The Greek letter Psi is often used as a symbol of psychology.

Clinical psychology is the study and application of psychology and cognitive science for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving socially and psychologically based distress or dysfunction, and to promote subjective well-being, objective physical health, with an outlook to personal, familial and occupational development. A Clinical Psychologist aims to help people achieve their best and to indicate how they might adapt to or change their life circumstances. In many countries it is a regulated profession with public health care funding. Image File history File links Psi2. ... Image File history File links Psi2. ... Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Look up Ψ, ψ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. ... Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. ... Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... A mental health professional is a person who offers services for the purpose of improving an individuals mental health and/or researches in the field of mental health. ...

Clinical Psychology also addresses moderate to severe disorders such as depression and anxiety and chronic health problems such as unremitting pain from injury or illness. Most clinical interventions proceed on the basis of a diagnosed mental disorder using the treatment protocol recommended for the diagnosis and backed by research into its treatment effect. Treatment can only occur with informed consent even where the client is directed to comply with a care and treatment program. That is a duty of care. Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or sometimes unipolar when compared with bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Chronic pain was originally defined as pain that has lasted 6 months or longer. ... The Scream, the famous painting commonly thought of as depicting the experience of mental illness. ... Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts and implications of an action. ... Outpatient commitment refers to mental health law which allows the compulsory, community-based treatment of individuals with mental illness. ... In the English law of tort, professional negligence is a subset of the general rules on negligence to cover the situation in which the defendant has represented him or herself as having more than average skills and abilities. ...

The term was introduced in a 1907 paper by the American psychologist Lightner Witmer, who specifically defined it as the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change.^[1] The modern American Psychological Association offers a broader definition of clinical psychology:^[2] Lightner Witmer Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) is regarded as the inventor of the term Clinical Psychology and the co-founder of the worlds first Psychological Clinic in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

"The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels."

Although different countries require various educational qualifications to practice clinical psychology, it has traditionally required either a Doctorate or Clinical Maters degree—such as the PhD or PsyD in America^[1] or the DClinPsy in Britain. Australia and the U.S. have accredited Masters-level programs as well. U.S. licenses are determined by individual states, and generally reflect the level of education. Australia has nationally accredited licensing for funded service provision within Medicare. While doctoral practitioners may qualify for the title of Psychologist, common licenses open to Masters-level graduates include Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT), Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), and Licensed Psychological Associate. (LPA). PhD usually refers to the academic title Doctor of Philosophy PhD can also refer to the manga Phantasy Degree This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... The Doctor of Psychology (Psy. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate (or graduate) course of one to three years in duration. ...

Clinical psychology includes a wide range of practices, including research, psychological assessment, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration.^[3] Central to clinical psychology is the evidence based practice of psychotherapy, counseling and coaching which aims to show and teach clients effective ways of improving subjective well-being, mental health, and life functioning. This is achieved by facilitating change of distressing or detrimental thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, both within themselves and in their significant relationships. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) applies the scientific method to medical practice. ... // Psychotherapy is a 20th century interpersonal, relational intervention designed to provide an increased sense of well-being and /or reduction of subjective discomforting experience. ... Psychotherapy is a set of techniques believed to cure or to help solve behavioral and other psychological problems in humans. ... A coach is a person who supports people (clients) to achieve their goals, with goal setting, encouragement and questions. ...

Although there are dozens of individual forms of psychotherapy, and significant practitioner variation within each form, three major orientations have been: psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and humanistic. The evidence on the effect of psychotherapy suggests 1. that the theory of change held by the client is more influential than the theory of the practitioner, and 2. that no one method is superior to another in its treatment outcome. Partly as a consequence, there is a growing movement to integrate these and other approaches to embodiment resulting in a more eclectic practice. This occurs alongside the movement toward interdisciplinary research in all fields of science. This is an alphabetical List of Psychotherapies. ... It has been suggested that Psychodynamic psychology be merged into this article or section. ... A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy based on modifying everyday thoughts and behaviors, with the aim of positively influencing emotions. ... Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ... Integrative Psychotherapy involves the fusion of different schools of psychotherapy. ... Embodiment is the way in which human (or any other animals) psychology arises from the brains and bodys physiology. ... Eclecticism is an approach to thought that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions or conclusions, but instead draws upon multiple theories to gain complementary insights into phenomena, or applies only certain theories in particular cases. ... Interdisciplinary work is that which integrates concepts across different disciplines. ...

Clinical psychologists can be found working with individuals, couples, children, older adults, families, small groups, and communities. They may work individually or in multi-disciplinary teams involving other professions for example social work, psychiatry and clinical dietician. Social workers are concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. ... Psychiatry is a medical specialty dealing with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of mental health conditions. ... Dietitians are experts in food and nutrition. ...

Psychology Portal • History

AREAS

Abnormal Applied Biological Clinical Cognitive Developmental Educational Emotion Evolutionary Forensic Health Industrial/Org Personality Positive Social Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. ... Image File history File links Psi2. ... The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates, in Europe, back to the Late Middle Ages. ... Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. ... The basic premise of applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome practical problems in other fields, such as business management, product design, ergonomics, nutrition, law and clinical medicine. ... Biological psychology is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states. ... Cognitive Psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ... Emotional redirects here. ... Evolutionary psychology (abbreviated ev-psych or EP) is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain certain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as evolved adaptations, i. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Industrial and organizational psychology (also known as I/O psychology, work psychology, work and organisational psychology, W-O psychology, occupational psychology, or personnel psychology) concerns the application of psychological theories, research methods, and intervention strategies to workplace issues. ... Personality psychology is a branch of psychology which studies personality and individual differences. ... Positive psychology is the scientific study of human happiness. ... Social psychology is the scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1985). ...

LISTS

Publications Topics Therapies This is a list of important publications in psychology, organized by field. ... link title Headline text --Cknuth7 16:35, 3 April 2006 (UTC) This page aims to list articles related to psychology. ... This is an alphabetical List of Psychotherapies. ... view • talk

History

Lightner Witmer, the father of clinical psychology.

See also: History of psychology

Clinical psychology developed partly as a result of a need for additional clinicians to treat mental health problems, and partly as psychological science advanced to the stage where the fruits of psychological research could be applied in clinical settings. The modern field began with Witmer's establishment of the first psychological clinic in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania.^[4] He also founded the first journal of clinical psychology, Psychological Clinic. Image File history File links Witmer. ... Image File history File links Witmer. ... Lightner Witmer Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) is regarded as the inventor of the term Clinical Psychology and the co-founder of the worlds first Psychological Clinic in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates, in Europe, back to the Late Middle Ages. ... Lightner Witmer Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) is regarded as the inventor of the term Clinical Psychology and the co-founder of the worlds first Psychological Clinic in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania. ... This article is about the private university in Philadelphia. ...

Witmer's call for clinical involvement by psychologists was slow to gain acceptance, but there were twenty-six more clinics in the U.S. by 1914.^[5] While Witmer focused on individuals with intellectual deficits, others focused on those in mental distress, and clinical psychology was developing in mental hospitals as psychologists gained staff positions, often working alongside psychiatrists.^[6]

In the early 20th century, the psychoanalytic work of Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer gave great impetus to psychological understandings of mental distress and disorder. However, clinical psychologists did not engage in psychotherapy—a practice that was limited to psychiatrists (i.e. those with a medical degree). Rather, they focused mostly on psychological assessment, and this aspect of early clinical psychology came fully into its own during World War I when the U.S. military required clinical psychologists to assess thousands of new soldiers.^[4] Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856–September 23, 1939; IPA pronunciation: [] in German, [] in English) was a Jewish-Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who co-founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Josef Breuer (January 15, 1842- June 20, 1925) was an Austrian psychologist whose works symbolised the foundation of psychoanalysis. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow...

