NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cleocin

Clindamycin (rINN) (IPA: [klɪndəˈmaɪsən]) is a lincosamide antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. Clindamycin is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from lincomycin by 7(S)-chloro-substitution of the 7(R)-hydroxyl group of the lincomycin. Clindamycin is marketed under various trade names including Dalacin (Pfizer), Cleocin (Pfizer) and Evoclin (Connetics) - in a foam delivery system. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... In medicine, a topical medication is applied to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes such as the vagina, nasopharynx, or the eye. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... This article needs cleanup. ... An International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as designated by the World Health Organization. ... For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ... Lincomycin is an antibiotic that comes from the bacteria streptomyces lincolnensis. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics Test plate. ... Lincomycin is an antibiotic that comes from the bacteria streptomyces lincolnensis. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Series halogens Group, Period, Block 17 (VIIA), 3, p Density, Hardness 3. ... // Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ... A trade name, also known as a trading name or a business name, is the legal name of a business, or the name which a business trades under for commercial purposes. ... Pfizer, Incorporated (NYSE: PFE), is the worlds largest pharmaceutical company based in New York City. ... Pfizer, Incorporated (NYSE: PFE), is the worlds largest pharmaceutical company based in New York City. ...

Indications

Clindamycin is used primarily to treat infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria. Such infections might include respiratory infections, septicemia and peritonitis. In patients with hypersensitivity to penicillins, clindamycin may be used to treat susceptible aerobic infections as well. It is also used to treat bone-infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Topical application of clindamycin phosphate can be used to treat severe acne. Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Respiration is the process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). ... Sepsis (in Greek Σήψις) is a serious medical condition caused by a severe systemic infection leading to a systemic inflammatory response. ... Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the bodys own tissues. ... Penicillin nucleus Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) refers to a group of Î²-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. ... Binomial name Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach 1884 Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium, frequently living on the skin or in the nose of a healthy person, that can cause illnesses ranging from minor skin infections (such as pimples, boils, and cellulitis) and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis...

It is most effective against infections involving the following types of organisms: An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...

An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that has an oxygen based metabolism. ... Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining, in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which are not affected by the stain. ... coccus (plural - cocci) are any spherical or near spherical bacteria. ... Species S. aureus S. caprae S. epidermidis S. haemolyticus S. hominis S. lugdunensis S. saprophyticus S. warneri S. xylosus Staphylococcus (in Greek staphyle means bunch of grapes and coccos means granule) is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. ... Streptococcus, a genus of spherical, Gram-positive bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes. ... Binomial name Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae is a species of Streptococcus that is a major human pathogen. ... In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic grouping. ... An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. ... Bacteria that are Gram-negative are not stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining, in contrast to Gram-positive bacteria. ... Orders Bacillales Lactobacillales The term bacilli (singular bacillus) is used to refer to any rod-shaped bacteria. ... A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-sporeforming bacteria that occur in the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts of warm-blooded animals and include some pathogenic species. ... Fusobacteria contribute to several diseases, including periodontal diseases, Lemierres syndrome, and tropical skin ulcers. ...

Available forms

Clindamycin preparations for oral administration include capsules (containing clindamycin hydrochloride) and oral suspensions (containing clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride). It is also available for intravenous injection as clindamycin phosphate. Topical preparations contain either clindamycin hydrochloride or clindamycin phosphate.

Mechanism of action

Clindamycin has a bacteriostatic effect. Clindamycin interferes with bacterial protein synthesis, in a similar way as erythromycin and chloramphenicol, by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. This causes antagonism if administered simultaneously and possible cross-resistance. Biological and artificial methods for creation of proteins differ significantly. ... Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic which has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. ... Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae, isolated by David Gottlieb, and introduced into clinical practice in 1949. ... Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ...

Pharmacokinetics

Approximately 90% of an oral dose of clindamycin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and it is widely distributed throughout the body, excluding the central nervous system. Adequate therapeutic concentrations can be achieved in bone. There is also active uptake into leucocytes. The gastrointestinal tract or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal, (nourishment canal) or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... For other uses, see Bone (disambiguation), including Bones which redirects here. ... White Blood Cells is also the name of a White Stripes album. ...

