• Lobo and Indian woman = Zambaigo (75% Native American, 18.75% European, and 6.25% African)
• Zambaigo and Indian woman = Cambujo (87.5% Native America, 9.375% European, and 3.125% African)
• Cambujo and mulatto woman = Albarazado (43.75% Native American, 29.6875% European, and 26.5625% African)
• Albarazado and Mulatto woman = Barcino (40.43% European, 21.87% Native American, and 37.7% African)
• Barcino and Mulatto woman = Coyote
• Coyote woman and Indian man = Chamiso
• Chamiso woman and Mestizo = Coyote mestizo
• Coyote mestizo and Mulatto woman = Ahí te estás ("there you are")

This list represents only some of the existing social and legal terms put in place by the colonizing Spaniards to firmly establish how far away one is from pure European blood. Every Spanish colony had its own, equally complex, system of determining one's racial genealogy. They did not block intermixing but placed the result of interracial relations in the caste system. Languages Predominantly Spanish, (with a minority of other languages), while Mestiços speaks Portuguese Religions Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestant and other religions) Related ethnic groups Other Spanish people, Portuguese people, Amerindian, African people, Austronesian people, Hispanics and Latinos Mestizo (Portuguese, Mestiço; French, Métis... Castizo is a Spanish word with a general meaning of genuine. It has other more concrete meanings. ... Dame Kelly Holmes is half Black (Jamaican) and half White (English). ... Morisco (Spanish Moor-like) or mourisco (Portuguese) is a term referring to a kind of New Christian in Spain and Portugal. ... Albinism is a genetic condition resulting in a lack of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. ... A representation of Zambos in Pintura de Castas during the Latin American colonial period. ... For other uses, see Barcelona (disambiguation). ... Cholo is an English- and Spanish-language word which, broadly, is applied to persons of mixed japanese german Spanishand[gay lord perverts] ancestry. ... Binomial name Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. ...

See also

• Caste system
• Racism
• Apartheid
• Nuremberg laws
• Black Legend

The word Caste is derived from the Portuguese word casta, meaning lineage, breed or race. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism · Supremacism Anti... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. ... The Black Legend (Spanish: La Leyenda Negra) is the depiction of Spain and Spaniards as bloodthirsty and cruel, intolerant, greedy and fanatical. ...

References

• Douglass, William A. 2004. ‘Sabino’s sin: racism and the founding of Basque nationalism’ in Daniele Conversi (ed.), Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World. London: Routledge, pp. 95–112.

Biscay (Basque Bizkaia, Spanish: Vizcaya) is a province of northern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ... Sabino Arana Goiri, self-styled as Arana ta Goiritaŕ Sabin (January 26, 1865 – November 25, 1903), Spain, founder of the Basque Nationalist Party and a inventor of previously non-existent Basque nationalism. ...

External link

• Attestment of the purity of blood of Justo Rufino de San Martín (brother of José) in Paredes de Nava, 1794.