Clinical psychologists began to organize under that name in 1917 with the founding of the American Association of Clinical Psychology, although that organization was soon superseded by the Section on Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association.^[5] Although psychologists in this section did not qualify for full membership in APA, it did serve to certify them until 1927. Growth in the field was slow for the next few years as various unconnected psychological organizations came together as the the American Association of Applied Psychology in 1930. The AAAP became the central organization for applied psychology until 1945 when the APA created what is now called Division 12, its division of clinical psychology.

The assessment-only focus of clinical psychology changed during World War II when the military gave greater recognition to the condition they termed "shell shock" (now called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD).^[4] The need for treatment was such that military called upon clinical psychologists to assist. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ...

After WWII, a similar problem was faced when tens of thousands of soldiers came home needing psychological care.^[7] To meet this challenge, the Veterans Administration made an enormous investment to set up programs to train doctoral-level clinical psychologists. As a consequence, the U.S. went from having no formal university programs in clinical psychology in 1946 to over half of all PhDs in psychology in 1950 being awarded in clinical psychology.^[1] As a result of this shift, a report was drafted in 1947 that led to the scientist/practitioner model of clinical psychology, known today as the Boulder Model. This model of graduate training maintained the science and research-oriented focus of the field while adding training in psychotherapy.^[5] Similar organizational and theoretical developments took place in other countries in the 1950s, and the number of clinical psychologists proliferated. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for administering programs of veterans benefits for veterans, their families, and survivors. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In 1973, the Practitioner-Scholar Model of Clinical Psychology—or Vail Model—resulting in the Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree was recognized by the Vail Conference on models of training in clinical psychology.^[8] At this conference, it was argued that the field of psychology had grown to a degree warranting training persons explicitly in the clinical practice of psychology. Although training would continue to include research skills and a scientific understanding of psychology, the intent would be to produce highly trained professionals, similar to programs in medicine, dentistry, and law. The first pilot PsyD program was instituted at the University of Illinois in 1968, followed by Hahnemann University in 1970 (moved to Widener University in 1989) and Baylor University in 1971.^[9] PsyD programs now train about half of all clinical psychologists. The Doctor of Psychology (Psy. ... The University of Illinois is the set of three public universities in Illinois. ... Drexel University College of Medicine is the medical school of Drexel University and was originally founded as a womens college. ... Widener University is a private, metropolitan university located in Chester, Pennsylvania. ... Baylor University is a private, Baptist-affiliated research university located in Waco, Texas. ...

History of psychotherapy

See also: Timeline of psychotherapy

Even as Freud was developing psychoanalysis in the early 1900s theorists began to introduce new conceptions about psychological functioning and change. Early developers of Freud's basic orientation included Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and even his own daughter, Anna. These and other theorists helped to develop the general orientation now called psychodynamic therapy, which includes the various therapies based on Freud's essential principle of making the unconscious conscious. This is a timeline of psychotherapy. ... Alfred Adler (February 7, 1870 – May 28, 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor and psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology. ... Carl Jungs autobiographical work Memories , Dreams, Reflections, Fontana edition Karl Jung redirects here. ... Anna Freud (December 3, 1895 - October 9, 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. ...

In the 1920s, behaviorism became the dominant paradigm within the general field, and remained so until the 1950s. Major contributors were Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, and B.F. Skinner. Behavioral therapy approaches relied on principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning and social learning theory to bring about therapeutic change in observable symptoms. Because behaviorism denied or ignored internal mental activity, this period represents a general slowing of advancement within the field of psychotherapy.^[4] Behaviorism is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behaviour can be studied and explained scientifically without recourse to internal mental states. ... Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997) was born in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1915, but became an American citizen later in his life. ... Hans Eysenck Hans Jürgen Eysenck (March 4, 1916 - September 4, 1997) was an eminent psychologist, most remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas. ... Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 _ August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist and author. ... Cognitive therapy or cognitive behavior therapy is a kind of psychotherapy used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, and other forms of mental disorder. ... Operant conditioning is the modification of behavior brought about over time by the consequences of said behavior. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In criminology, Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess (1966) developed the Social Learning Theory to explain deviancy by combining variables which encouraged delinquency (e. ...

Starting in the 1950s, two main orientations evolved independently in response to behaviorism—cognitivism and humanistic therapy.^[7] The former reestablished an interest in cognition (i.e. mental processes and experiences) and the latter ignited renewed interest in human well-being and improvement. The humanistic movement largely developed from both the Existential theories of writers like Rollo May and Viktor Frankl and the Person-centered psychotherapy of Carl Rogers. This orientation focused less on the unconscious and more on promoting positive, holistic change through the development of a supportive, genuine, and empathic therapeutic relationship. An influential psychotherapy that came out of this movement was Gestalt therapy developed by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s-50s. In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical approach to understanding the mind, which argues that mental function can be understood by quantitative, positivist and scientific methods, and that such functions can be described as information processing models. ... Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ... Existential psychotherapy is partly based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in the world. ... Rollo May (April 21, 1909, Ada, Ohio - October 22, 1994, Tiburon, California) was the best known American existential psychologist, authoring the influential book Love and Will in 1969. ... Viktor Emil Frankl, M.D., Ph. ... Person-Centered Therapy (PCT), also knwn as Client-centered therapy, was developed by the humanist psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s. ... Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist, who, along with Abraham Maslow, was the founder of the humanist approach to psychology. ... Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapy which focuses on here-and-now experience and personal responsibility. ... Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (July 8 1893, Berlin - March 14, 1970, Chicago), better known as Fritz Perls, was a noted German-born psychiatrist and psychotherapist of Jewish descent. ... Laura Perls was the wife of Frederick S.Perls (Fritz Perls) (1893 - 1970). ...

During the 1960s, Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Around the same time, psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck developed a form of psychotherapy known as cognitive therapy. Both of these included short, structured and present-focused therapy aimed at changing a person's distorted thinking, by contrast with the long-lasting insight-based approach of psychodynamic therapies or the newer relational approach of humanistic therapies. Cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches were combined during the 1970s, resulting in Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).^[7] Being oriented towards symptom-relief, collaborative empiricism and modifying peoples core beliefs, the approach gained widespread acceptance as a primary treatment for numerous disorders. A "third wave" of cognitive and behavioral therapies developed, including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Dialectical behavior therapy, which expanded the concepts to other disorders and/or added novel components. Albert Ellis Albert Ellis (born September 27, 1913) is an American cognitive-behavioral therapist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. ... Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is an active-directive, solution-oriented therapy which focuses on resolving emotional, cognitive and behavioral problems in clients, originally developed by the American psychotherapist Albert Ellis. ... Aaron Temkin Beck (born July 18, 1921) is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus at the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Cognitive therapy or cognitive behaviour therapy is a kind of psychotherapy used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, and other forms of mental disorder. ... Cognitive therapy and its variants traditionally identify ten cognitive distortions that maintain negative thinking and help to maintain negative emotions. ... A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy based on modifying everyday thoughts and behaviors, with the aim of positively influencing emotions. ... Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT (pronounced act not ay see tee), is an empirically based psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies, together with commitment and behavior change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility. ... Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a psychosocial treatment developed by Marsha M. Linehan specifically to treat Borderline Personality Disorder. ...

Since the 1970s, other major perspectives have been developed and adopted within the field. Perhaps the two biggest have been Systems Therapy—which focuses on family and group dynamics—and Transpersonal psychology, which focuses on the spiritual facet of human experience. Other important orientations developed in the last three decades include Feminist therapy, Narrative therapy, Brief therapy, Somatic Psychology, Expressive therapy, and applied Positive Psychology. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Transpersonal psychology is a school of psychology that studies the transcendent, or spiritual dimensions of humanity. ... Feminist Therapy Code of Ethics* (Revised, 1999) Preamble Feminist therapy evolved from feminist philosophy, psychological theory and practice, and political theory. ... Narrative Therapy is a form of psychotherapy using narrative, with an approach to helping people that was developed during (and has evolved since) the 1970s and 1980s, in good part by Australian Michael White and his friend and colleague, David Epston, of New Zealand. ... Brief therapy, sometimes also known as strategic therapy, is an umbrella term for a type of approach to psychotherapy. ... Somatic psychology, also known as body psychotherapy, is an academic and applied field involving the study of therapeutic and holistic approaches to the body, somatic experience, and the embodied self. ... Expressive therapy know alse as art therapy provides the means and support to express and explore feelings, thought problems and potentials through the use of art media and imagery. ... Positive psychology is the scientific study of human happiness. ...

