NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Clomifene

Clomifene (INN) or clomiphene (USAN and former BAN) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e.g. due to polycystic ovary syndrome). In some countries, it is also registered for use in men. Clomiphene citrate is marketed under various trade names including Clomid®, Serophene®, Milophene®, etc. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... An International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as designated by the World Health Organization. ... United States Adopted Names are unique nonproprietary names assigned to pharmaceuticals marketed in the United States. ... A British Approved Name (BAN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). ... Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is a class of medication that acts on the estrogen receptor. ... Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or to carry a pregnancy to full term. ... In medicine, anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal woman). ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, also known clinically as Stein-Leventhal syndrome), is an endocrine disorder that affects 5â€“10% of women. ...

Mode of action

Clomifene acts by inhibiting the action of estrogen on the gonadotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland. "Sensing" low estrogen levels, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release is increased, leading to a higher rate of ovulation and hence pregnancy. Estriol. ... Gonadotropes are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone. ... The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (pituitary fossa) covered by a membrane. ... Follicle stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ... Ovulation is the process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg) that participates in reproduction. ... A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ...

Clomifene can lead to multiple ovulation, and hence increasing the chance of twins. In comparison to purified FSH, the rate of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is low. There may be an increased risk of ovarian cancer, and weight gain. Fraternal twin boys bathing Twins in animal biology is a form of multiple birth in which the mother gives birth to two offspring from the same pregnancy, some of the same gender, others of opposite. ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication from some forms of fertility medication. ... Ovarian cancer is a malignant ovarian neoplasm (an abnormal growth located on the ovaries). ...

Chemistry

Clomifene is a diastereomeric mixture of two geometric isomers, enclomifene (E-clomifene) and zuclomifene (Z-clomifene). Diastereomers (or diastereoisomers) are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers (mirror images of each other). ... Cis-2-butene Trans-2-butene In chemistry, geometric isomerism or cis-trans isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism and describes the orientation of functional groups within the molecule. ...

Enclomifene (enclomiphene) structure. ... Zuclomifene (zuclomiphene) structure. ...

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions associated with the use of clomifene (≥1% of patients) include: hot flashes, abdominal discomfort, visual blurring, and/or reversible ovarian enlargement and cyst formation. Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of patients) include: abnormal uterine bleeding, nausea, and/or vomiting. Rare adverse effects (<0.1% of patients) include: reversible alopecia and/or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.^[1] In some cases, patients have developed palinopsia.^[2] An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) is a term to describe the unwanted, negative consequences sometimes associated with the use of medications. ... A Hot flush (sometimes hot flash or night sweat) is a symptom of Menopause and changing hormone levels which typically expresses itself at night as periods of intense heat with sweating and rapid heartbeat and may typically last from two to thirty minutes on each occasion. ... Alopecia is a set of disorders ranging from male and female pattern alopecia (alopecia androgenetica), to alopecia areata, which involves the loss of some of the hair from the head, alopecia totalis, which involves the loss of all head hair, to the most extreme form, alopecia universalis, which involves the... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication from some forms of fertility medication. ... Palinopsia (literally, seeing again) is a visual disturbance that causes images to persist even after their corresponding stimulus has left. ...

Use in bodybuilding

Clomifene is commonly used by male anabolic steroid users to bind the estrogen receptors in their bodies, thereby blocking the effects of estrogen, i.e., gynecomastia. It also restores the body's natural production of testosterone. It is commonly used as a "recovery drug" and taken toward the end of a steroid cycle. Chemical structure of the natural anabolic hormone testosterone, 17b-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one. ... Gynecomastia (pronounced GUY-nuh-ko-MASS-tee-uh; IPA pronunciation: ) is the development of abnormally large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement, which can sometimes cause secretion of milk. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... A steriod cycle is a term commonly used to describe a peroid in time where an individual intakes anabolic steroids. ...

References

The Australian Medicines Handbook or AMH is a medical reference text commonly used in practice by health professionals (particularly general practitioners and pharmacists) in Australia. ...