Clindamycin is extensively metabolised in the liver, with some of its metabolites being active, such as N-dimethyl clindamycin and clindamycin sulfoxide. The elimination half-life is 1.5–5 hours. Both clindamycin and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine (Klasco, 2006). The elimination half-life of a drug (or any xenobiotic agent) refers to the timecourse necessary for the quantity of the xenobiotic agent in the body (or plasma concentration) to be reduced to half of its original level through various elimination processes. ...

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (≥1% of patients) associated with clindamycin therapy include: diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain/cramps, rash, and/or itch. High intravenous doses may cause a metallic taste, and topical application may cause contact dermatitis (Rossi, 2006). An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) is a term to describe the unwanted, negative consequences sometimes associated with the use of medications. ... Pseudomembranous colitis is a infection of the colon caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an essay. ...

Pseudomembranous colitis is a potentially-lethal condition commonly associated with clindamycin and lincomycin therapy, but also occurs with other antibiotics. It may affect up to 2–10% of patients treated with clindamycin. Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile, which is inherently resistant to clindamycin, results in the production of a toxin that causes a range of adverse effects ranging from diarrhoea to colitis and toxic megacolon (Rossi, 2006). Lincomycin is an antibiotic that comes from the bacteria streptomyces lincolnensis. ... Binomial name Clostridium difficile Hall & OToole, 1935 Clostridium difficile ( ) (also referred to as C. diff or C-diff) is a species of bacteria of the genus Clostridium which are Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rods. ... Colitis is a digestive disease characterized by inflammation of the colon. ... Toxic megacolon (megacolon toxicum) is a life-threatening complication of other intestinal conditions. ...

Rarely (<0.1% of patients), clindamycin therapy has been associated with anaphylaxis, blood dyscrasias, polyarthritis, jaundice, raised liver enzymes and/or hepatotoxicity (Rossi, 2006). In medicine, anaphylaxis is a severe and rapid systemic allergic reaction. ... Dyscrasia (from Greek Dyskrasia, meaning bad mixture), in Ancient Greek medicine, is the imbalance of the four humours, and was believed to be the direct cause of all disease. ... Polyarthritis is any type of arthritis which involves more than one joint. ... Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective: icteric), is a yellowing of the skin, conjuctiva (clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the human body (or the body of another red blooded animal). ...

References

The Australian Medicines Handbook or AMH is a medical reference text commonly used in practice by health professionals (particularly general practitioners and pharmacists) in Australia. ...

Category: Lincosamide antibiotics A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... In medicine, a topical medication is applied to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes such as the vagina, nasopharynx, or the eye. ... Azelaic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Autoignition temperature 80Â°C RTECS number DM8575000 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Tube of Basiron, a water-based 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation for the treatment of acne. ... Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest Î±-hydroxy acid (AHA). ... Light therapy or phototherapy consists of exposure to specific wavelengths of light using lasers, LEDs, fluorescent lamps, dichroic lamps or very bright, full-spectrum light, for a prescribed amount of time. ... Salicylic acid is the chemical compound with the formula C6H4(OH)CO2H, where the OH group is adjacent to the carboxylic acid group. ... Tea tree oil Tea tree oil is a yellowish green-tinged essential oil with a fresh camphoraceous odour. ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Co-trimoxazole (abbreviated SXT) is a bacteriostatic antibiotic combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, in the ratio of 1 to 5, used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. ... Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic which has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. ... Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide antibiotic. ... Teicoplanin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. ... This article deals with the group of antibiotics known as the Tetracyclines . ... Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections (cystitis). ... Vancomycin (INN) (IPA: ) is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. ... A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... An antiandrogen, or androgen antagonist, is any of a group of hormone antagonist compounds that are capable of preventing or inhibiting the biologic effects of androgens, male sex hormones, on normally responsive tissues in the body (see androgen insensitivity syndrome). ... The Retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are related chemically to vitamin A. Retinoids are used in medicine, primarily due to the way they regulate epithelial cell growth. ... Adapalene is a chemical compound that is primarily used as a topical treatment for acne. ... Isotretinoin (INN) (IPA: ) is a medication used for the treatment of severe acne. ... Tazarotene commonly called Tazorac is a prescription topical retinoid sold as a cream or gel. ... Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid, is a drug commonly used to treat acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. ...

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