With the advent of more robust research findings regarding psychotherapy, there is growing evidence that most of the major therapies are about of equal effectiveness (although the most evidence for it belongs to CBT).^[10][11] Because of this, more training programs and psychologists are adopting an eclectic orientation. This integrative movement attempts to combine the most effective aspects of all the schools of practice, giving clinicians a wider range of options for treatment. Integrative Psychotherapy involves the fusion of different schools of psychotherapy. ...

Training

The University of Pennsylvania was the first to offer formal education in clinical psychology.

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x541, 681 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x541, 681 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... This article is about the private university in Philadelphia. ...

Doctoral level training

Clinical psychologists undergo many hours of postgraduate training—usually 4 to 6 years post-Bachelors—under supervision in order to gain demonstrable competence and experience. Today, in America, about half of the licensed psychologists are being trained in the Scientist-Practitioner Model of Clinical Psychology (PhD)—a model that emphasizes research and is usually housed in universities. The other half are being trained within a Practitioner-Scholar Model of Clinical Psychology (PsyD), which has more focus on practice (similar to professional degrees for medicine and law).^[8] Both models envision practicing Clinical Psychology in a research-based, scientifically valid manner. The American Psychological Association, among many English-speaking psychological societies, supports both models and encourages accreditation of PhD and PsyD programs that meet its strict academic standards.^[12] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Psy. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

Doctorate (PhD and PsyD) programs usually involve some variation on the following 4 to 6 year, 90-unit curriculum:

• Bases of behavior—biological, cognitive-affective, and cultural-social
• Individual differences—personality, lifespan development, psychopathology
• History and systems—development of psychological theories, practices, and scientific knowledge
• Clinical practice—diagnostics, psychological assessment, psychotherapeutic interventions, psychopharmacology, ethical and legal issues
• Clinical experience
  • Practicum—usually one or two years of working with clients under supervision in a clinical setting
  • Doctoral Internship—usually an intensive one or two year placement in a clinical setting
• Dissertation—PhD programs usually require original quantitative empirical research, while PsyD dissertations often address qualitative research, theoretical scholarship, program evaluation or development, critical literature analysis, or clinical application and analysis
• Specialized electives—many programs offer sets of elective courses for specializations, such as health, child, family, community, or neuropsychology
• Personal psychotherapy—many programs require students to undertake a certain number of hours of personal psychotherapy (with a non-faculty therapist)

Masters level training

There are a number of U.S. schools offering accredited programs in clinical psychology resulting in a Masters degree. Such programs can range from 48 to 84 units, most often taking 2 to 3 years to complete post-Bachelors. Training usually emphasizes theory and treatment over research, quite often with a focus on school or couples and family counseling. Similar to doctoral programs, Masters-level students usually must fulfill time in a clinical practicum under supervision and undergo a minimum amount of personal psychotherapy.^[13] While many graduates from Masters-level training go on to doctoral programs, a large number also go directly into practice—often as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT) or other similar license.^[14] A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) is a licensure for mental health professionals. ...

Training in Britain

In the UK, clinical psychologists undertake a DClinPsy (or similar) which is a taught doctorate with both clinical and research components. This is a three-year full-time course, sponsored by the NHS (meaning that all trainees receive a salary) onto which entry is highly competitive. The minimum requirement for applying to the doctoral courses (which mostly operate through a central "clearing house" based at Leeds) is a three-year undergraduate degree in psychology approved by the British Psychological Society as confering Graduate Basis for Registration, or an approved conversion course, plus some form of experience, usually in either the National Health Service as an Assistant Psychologist or in academia as a Research Assistant. Previously the training required obtaining an MSc and/or MPhil degree, so unless the Clinical Psychologist had a PhD or has subsequently done a "top up doctorate", Clinical Psychologists who qualified in the UK before 1995 may not have the title Dr.^[15] The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly-funded healthcare system of the United Kingdom. ... The British Psychological Society (BPS) is the representative body for psychologists and psychology in the United Kingdom. ...

Professional practice

Clinical psychologists can offer a range of professional services, including:^[1]

• Provide psychological treatment (psychotherapy)
• Administer and interpret psychological assessment and testing
• Conduct psychological research
• Teaching
• Development of prevention programs
• Consultation (especially with schools and businesses)
• Program administration
• Provide expert testimony (forensics)

In practice, clinical psychologists may work with individuals, couples, families, or groups in a variety of settings, including private practices, hospitals, mental health organizations, schools, businesses, and non-profit agencies. Most clinical psychologists who engage in research and teaching do so within a college or university setting. Clinical psychologists may also choose to specialize in a particular field—common areas of specialization, some of which can earn board certification,^[16] include:

• Specific disorders (e.g. trauma, addiction, eating, sleep, sex, depression, anxiety, or phobias)
• Neuropsychological disorders
• Child and adolescent
• Family and relationship counseling
• Health
• Sport
• Forensic
• Organization and business
• School

Mental Illness. ... Psychological trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a traumatic event. ... Addiction is a chronic disorder proposed to be precipitated by a combination of genetic, biological/pharmacological and social factors. ... im hungry. ... A sleep disorder (somnipathy) is a disorder in the sleep patterns of a person or animal. ... Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction (see also sexual function) is difficulty during any stage of the sexual act (which includes desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution) that prevents the individual or couple from enjoying sexual activity. ... Look up depression in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... A phobia (from the Greek φόβος fear), an irrational, persistent fear of certain situations, objects, activities, or persons. ... Clinical neuropsychology is a subdiscipline of psychology that specialises in the clinical assessment and treatment of patients with brain injury or neurocognitive deficits. ... Child psychopathology is a term referring to children and adolescents with a psychological disorder. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Relationship counseling is the process of counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Industrial and organizational psychology (also known as I/O psychology, work psychology, work and organisational psychology, W-O psychology, occupational psychology, or personnel psychology) concerns the application of psychological theories, research methods, and intervention strategies to workplace issues. ... Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. ...

Comparison with other mental health professions

See: Mental health professional

A mental health professional is a person who offers services for the purpose of improving an individuals mental health and/or researches in the field of mental health. ...

Psychiatry

Main article: Psychiatry

Fluoxetine hydrochloride, branded by Lilly as Prozac, is a common antidepressant drug prescribed by psychiatrists. There is a growing movement to give prescription privileges to qualified psychologists.

Although clinical psychologists and psychiatrists share the same fundamental aim—the alleviation of mental distress—their training, outlook, and methodologies are often quite different. Perhaps the most significant difference is that psychiatrists are medical doctors with four years of medical school and another four years of residency in a medical setting where they can often choose to specialize, such as working with children or people with specific conditions. Being medical doctors, they tend to use the medical model to assess psychological problems (i.e. those they treat are seen as patients with an illness) and rely on psychotropic medications as the chief method of addressing them^[17]—although many also employ psychotherapy as well. Their medical training does give them an advantage in terms of being able to conduct physical examinations, order and interpret laboratory tests and EEGs, and may order brain imaging studies such as CT or CAT, MRI, and PET scanning. Psychiatry is a medical specialty dealing with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of mental health conditions. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1165x909, 696 KB) La bildo estas kopiita de wikipedia:nl. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1165x909, 696 KB) La bildo estas kopiita de wikipedia:nl. ... Background Fluoxetine hydrochloride (brand names include Prozac®, Symbyax® (compounded with olanzapine), Sarafem®, Fontex® (Sweden), Fluctine (Austria, Germany), Prodep (India), Fludac (India)) is an antidepressant drug used medically in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and many other disorders. ... Eli Lilly and Company (NYSE: LLY) is a global pharmaceutical company and one of the worlds largest corporations. ... A recent form of antidepressant medication - Prozac Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant, in the most common usage, is a medication taken to alleviate clinical depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ... Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ... The Medical model describes the approach to illness which is dominant in Western medicine. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ... // Psychotherapy is a 20th century interpersonal, relational intervention designed to provide an increased sense of well-being and /or reduction of subjective discomforting experience. ... EEG can mean: Electroencephalography - the method and science of recording and interpreting traces of brain electrical activity as recorded from the skull surface or the device used to record such traces Emperor Entertainment Group - A Hong Kong entertainment company. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For the scientific journal entitled Magnetic Resonance Imaging, see Magnetic Resonance Imaging (journal). ... Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ...

