Clinker is a boat building technique used for constructing hulls of boats and ships by fixing wooden planks and in the early nineteenth century, iron plates to each other so that the planks overlap along their edges. The overlapping joint is called a land. In any but a very small boat, the planks will be joined also, end to end. The whole length of one of these composite planks is a strake. The technique developed in northern Europe and was successfully used by the Vikings. The construction method is known in some places as lapstrake. Traditional boat building in South East Maluku, Indonesia Boat building is one of the oldest branches of engineering and is concerned with constructing the hulls of boats and, for sailboats, the masts, spars and rigging. ... A hull is the body or frame of a ship or boat. ... Lobster boat A boat is a watercraft, usually smaller than most ships. ... Italian ship-rigged vessel Amerigo Vespucci in New York Harbor, 1976 A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft, sometimes with multiple decks. ... A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is an organic material found as the primary content of the stems of woody plants, especially trees, but also shrubs. ... Wrought iron is a very pure form of commercial iron, having a very small carbon content. ... A Strake is part of a boat or ship. ... World map showing location of Europe When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ...

Building a dinghy

From before the ninth century, into the nineteenth ships were clinker-built - even some iron ones. However, that method persisted much later in boat building. To give an understanding of what it involved, the best course is to describe the building of a pulling dinghy (a rowboat). The reader should allow for the added complexity which comes from larger size. This earthenware dish was made in 9th century Iraq. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dinghy of the schooner Adventuress A dinghy is a small utility boat attached to a larger boat. ...

Planking

In building a simple pulling boat, the keel, hog, stem, apron, deadwoods, sternpost and perhaps transom are assembled and securely set up. In normal practice, this will be the same way up as they will be in use. From the hog, the garboard, bottom, bilge, topside and sheer strakes are planked up, held together along their lands by copper rivets. At the stem and in a double-ended boat, the sternpost, geralds are formed. That is, in each case, the land of the lower strake is tapered to a feather edge at the end of the strake where it meets the stem or stern-post. This allows the end of the strake to be screwed to the apron with the outside of the planking mutually flush at that point and flush with the stem. This means that the boat's passage through the water will not tend to lift the ends of the planking away from the stem. Before the next plank is laid up, the face of the land on the lower strake is bevelled to suit the angle at which the next strake will lie in relation with it. This varies all along the land.

Timbering

Once the shell of planking is assembled, transverse sticks of oak or elm, called timbers are steam-bent to fit the internal, concave, side. The timbers are frequently miscalled ribs. Elm species are not durable where the boat is used frequently in fresh water. As the timbers are bent in, they are copper riveted to the shell, through the lands of the planking. With the timbers all fitted, longitudinal members are bent in. The thwart risings are fastened through the timbers with its upper edge on the level of the undersides of the thwarts. Bilge keels are added to the outside of the land on which the boat would lie on a hard to stiffen it and protect it from wear. A stringer is usually fitted round the inside of each bilge to strengthen it. In a small boat, this is usually arranged to serve also as a means of retaining the bottom boards. These are removable assemblies, shaped to lie over the bottom timbers and be walked upon. They spread the stresses from the crew's weight across the bottom structure.

Longitudinals

Inboard of the sheer strake the heavier gunwale is similarly bent in along the line of the sheer. This part of the work is finished by fitting the breast hook and quarter knees. Swivel or crutch chocks are fitted as appropriate to the gunwale, the thwarts fitted down onto the rising and held in position by knees up to the gunwale and perhaps down onto the stringer. The structure of Gunwale, rising, thwart and thwart knees greatly stiffens and strengthens the shell and turns it into a boat. There are several ways of fixing the rubbing strake but in a clinker boat, it is applied to the outside of the sheer strake.

Fittings

Finally, the fittings such as swivels or crutch plates, painter ring, stretchers, keel and stem band are fitted and fixed with screws. In a sailing dinghy, there would be more fittings such as fairleads, horse, shroud plates, mast step, toe straps and so on.

Finishing

That more or less finishes the boatbuilder's work but the painter has yet to varnish or paint it. At stages along the way, he will have been called in to prime the timber. This is particularly so immediately before the timbering is done. The boatbuilder will clean up the inside of the planking and the painter will prime it and probably more, partly because it is easier that way and partly so as to put some preservative on the planking behind the timbers. Similarly, it is best to have the varnishing done after the fittings are fitted but before they are shipped. Thus, the keel band will be shaped and drilled and the screw holes drilled in the wood of keel and stem then the band will be put aside while the varnishing is done.