External links

Categories: Citrates | Selective estrogen receptor modulators | Human reproduction Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones which interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones similar in effect to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. ... The progesterone receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds progesterone. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... Desogestrel is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Dydrogesterone is a progestogen hormone. ... Ethisterone is a progestogen hormone. ... Etonogestrel is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Gestodene is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Gestonorone is a progestagen hormone. ... Levonorgestrel (or l-norgestrel or D-norgestrel) is the hormonally active levorotatory enantiomer of the racemic mixture norgestrel used in some hormonal contraceptives. ... Lynestrenol is a progestagen hormone. ... Medroxyprogesterone is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Megestrol is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norelgestromin is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norethisterone (or norethindrone) is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norethynodrel was the progestin used in Enovid, the first oral contraceptive. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Norgestrienone is a progestogen hormone. ... Tibolone is a synthetic hormone-type drug. ... Spontaneous: Miscarriage Debate & social issues Breast cancer Â· Crime effect Crisis pregnancy centers Fetal pain Â· Religion Â· Mental health Pro-choice Â· Pro-life Selective abortion and infanticide Unsafe abortion Â· Violence History of abortion This box: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid compound used as a pharmaceutical. ... Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. ... The androgen receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (Full name: 5Î±-Dihydrotestosterone, abbreviating to 5Î±-DHT; INN: androstanolone) is a biologically active metabolite of the hormone testosterone, formed primarily in the prostate gland, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands by the enzyme 5Î±-reductase by means of reducing the Î”4,5 double-bond. ... Fluoxymesterone is an androgen hormone. ... Mesterolone is an androgen hormone. ... Methyltestosterone is a hormone used to treat men with a testosterone deficiency. ... Anabolic steroids are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. ... An antiandrogen, or androgen antagonist, is any of a group of hormone antagonist compounds that are capable of preventing or inhibiting the biologic effects of androgens, male sex hormones, on normally responsive tissues in the body (see androgen insensitivity syndrome). ... Bicalutamide is an oral non-steroidal anti-androgen for prostate cancer. ... Cyproterone acetate (Androcur®, Cyprostat®) is an antiandrogen, i. ... Flutamide is an oral antiandrogen drug primarily used to treat prostate cancer. ... Nilutamide is an antiandrogen medication used in the treatment of advanced stage prostate cancer. ... Spironolactone (marketed as AldactoneÂ®, Novo-SpirotonÂ®, SpiractinÂ®, SpirotoneÂ®, or BerlactoneÂ®) is a synthetic 17-lactone steroid which is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist in a class of pharmaceuticals called potassium-sparing diuretics, used primarily to treat ascites in patients with liver disease, low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and Conns syndrome. ... Estriol. ... The estrogen receptor is a receptor for estradiol (the main endogenous estrogen); it is located intracellularly, in parallel with other steroid hormone receptors. ... Estradiol (17Î²-estradiol) (also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. ... Chemical structure of estriol Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. ... Estrone (also oestrone) is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. ... Chlorotrianisene is a synthetic estrogen. ... Dienestrol is a synthetic estrogen. ... Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a drug, a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen that was first synthesized in 1938. ... Ethinylestradiol, also ethinyl estradiol (EE), is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. ... Fosfestrol is a estrogen used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Mestranol is the 3-methyl ether of ethinylestradiol. ... Polyestradiol phosphate is an estrogen used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is a class of medication that acts on the estrogen receptor. ... Bazedoxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. ... Fulvestrant is a drug treatment of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer in post-menopausal women with disease progression following anti-estrogen therapy. ... Raloxifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. ... Tamoxifen is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in breast cancer treatment, and is currently the worlds largest selling breast cancer treatment. ... Toremifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which helps oppose the actions of estrogen in the body. ... Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in post- menopausal women. ... Aminoglutethimide is a first generation aromatase inhibitor used in the treatment of breast cancer and Cushings syndrome. ... Anastrozole (Arimidex) is a drug used to treat breast cancer in post-menopausal women. ... Exemestane (Trade name: AromasinÂ®) is an oral steroidal aromatase inhibitor used in the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer. ... Formestane is an enzyme inhibitor used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Letrozole (INN, trade name FemaraÂ®) is an oral non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor that has been introduced for the adjuvant treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer. ... Vorozole is an enzyme inhibitor used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Gonadotropins are protein hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of vertebrates. ... The follicle stimulating hormone receptor or FSH-receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). ... The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with both luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropins (such as hCG in humans) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). ... Ovulation is the process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg) that participates in reproduction. ... Urofollitropin (brand names BravelleÂ®, FertinexÂ®, FollistimÂ®, and Gonal-FÂ®)is a purified form of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). ... Danazol is a derivative of the synthetic steroid ethisterone, a modified testosterone. ... Gestrinone is a synthetic steroid hormone that acts as an anti-progestin and also has some androgenic activity. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1 also called LHRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) is a member of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a synthetic peptide modeled after the hypothalamic neurohormone GnRH that interacts with its receptor to elicit its biologic response, the release of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH. Agonists do not quickly dissociate from the GnRH receptor. ... Buserelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Goserelin is an injectable luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa). ... Histrelin acetate is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ... Leuprolide is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Nafarelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Triptorelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist) is a synthetic peptide that competes with the neurohormone GnRH for its receptor, thus decreasing or blocking GnRH action. ... Abarelix also called plenaxis is a drug used to reduce the amount of testosterone made in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer for which no other treatment options are available. ... Cetrorelix acetate is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ... Ganirelix acetate (or diacetate) is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ...

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