Clinical psychologists do not usually prescribe medication, although there is a growing movement for psychologists to have limited prescribing privileges.^[18] Such privileges require additional, supervised training and education, and would mostly be limited to psychotropic medications. To date, qualified psychologists may prescribe psychotropic medications in Guam, New Mexico, and Louisiana.^[19] In general, however, when medication is warranted many psychologists will work in cooperation with psychiatrists so that clients get all their therapeutic needs met.^[3] A medical prescription ) is an order (often in written form) by a qualified health care professional to a pharmacist or other therapist for a treatment to be provided to their patient. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city Baton Rouge [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W...

Unless a psychiatrist voluntarily chooses to get extra training, such as at a psychoanalytic institute, they will have less training in the theory and practice of psychotherapy than will a licensed clinical psychologist.^[20] Even though many psychiatrists do seek out such training, the majority of them increasingly focus on medication management, possibly because insurance tends to pay far more for this service than for psychotherapy.^[21] Further, psychologists tend to have more training in psychological assessment. Psychoanalysis is a family of psychological theories and methods based on the work of Sigmund Freud. ...

Counseling psychology

Main article: Counseling Psychology

Counseling generally involves helping people with what might be considered "normal" or "moderate" psychological problems, such as the feelings of anxiety or sadness resulting from major life changes or events.^[3][1] As such, counseling psychologists often help people adjust to or cope with their environment or major events, although many also work with more serious problems as well. Clinical psychologists, by comparison, are trained to help with these kinds of issues but also more debilitating or chronic problems, such as forms of dementia or psychosis. Other differences include: there are fewer counseling psychology graduate programs, they are usually housed in departments of education (as opposed to psychology departments for clin-psy programs), counseling psychologists tend to conduct more vocational assessment and less projective or objective assessment, and they are more likely to work in public service or university clinics (compared with clinical psychologists who are more likely to work in hospitals or private practice).^[22] Despite these differences, there is considerable overlap between the two fields and distinctions between them continue to fade. Counseling psychology is an application of the basic professional skills in psychology to a population that has been more located in schools rather than hospitals and clinics. ... For other uses, see Dementia (disambiguation). ... Psychosis (not to be confused with psychopathy) is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state in which thought and perception are severely impaired. ...

School psychology

Main article: School psychology

School psychologists' primary concern is with the academic, social, and emotional well-being of children within a scholastic environment. Unlike clinical psychologists, they receive much more training in education, child development and behavior, and the psychology of learning, often graduating with a post-Masters Educational Specialist Degree (EdS) or Doctor of Education (EdD) degree. Besides offering individual and group therapy with children and their families, school psychologists also evaluate school programs, provide cognitive assessment, help design prevention programs (e.g. reducing drops outs), and work with teachers and administrators to help maximize teaching efficacy, both in the classroom and systemically.^[23] Educational psychology or school psychology is the psychological science studying how children and adults learn, the effectiveness of various educational strategies and tactics, and how schools function as organizations. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Doctor of Education degree (Ed. ...

Licensure

The practice of clinical psychology requires a license in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and many other countries. Although each of the U.S. states is somewhat different in terms of requirements and licenses, there are three common elements:^[24]

1. Graduation from an accredited school with the appropriate degree
2. Completion of supervised clinical experience
3. Passing a written examination and, in some states, an oral examination

Most states also require a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to renew a license, which can be obtained though various means, such as taking audited classes and attending approved workshops.

Exact requirements vary by license and by state, and are commonly quite complex (see [2] and [3] for examples).

All U.S. state and Canada province licensing boards are members of the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) which created and maintains the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). Many states require other examinations in addition to the EPPP, such as a jurisprudence (i.e. mental health law) examination and/or an oral examination.^[24]

There are several licenses that allow one to practice clinical psychology in various forms, usually awarded in relation to one's educational degree.

• Psychologist. To practice with the title of Psychologist, in almost all cases a Doctorate degree is required (a PhD or PsyD in the U.S.). In addition to finishing 3 to 5 years of coursework, other requirements generally include finishing a dissertation, completing a pre-doc internship, fulfilling a certain number of supervised postdoctoral hours (usually taking 1 to 2 years), and passing the EPPP and any other provincial exams.^[31]
• Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT). An MFT license requires a Doctorate or Masters degree (which usually takes 2 to 3 years after a Bachelors and includes an internship and sometimes completion of a thesis). In addition, it usually involves 2 years of post-degree clinical experience under supervision, and licensure requires passing a written exam, commonly the National Examination for Marriage and Family Therapists which is maintained by the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. In addition, most state require an oral exam. MFTs, as the title implies, work mostly with families and couples, addressing a wide range of common psychological problems.^[32]
• Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). Similar to the MFT, the LPC license requires a Masters or Doctorate degree, a minimum number of hours of supervised clinical experience in a pre-doc practicum, and the passing of the National Counselor Exam. Similar licenses are the Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC), Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC), and Clinical Counselor in Mental Health (CCMH). In some states, after passing the exam, a temporary LPC license is awarded and the clinician may begin the normal 3000-hour supervised internship leading to the full license allowing for the practice as a counselor or psychotherapist, usually under the supervision of a licensed psychologist.^[33]
• Licensed Psychological Associate. (LPA) About twenty-six states offer a Masters-only license, a common one being the LPA, which allows for the therapist to either practice independently or (more commonly) under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, depending on the state.^[14] Common requirements are 2 to 4 years of post-Masters supervised clinical experience and passing a Psychological Associates Examination. Other titles for this level of licensing include Psychological Technician (Alabama), Psychological Assistant (California), Licensed Clinical Psychotherapist (Kansas), Licensed Psychological Practitioner (Minnesota), Licensed Behavioral Practitioner (Oklahoma), or Psychological Examiner (Tennessee).

In the UK at present many titles including "psychologist" are not protected, so the marker of an approved professional is either being "Chartered" which requires having your qualifications vetted by the British Psychological Society or the use of a protected term such as "clinical" "counselling" or "educational" psychologist. Statutory registration of all the mental health professions is planned in the near future due to lack of clarity for the public about who is sufficiently qualified to offer therapy. The title of Assistant Psychologist is used by a psychology graduate under the supervision of a qualified clinical psychologist, and the title Trainee Clinical Psychologist is used during the 3 year doctoral program. Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) is a licensure for mental health professionals. ... The British Psychological Society (BPS) is the representative body for psychologists and psychology in the United Kingdom. ...

Assessment

Main article: Psychological testing

Example of an inkblot used in the Rorschach projective personality test

An important area of expertise for many clinical psychologists is psychological assessment, and there are indications that as many as 91% of psychologists engage in this core clinical practice.^[34] Such evaluation is usually done in service to gaining insight into and forming hypotheses about psychological or behavioral problems. As such, the results of such assessments are usually used to create generalized impressions rather than diagnoses. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Rorschach_inkblot_test. ... Image File history File links Rorschach_inkblot_test. ... The first of the ten cards in the Rorschach inkblot test. ... A projective test, in psychology, is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

There exists literally hundreds of various assessment tools, although only a few have been shown to have both high validity (i.e., test actually measures what it claims to measure) and reliability (i.e., test is consistent—internally, over time, and regardless of administrator). These measures generally fall within one of several categories, including the following: In psychometrics a valid measure is one which is measuring what it is supposed to measure. ... In psychometrics reliability is the accuracy of the scores of a measure. ...