Fastenings

The planks may be fastened together in several ways:

• with copper rivets consisting of a square nail and a dish shaped washer called a rove. The land is pierced, the nail knocked through from the outside, the rove punched on while the head is held up by a dolly.The nail is cut off just proud of the rove and the cut end clenched over the rove while the dolly (a small portable anvil, usually of cylindrical shape) is used to hold the nail in place. In planking up clinker work, one man can hold both dolly and clenching hammer.
• with iron nails with the pointed nail ends protruding on the inside of the boat, bent over and back into the wood in in the form of a hook. This is a cheap and cheerful technique maybe called clenching in some parts but usually, in England at least, "tunrnin-em-over". It is the sort of thing which used to be found in Scandinavian-built boats but even with iron nails, on the lands, they were usually properly clenched over roves. Nails fastening timbers were sometimes turned over, particularly where removable bottom boards were to rest on the timbers. Though, it was possible to tread the bottom boards onto the clenched nails and where marks were left, gouge out recesses to accommodate the clenched nails.
• screws were used for fixing the ends of the strakes to apron and transom and in later times, knees to gunwale and thwarts but traditionally, this last would be done with a clench bolt or a large copper nail, clenched.
• adhesive, notably epoxy. Traditionally, lands were neither glued nor was anything used to bed them. The garboard was bedded onto the hog and keel, and the ends of the strakes onto the stem and apron using a mixture of white lead and grease. During the World Wars new techniques and materials were developed by the aircraft industry. By the mid 1950s, these were well infiltrated into the boatbuilding trade. New boats in classes of racing dinghy with clinker hulls were built as glued clinker boats. The basic construction was the same but ply planking was used and the lands were glued with no fastenings, except that the ends and garboards were still screwed to apron and hog. The need to prevent the splitting of the planks was removed by the use of ply so no timbers were used. Except for a light gunwale and wide rubbing strake, the longitudinals were omitted too. A short thwart rising and knees were glued to the planking. These boats were all decked and that is how adequate stiffness was achieved. So that the liquid glue could be laid onto the land before the next plank was assembled onto it, they were built upside down.

General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance copper, metallic Atomic mass 63. ... A rivetted buffer beam on a steam locomotive A rivet is a mechanical fastener consisting of a smooth cylindrical shaft with heads on either end, the second one formed in position. ... Nail or nails can mean Look up nail in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Nail (anatomy) Nail (engineering) The Nails, a band The Flash animation collection NAILS. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Rove can refer to: Rove McManus, Australian talk show host Rove Live, Australian talk show (hosted by Rove McManus) Karl Rove, United States political figure A breed of goat A type of washer (mechanical) Roving is a style of archery. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... Screws come in a variety of shapes and sizes for different purposes. ... An adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together. ... Epoxy or polyepoxide is a thermosetting epoxide polymer that cures when mixed with a catalyzing agent or hardener. Most common epoxy resins are produced from a reaction between epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A. The first commercial attempts to prepare resins from epichlorohydrin occurred in 1927 in the United States. ... // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby-boom from returning...

Fastening the centre-line structure

In the last few years of wooden boat construction, glue and screws took over but until the 1950s, the keel, hog, stem, apron, deadwoods, sternpost and perhaps transom, would be fastened together by bolts set in white lead and grease. There are three kinds of bolt of which, nowadays, the screw bolt, with its nut and washer, is hugely the most common. The other two are the pin bolt which,instead of a thread, has a tapered hole through it into which a tapered pin is knocked. The taper is in effect a straight thread. The third type of bolt is the clench bolt or clinch bolt. For a shipwright's use, it is of copper. a head is formed by clenching it over a washer in a swage plate. It is then knocked through a hole bored through the work to be fastened. The head is held up with a dolly and the other end is formed in the same way as the head but without the swage plate. Until the nineteenth century was well advanced, this is what held the ships of the world together, though some may have used iron. Until the late 1950s, British Admiralty twenty-five foot motor cutters were built this way.

Where suitable metal was not available, it was possible to use treenails (pronounced trennels). They were like clench bolts but made of wood and instead of being clenched, had a hardwood wedge knocked into each end to spread it. The surplus was then sawn off.

Relationship between clinker and carvel

The Clinker form of construction is linked in people's minds, with the Vikings who used this method to build their famous longships from riven timber (split wood) planks. Clinker is the British term, it is known as lapstrake in North America. In general, the languages of other countries where the method was current use some version of the word clinker.

Carvel construction was probably invented earlier than clinker but in other parts of the world. In Europe carvel was the method of the south probably having spread though the Mediterranean from the Middle East. Clinker was the method of north Europe having developed apparently, in the Baltic. In boat building, carvel is a method of constructing wooden boats by fixing planks to a frame so that the planks butt up against each other, gaining support from the frame and forming a smooth hull. ... World map showing location of Europe When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

The smoother surface of a carvel boat gives the impression at first sight that it is hydrodynamically more efficient. The lands of the planking are not there to disturb the stream line. This distribution of relative efficiency between the two forms of construction is an illusion because for given strength, the clinker boat is lighter. It therefore displaces less water so it has less to push aside while moving. The reduced displacement could be used to make the lines finer so as to make the passage through the water easier still. Of course, displacement was increased as cargo was loaded but still, the clinker vessel had the advantage in efficiency as the structure was less bulky therefore, for a given internal volume, there was a smaller external one. That means that a bulkier cargo could be carried if need be. Fluid mechanics or fluid dynamics is the study of the macroscopic physical behaviour of fluids . ... In fluid dynamics, a streamline is a line which is everywhere tangent to the velocity of the flow. ...

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