• Intelligence & achievement tests. These tests are designed to measure certain specific kinds of cognitive functioning (often referred to as IQ) in comparison to a norming-group. Commonly used today are the Weschler tests (the WAIS-III for adults, the WISC-IV for children, and the WIAT-II achievement test), the Woodcock-Johnson-III, and the Stanford-Binet-5. These tests generally measure areas such as verbal skills (e.g. comprehension and vocabulary), memory (short and long term), attention span, arithmetic, and non-verbal performance (e.g. visual/spacial perception, hand-eye coordination, problem solving, and logical reasoning). These tests have been shown to accurately predict certain kinds of performance, especially scholastic.^[34]
• Personality tests. Tests of personality aim to describe characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that remain relatively stable throughout a person's lifetime. They generally fall within two categories: objective (offering restricted, measured responses, such as yes/no, true/false, or a rating scale) and projective (which allow a person to respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing non-conscious psychological dynamics). Typical objective tests used today are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III, and the California Psychological Inventory. Common projective tests include the Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test.
• Neuropsychological tests. Neuropsychological tests consist of specifically designed tasks used to measure psychological functions known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. They are typically used to assess impairment after an injury or illness known to affect neurocognitive functioning, or when used in research, to contrast neuropsychological abilities across experimental groups. Examples include the Stroop test, the Bender-Gestalt Test, the Trail Making task, and finger tapping.
• Clinical observation. Clinical psychologists are also trained to gather data by observing behavior. The clinical interview is a vital part of assessment, even when using other formalized tools, which can employ either a structured or unstructured format. Such assessment looks at certain areas, such as general appearance and behavior, mood and affect, perception, comprehension, orientation, insight, memory, and content of communication. One common example of a formal interview is the mental status examination, which is often used as a screening tool for treatment or further testing.^[34]

IQ tests are designed to give approximately this Gaussian distribution. ... Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale or WAIS is a general test of intelligence (IQ), published in February 1955 as a revision of the Wechsler-Bellevue test (1939), standardised for use with adults over the age of 16. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The development of the Stanford-Binet IQ test initiated the modern field of intelligence testing. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Objective tests are different from obtrusive tests, because objective tests are not projective in nature. ... A projective test, in psychology, is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts. ... The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most frequently used personality test in the mental health fields. ... MILLON CLINICAL MULTIAXIAL INVENTORY ... Exam created by Gough (1953, 1987) which serves to measure ones personality. ... The first of the ten cards in the Rorschach inkblot test. ... The Thematic Apperception Test or TAT is amongst the most widely used, researched, and taught psychological tests. ... Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. ... For more specific information about the human brain, see its main article at human brain A sketch of the human brain by artist Priyan Weerappuli, imposed upon his sketch of the profile of Michaelangelos David In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control... Neurocognitive is a term used to describe cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular areas, neural pathways, or cortical networks in the brain. ... Demonstration Say the color of these words as fast as you can: According to the Stroop effect, the first set of colors would have had a faster reaction time. ... The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test or simply the Bender-Gestalt test is a psychological test first developed by child neuropsychiatrist Lauretta Bender. ... Mental status examination, or MSE, is a medical process where a clinician working in the field of mental health (usually a social worker, psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse or psychologist) systematically examines a patients mind. ...

Diagnostic impressions

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association.

After assessment, clinical psychologists often provide a diagnostic impression. In the U.S., many psychologists use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (the DSM version IV-TR)—especially when working with an HMO or insurance company—whereas many other countries are more likely to use the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Both assume medical concepts and terms, and state that there are categorical disorders that can be diagnosed by set lists of criteria, which serves psychologists by providing a familiar frame of reference for discussing and understanding the clinical experience and for guiding treatment.^[35] Image File history File links DSM-IV.jpg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links DSM-IV.jpg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The poopDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States. ... The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the most influential world-wide. ... The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The poopDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States. ... HMO can mean the following: Health maintenance organization Houses in multiple occupation Home Media Option (Tivo) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) is a detailed description of known diseases and injuries. ...

The DSM organizes psychological disorders in five axes:

1. Axis I: Clinical disorders; Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
   • Typical disorders include autism, ADHD, dementia, substance abuse, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar, phobias, PTSD, amnesia, anorexia, insomnia, and adjustment disorder
2. Axis II: Personality disorders (generally rigid and self-defeating traits that are persistent over time and affect day to day living)
   • Typical disorders include obsessive-compulsive PD, paranoid PD, borderline PD, and narcissistic PD. Mental retardation is also placed on Axis II.
3. Axis III: medical conditions contributing to the disorder
4. Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder
5. Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (on a scale from 100 to 0)

The DSM uses a categorical medical model and views psychological problems in terms of discrete illnesses that can be defined by a minimum set of criteria (such as presenting problems, intensity, behaviors, duration, onset, etc.). While convenient for prescribing medications, there is a growing awareness that this model is not the only way to understand psychological functioning and the various causes of mental distress. Moreover, there is little justification for the cutoff criteria, which, except for schizotypal and borderline diagnoses, are essentially arbitrary.^[36] As such, there are many debates in the field regarding alternative methods of diagnosing psychological problems. The Global Assessment of Functioning, or GAF scale, is a numeric scale (1 through 100) used by mental health clinicians and doctors to rate the social, occupational and psychological functioning of adults. ...

One such debate is the position of adopting a dimensional model which could be based on empirically validated models of human differences, such as the five factor model of personality. A dimensional model would arguably have several major advantages, including—addressing quantitative variation and shifts (between various disorders as well as between what is considered normal and pathological); dealing with co-occurrence of multiple problems; and a more constructive way of looking at otherwise 'sub-threshold' conditions.^[36][35] In psychology, the Big Five personality traits are five broad factors or dimensions of personality discovered through empirical research (Goldberg, 1993). ...

Another variation is called the psychosocial model, which could be more relevant for the practice of psychotherapy (as opposed to medicine).^[37] While the medical model of the DSM is based on assumptions of biology, stability of diagnosis, and objective traits, the psychosocial model is more psychological, intersubjective, and diagnostically flexible over the course of therapy.

British clinical psychologists do not tend to diagnose, but rather use formulation—an individualized map of the difficulties that the patient or client faces, encompassing predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating (maintaining) factors.^[38]

Psychotherapy

Clinical psychologists work with individuals, children, families, couples, or small groups.

Main article: Psychotherapy

The central intervention used by clinical psychologists is psychotherapy, which uses a wide range of techniques to change thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in service to enhancing subjective well-being, mental health, and life functioning. Generally speaking, psychotherapy involves a formal relationship between professional and client—usually an individual, couple, family, or small group—that employs a set of procedures intended to form a therapeutic alliance, explore the nature of psychological problems, and encourage new ways of thinking or behaving. Image File history File links Grouptherapy. ... // Psychotherapy is a 20th century interpersonal, relational intervention designed to provide an increased sense of well-being and /or reduction of subjective discomforting experience. ...

Although there are literally dozens of recognized therapeutic orientations, their differences can often be categorized on two dimensions: insight vs. action and in-session vs. out-session.^[1]

• Insight—emphasis is on gaining greater understanding of the motivations underlying one's thoughts and feelings (e.g. Psychodynamic therapy)
• Action—focus is on making changes in how one thinks and acts (e.g. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
• In-session—interventions center on the hear-and-now interactions between client and therapist (e.g. Humanistic therapy)
• Out-session—although the importance of the relationship is recognized, therapy is geared towards helping the client make changes outside of the session (e.g. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

The methods used are also different in regards to the population being served as well as the context and nature of the problem. Therapy will look very different between, say, a traumatized child, a depressed but high-functioning adult, a group of people recovering from substance dependence, and a ward of the state suffering from terrifying delusions. Other elements that play a critical role in the process of psychotherapy include the environment, culture, age, cognitive functioning, motivation, and duration (i.e. brief or long-term therapy).

The Big Three perspectives

The field generally recognizes three major perspectives regarding the practice of clinical psychology: Psychodynamic, Cognitive Behavioral, and Humanistic (while a growing debate exists about including the Transpersonal perspective, which recognizes a spiritual dimension in psychological well-being).^[39] It has been suggested that Psychodynamic psychology be merged into this article or section. ... A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy based on modifying everyday thoughts and behaviors, with the aim of positively influencing emotions. ... Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ... Transpersonal psychology is a school of psychology that studies the transcendent, or spiritual dimensions of humanity. ...

Sigmund Freud, founder of Psychoanalysis.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1006x1300, 282 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sigmund Freud ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1006x1300, 282 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sigmund Freud ... Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856–September 23, 1939; IPA pronunciation: [] in German, [] in English) was a Jewish-Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who co-founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Psychoanalysis is a family of psychological theories and methods based on the work of Sigmund Freud. ...

Psychodynamic

Main article: Psychodynamic psychotherapy

The Psychodynamic perspective developed out of the Psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud (which is still practiced in its orthodox form). The core object of Psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious—to make the client aware of his or her own primal drives (namely those relating to sex and aggression) and the various defenses used to keep them in check. The essential tools of the psychoanalytic process are the use of free association and an examination of the client's transference towards the therapist, defined as the tendency to take unconscious thoughts or emotions about a significant person (e.g. a parent) and "transfer" them onto another person.^[40] It has been suggested that Psychodynamic psychology be merged into this article or section. ... Psychoanalysis is a family of psychological theories and methods based on the work of Sigmund Freud. ... Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856–September 23, 1939; IPA pronunciation: [] in German, [] in English) was a Jewish-Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who co-founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... In psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism is an unconscious way to protect ones personality from unpleasant thoughts which may otherwise cause anxiety. ... A Free Association is an association which meets certain mostly negative criteria. ... Transference is a phenomenon in psychology characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings for one person to another. ...

Many theorists built upon Freud's fundamental ideas, including Anna Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Melanie Klein, and Heinz Kohut. Major variations on Freudian psychoanalysis practiced today include Self Psychology, Ego Psychology, and Object Relations Theory. These general orientations now fall under the umbrella term psychodynamic psychology, with common themes including examination of transference and defenses, an appreciation of the power of the unconscious, and a focus on how early developments in childhood have shaped the client's current psychological state.^[40] Anna Freud (December 3, 1895 - October 9, 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. ... Alfred Adler (February 7, 1870 – May 28, 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor and psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology. ... Carl Jungs autobiographical work Memories , Dreams, Reflections, Fontana edition Karl Jung redirects here. ... Karen Horney Karen Horney [horn-eye], born Danielsen (September 16, 1885, – December 4, 1952) was a German Freudian psychoanalyst of Norwegian and Dutch descent. ... Erik Homburger Erikson (June 15, 1902 // Most empirical research into Erikson has stemmed around his views on adolescence and attempts to establish identity. ... Melanie Klein Melanie Klein, (1882 - 1960), Austrian psychotherapist, built on the work of Sigmund Freud, particularly in the area of child psychology. ... Best known for his development of Self Psychology, a school of thought within psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory, psychiatrist Heinz Kohuts contributions transformed the modern practice of analytic and dynamic treatment approaches. ... Self psychology is a school of psychoanalytic theory and therapy developed in the United States. ... Ego psychology is a school of psychoanalysis that originated in Freuds ego-id-superego model. ... In psychodynamics, Object relations theory is the idea that the ego-self exists only in relation to other objects, which may be external or internal. ...

Albert Ellis, creator of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, a precursor of CBT.

Download high resolution version (1240x1453, 152 KB)Received from Martine Mallary of the Albert Ellis Institute on 5/10/2005 in response to my request for a copyright-free photo. ... Download high resolution version (1240x1453, 152 KB)Received from Martine Mallary of the Albert Ellis Institute on 5/10/2005 in response to my request for a copyright-free photo. ... Albert Ellis Albert Ellis (born September 27, 1913) is an American cognitive-behavioral therapist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. ... Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is an active-directive, solution-oriented therapy which focuses on resolving emotional, cognitive and behavioral problems in clients, originally developed by the American psychotherapist Albert Ellis. ... CBT is: In psychotherapy, cognitive behavior therapy In education, computer based training In motorcycling, Compulsory Basic Training In law, criminal breach of trust In BDSM, Cock and ball torture This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Cognitive Behavioral

Main article: Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) developed from the combination of Cognitive psychology and Behaviorism, largely based on the work of theorists Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck in the 1950s and 1960s. Essentially, CBT is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion), and how we act (behavior) all interact together. In this perspective, certain thoughts or ways of interpreting the world (called schemas) can cause emotional distress or result in behavioral problems. The object of CBT is to discover the biased and irrational thinking that leads to emotional problems and to help the client take control over his or her thinking processes in such a way that will lead to increased well-being.^[41] There are several approaches that fall into the category of CBT, such as Dialectic Behavior Therapy, Systematic Desensitization, and Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy^[42], all of which have been empirically shown to be effective in treating certain conditions, such as depression and phobias.^[43] A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy based on modifying everyday thoughts and behaviors, with the aim of positively influencing emotions. ... Cognitive Psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. ... Behaviorism is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behaviour can be studied and explained scientifically without recourse to internal mental states. ... Albert Ellis Albert Ellis (born September 27, 1913) is an American cognitive-behavioral therapist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. ... Aaron Temkin Beck (born July 18, 1921) is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus at the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a psychosocial treatment developed by Marsha M. Linehan specifically to treat Borderline Personality Disorder. ... Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioral therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or sometimes unipolar when compared with bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... A phobia (from the Greek φόβος fear), an irrational, persistent fear of certain situations, objects, activities, or persons. ...

Carl Rogers, therapist who helped establish the Humanistic perspective.

Image File history File links Carlrogers. ... Image File history File links Carlrogers. ... Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist, who, along with Abraham Maslow, was the founder of the humanist approach to psychology. ... Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ...

Humanistic

Main article: Humanistic psychology

Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, largely due to the Person-Centered Therapy of Carl Rogers (often referred to as Rogerian Therapy). Rogers believed that a client needed only three things from a clinician to experience therapeutic improvement—congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding.^[44] The aim of much humanistic therapy is to give a holistic description of the person. By using Phenomenology, Intersubjectivity and first-person categories, the humanistic psychologist hopes to get a glimpse of the whole person and not just the fragmented parts of the personality.^[45] This aspect of holism links up with another aim of humanistic psychology, which is to seek an integration of the whole person, also called self-actualization. According to humanistic thinking, each individual person already has inbuilt potentials and resources that might help them to build a stronger personality and self-concept. The mission of the humanistic psychologist is to help the individual employ these resources via the therapeutic relationship. Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ... Person-Centered Therapy (PCT), also knwn as Client-centered therapy, was developed by the humanist psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s. ... Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist, who, along with Abraham Maslow, was the founder of the humanist approach to psychology. ... Use of the word phenomenology in modern science is described in the separate article phenomenology (science). ... The term Intersubjectivity is used in three ways. ...

Other major therapeutic orientations

There exists literally dozens of recognized schools or orientations of psychotherapy—the list below represents those that have been pivotal in the development of clinical psychology. Although they all have some typical set of techniques practitioners employ, they are generally better known for providing a framework of theory and philosophy that guides a therapist in his or her working with a client.

See also: List of psychotherapies

This is an alphabetical List of Psychotherapies. ...

Systems or Family Therapy

Main article: Family therapy

Systems or Family therapy works with couples and families, and emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health. The central focus tends to be on interpersonal dynamics, especially in terms of how change in one person will affect the entire system.^[46] Therapy is therefore conducted with as many significant members of the "system" as possible. In this way, the psychologist will be able to assess and treat client issues within the broader context in which the clients live. There are several different views within Systems therapy depending on the general therapeutic orientation, all of which have somewhat different methodologies and goals. These can include improving communication, establishing healthy roles, creating alternative narratives, and addressing problematic behaviors. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Victor Frankl was highly influential in the development of Existential therapy.

Image File history File links Victorfrankl. ... Image File history File links Victorfrankl. ... Mans search for meaning Viktor Emil Frankl, M.D., Ph. ... Existential psychotherapy is partly based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in the world. ...

Existential

Main article: Existential therapy

Existential psychotherapy postulates that people are largely free to choose who we are and how we interpret and interact with the world. It intends to help the client find deeper meaning in life and to accept responsibility for living. As such, it addresses fundamental issues of life—such as death, aloneness, and freedom—and therapy focuses on the development of a client’s relationship with these existential issues. The therapist emphasizes the client’s ability to be self-aware, freely make choices in the present, establish personal identity and social relationships, create meaning, and cope with the natural anxiety of living.^[47] Important writers in existential therapy include Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom. Existential psychotherapy is partly based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in the world. ... Rollo May (April 21, 1909, Ada, Ohio - October 22, 1994, Tiburon, California) was the best known American existential psychologist, authoring the influential book Love and Will in 1969. ... Mans search for meaning Viktor Emil Frankl, M.D., Ph. ... Image:Yalom. ...

One influential form of Existential therapy is Gestalt Therapy, primarily founded by Fritz Perls in the mid-20th century. It is well known for techniques designed to increase various kinds of self-awareness—the best-known perhaps being the empty chair technique—which are generally intended to explore resistance to authentic contact, resolve internal conflicts, and help the client complete "unfinished business".^[48] Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapy which focuses on here-and-now experience and personal responsibility. ... Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (July 8 1893, Berlin - March 14, 1970, Chicago), better known as Fritz Perls, was a noted German-born psychiatrist and psychotherapist of Jewish descent. ...

Postmodern

Postmodern psychology says that the experience of reality is a subjective construction built upon language, social context, and history, with no essential truths.^[49] Since "mental illness" and "mental health" are not recognized as objective, definable realities, the postmodern psychologist instead sees the goal of therapy strictly as something constructed by the client and therapist.^[50] Forms of postmodern psychotherapy include Narrative Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Coherence Therapy. Narrative Therapy is a form of psychotherapy using narrative, with an approach to helping people that was developed during (and has evolved since) the 1970s and 1980s, in good part by Australian Michael White and his friend and colleague, David Epston, of New Zealand. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...

Transpersonal

Main article: Transpersonal psychology

Transpersonal therapy is a relatively new but rapidly growing orientation that places a stronger focus on the spiritual facet of human experience.^[51] Similar to Existential therapy, it is not a set of techniques so much as a willingness to help a client explore spirituality and/or transcendent states of consciousness. It also is concerned with helping clients achieve his or her highest potential. Important writers in this area include Ken Wilber, Abraham Maslow, Stanislav Grof, John Welwood, and David Brazier. Transpersonal psychology is a school of psychology that studies the transcendent, or spiritual dimensions of humanity. ... Ken Wilber Kenneth Earl Wilber Jr. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Stanislav Grof (born 1931 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is one of the founders of the field of transpersonal psychology and a pioneering researcher into the use of altered states of consciousness for purposes of healing, growth, and insight. ... John Welwood is an American psychotherapist, teacher, and author, known for integrating psychological and spiritual concepts. ... David Brazier is an American author and psychotherapist known for his writings on Zen Buddhism and psychotherapy. ...

Integration

Main article: Integrative Psychotherapy

In the last couple of decades, there has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches, especially with an increased understanding of cultural, gender, spiritual, and sexual-orientation issues. Clinical psychologists are beginning to look at the various strengths and weaknesses of each orientation while also working with related fields, such as neuroscience, genetics, evolutionary biology, and psychopharmacology. The result is a growing practice of eclecticism, with psychologists learning various systems and the most efficacious methods of therapy with the intent to provide the best solution for any given problem.^[52] Integrative Psychotherapy involves the fusion of different schools of psychotherapy. ... Drawing of the cells in the chicken cerebellum by S. Ramón y Cajal Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change, multiplication, and diversity over time. ... Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of any psychoactive drug that acts upon the mind by affecting brain chemistry. ...

Other perspectives

Multiculturalism

Although the theoretical foundations of psychology are rooted in European culture, there is a growing recognition that there exist profound differences between various ethnic and social groups and that systems of psychotherapy need to take those differences into greater consideration.^[53] Further, the generations following immigrant migration will have some combination of two or more cultures—with aspects coming from the parents and from the surrounding society—and this process of acculturation can play a strong role in therapy (and might itself be the presenting problem). Culture influences ideas about change, help-seeking, locus of control, authority, and the importance of the individual versus the group, all of which can potentially clash with certain givens in psychotherapeutic theory and practice.^[54] As such, more psychologists and training programs are integrating knowledge of various cultural groups in order to inform therapeutic practice in a more culturally sensitive and effective way. Pocahontas, in England, as Mrs John Rolfe, 1616: engraving after Simon Van de Passe Acculturation is the obtainment of culture by an individual or a group of people. ...

Positive Psychology

Positive psychology is the scientific study of human happiness and well-being, which started to gain momentum in 1998 due to the call of Martin Seligman,^[55] then president of the APA. The history of psychology shows that the field has been primarily dedicated to addressing mental illness rather than mental wellness. Applied positive psychology's main focus, therefore, is to increase one's positive experience of life and ability to flourish by promoting such things as optimism about the future, a sense of flow in the present, and personal traits like courage, perseverance, and altrusism.^[56][57] There is now preliminary empirical evidence to show that by promoting Seligman's three components of happiness—positive emotion (the pleasant life), engagement (the engaged life), and meaning (the meaningful life)—positive therapy can decrease clinical depression.^[58] Positive psychology is the scientific study of human happiness. ... Martin E.P. Seligman is an American psychologist and writer. ... The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates, in Europe, back to the Late Middle Ages. ... Mental Illness. ...

Feminism

Feminist therapy is an orientation arising from the disparity between the origin of most psychological theories (which have male authors) and the majority of people seeking counseling being female. It focuses on societal, cultural, and political causes and solutions to issues faced in the counseling process. It openly encourages the client to participate in the world in a more social and political way.^[59] Feminist Therapy Code of Ethics* (Revised, 1999) Preamble Feminist therapy evolved from feminist philosophy, psychological theory and practice, and political theory. ...

Clinical psychology journals

The following represents an (incomplete) listing of significant journals in the field of clinical psychology.

Major influences

Alfred Adler (February 7, 1870 – May 28, 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor and psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology. ... Mary Ainsworth (December 1913 - 1999) was an American developmental psychologist known for her work in early emotional attachment with The Strange Situation as well as her work in the development of Attachment Theory. ... Gordon Willard Allport (November 11, 1897 - October 9, 1967) was an American psychologist. ... Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925 in Mundare, Alberta) is a Canadian psychologist most famous for his work on social learning theory (or Social Cognitivism) and self efficacy. ... Aaron T. Beck, M.D. (born 1921), The Father of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, is a professor at the Psychopathology Research Unit of the University of Pennsylvania. ... Nathaniel Branden is a psychotherapist and author of psychology books and multiple articles on ethical and political philosophy. ... John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) was a British developmental psychologist in the psychoanalytic tradition, notable for his pioneering work in attachment theory. ... Albert Ellis Albert Ellis (born September 27, 1913) is an American cognitive-behavioral therapist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. ... Erik Homburger Erikson (June 15, 1902 - May 12, 1994) was a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on social development of human beings, and for coining the phrase identity crisis. Bibliography Major works: Childhood and Society (1950) Young Man Luther. ... Milton Hyland Erickson, MD (December 5, 1901 – March 25, 1980) was an American psychiatrist specializing in medical hypnosis. ... Hans Eysenck Hans Jürgen Eysenck (March 4, 1916 - September 4, 1997) was an eminent psychologist, most remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas. ... Haim G. Ginott was a teacher, child psychologist and psychotherapist, who worked with children and parents. ... John Gottman is known for his work on marital stability and divorce prediction. ... Stanislav Grof (born 1931 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is one of the founders of the field of transpersonal psychology and a pioneering researcher into the use of altered states of consciousness for purposes of healing, growth, and insight. ... Viktor Emil Frankl, M.D., Ph. ... Anna Freud (December 3, 1895 - October 9, 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. ... Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856–September 23, 1939; IPA pronunciation: [] in German, [] in English) was a Jewish-Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who co-founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Erich Fromm Erich Pinchas Fromm (March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned German-American psychologist and humanistic philosopher. ... Karen Horney Karen Horney [horn-eye], born Danielsen (September 16, 1885, – December 4, 1952) was a German Freudian psychoanalyst of Norwegian and Dutch descent. ... Carl Gustav Jung Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 – June 6, 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of the neopsychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Otto F. Kernberg, was born in Vienna in 1928 and in 1939 his family left Germany to escape the Nazi regime and emigrated to Chile where he later studied biology and medicine and afterwards psychiatry and psychoanalysis with the Chilean Psychoanalytic Society. ... Melanie Klein Melanie Klein, (1882 - 1960), Austrian psychotherapist, built on the work of Sigmund Freud, particularly in the area of child psychology. ... Best known for his development of Self Psychology, a school of thought within psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory, psychiatrist Heinz Kohuts contributions transformed the modern practice of analytic and dynamic treatment approaches. ... R.D.Laing; photo credit Robert E. Haraldsen Ronald David Laing (October 7, 1927 – August 23, 1989), was a Scottish psychiatrist who wrote extensively on mental illness and particularly the experience of psychosis. ... Marsha M. Linehan (May 5, 1943 to Current) is an American Psychologist and author. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Rollo May (April 21, 1909, Ada, Ohio - October 22, 1994, Tiburon, California) was the best known American existential psychologist, authoring the influential book Love and Will in 1969. ... Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (July 8 1893, Berlin - March 14, 1970, Chicago), better known as Fritz Perls, was a noted German-born psychiatrist and psychotherapist of Jewish descent. ... Otto Rank (April 22, 1884 – October 31, 1939) was an Austrian psychologist. ... Dr. Wilhelm Reich Wilhelm Reich (March 24, 1897–November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, and a member of Sigmund Freuds inner circle. ... Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist, who, along with Abraham Maslow, was the founder of the humanist approach to psychology. ... Martin E.P. Seligman is an American psychologist and writer. ... // Dr. Morita Masatake (1874 - 1938) (森田 正馬) was a contemporary of Sigmund Freud; however, Morita was the founder of Morita Therapy, a very different branch of clinical psychology, rooted in the writings of Shinran, the founder of Shinshu Buddhism. ... Herbert Harry Stack Sullivan (February 21, 1892, Norwich, New York - January 14, 1949, Paris, France) was an American psychiatrist whose work in psychoanalysis was based on direct and verifiable observation (versus the more abstract conceptions of the unconscious mind favored by Sigmund Freud and his disciples). ... Donald Woods Winnicott (1896 - January 28, 1971) was a pediatrician and psychoanalyst. ... Lightner Witmer Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) is regarded as the inventor of the term Clinical Psychology and the co-founder of the worlds first Psychological Clinic in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997) was born in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1915, but became an American citizen later in his life. ... Image:Yalom. ...

Criticisms and controversies

• Clinical Psychology is sometimes subject to the criticisms leveled at psychiatry, for example by the anti-psychiatry movement. This may be the case, for example, when using categorical medical diagnoses such as in the DSM—which views the client as having an illness—an attitude that some see as demeaning or disempowering.^{[citation needed]}
• Clinical Psychologists are sometimes criticized by psychiatrists for not having the same degree of training or knowledge in general medicine or in medication, or as not being as scientific. There has been controversy over attempts by clinical psychologists to obtain prescribing privileges.^[60]
• Although some research has offered evidence that most forms of therapy are equally effective, there remains much debate about the efficacy of various forms of treatment (especially humanistic and transpersonal therapies). This debate often extends into the comparison between therapy and medication.^[61]
• Alternatively, some methods have been criticized as overly-reductionistic, mechanical, and dehumanizing; for example those originating in behaviorism.^{[citation needed]}

Psychiatry is a medical specialty dealing with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of mental health conditions. ... Beginning in the 1960s, a movement called anti-psychiatry claimed that psychiatric patients are not ill but are individuals that do not share the same consensus reality as most people in society. ... As a three-letter acronym or abbreviation DSM or dsm can mean several things: // DSM (company), an international chemicals company based in the Netherlands Dependency Structure Matrix Deputy Stage Manager Design Structure Matrix The IATA airport code for Des Moines International Airport in Des Moines, Iowa, United States and issometimes... Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ... The term Transpersonal is often used to refer to psychological categories that transcend the normal features of ordinary ego-functioning. ... Behaviorism is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behaviour can be studied and explained scientifically without recourse to internal mental states. ...

See also

A psychologist is a scientist and/or clinician who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior and cognition. ... Mental health is a concept that refers to a human individuals emotional and psychological well-being. ... A mental health professional is a person who offers services for the purpose of improving an individuals mental health and/or researches in the field of mental health. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: Wikipedia is not a repository of links If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... Mental Illness. ... Clinical neuropsychology is a subdiscipline of psychology that specialises in the clinical assessment and treatment of patients with brain injury or neurocognitive deficits. ... Psychiatry is a medical specialty dealing with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of mental health conditions. ... Social workers are concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. ... Psychiatric nursing or mental health nursing is the branch of nursing that cares for people of all ages with mental illness or mental distress, such as psychosis, depression or dementia. ... Beginning in the 1960s, a movement called anti-psychiatry claimed that psychiatric patients are not ill but are individuals that do not share the same consensus reality as most people in society. ... Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. ... Educational psychology or school psychology is the psychological science studying how children and adults learn, the effectiveness of various educational strategies and tactics, and how schools function as organizations. ... Relationship counseling is the process of counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences. ... Health psychology is a relatively new field which is evolving and developing as one of main areas of applied psychology. ...

Related lists

• List of psychotherapies
• List of Clinical Psychologists
• List of credentials in psychology

This is an alphabetical List of Psychotherapies. ... This list includes notable Clinical Psychologists and contributors to Clinical psychology, some of whom may not have thought of themselves primarily as Clinical psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline. ... This list is of professional and academic credentials in the field of psychology and allied fields (psychotherapy, counseling and social work). ...

References

2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Psychology

Organizations Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo-en. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

• APA Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12)
• American Academy of Clinical Psychology
• American Board of Professional Psychology
• American Counseling Association
• American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
• Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB)
• Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration
• National Institute of Mental Health

Information

• Info on the field of psychology form the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
• The Psychology Wiki
• Classics in the History of Psychology
• All About Psychotherapy

Career and Education

• Careers in Psychology
• Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology
• Graduate School Programs in Clinical Psychology
• APA Accredited Programs in Clinical Psychology
• Getting into Graduate School, APA

International

• International Society of Clinical Psychology
• International PSY Congresses
• Canadian Psychological Society
• British Psychological Society
• Psychology Societies Outside the U.S.

Finding a therapist

• Find A Psychologist, APA
• Find A Therapist, Psychology Today
• TherapistLocator.net, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy

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